Planning the forest transport systems based on the principles of sustainable development of territories

The article identifies a new method of dynamic modeling in the design of the transport system in the forest fund (TSFF), which is based on economic and mathematical modeling and fuzzy logic tools. The combination of the indicated methods is designed to reduce the disadvantages of their use and increase the benefits. The article substantiates the choice of assessing the forecast level of the impact of risks on the activities of forestry enterprises (the method of expert assessments), using the methodological tools of fuzzy logic. The indicated method makes it possible to take into account a large variety of risk factors of the internal and external environment. At the same time, methodological aspects of fuzzy logic make it possible to formulate a quantitative assessment of qualitative indicators. The article substantiates the choice of tools for economic and mathematical modeling in order to state the design problem of the planned TSFF. Since the indicated method enables the formalization of the functioning of the timber transport system in the given conditions. The article presents a developed model that correctly takes into account the influence of risk factors when planning a TSFF, through the combination of fuzzy logic methods and economic and mathematical modeling. The advantages of the developed model include: considering the multivariance of material flows, vehicles, points of overload, etc.; automated processing of input parameters and effective data; using the model for forecasting, i.e. the possibility of deriving a fuzzy estimate of the efficiency of the timber transport system by identifying cause-effect relationships between the modeling object and the influence of risk factors on its functioning. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd

Вивчення трикомпонентної взаємодії етил-1H-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3H)-он 2,2-діоксиду з метиленактивними нітрилами та гетерилкарбальдегідами

Some peculiarities of the three-component interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide with active methylene nitriles and heterylcarbaldehydes have been described in this article. It has been found that if malononitrile is used, the products of the three-component reaction are 2-amino-4-heteryl-3-cyano-6-ethyl-4,6-dihydropyrano[3,2-c][2,1]benzothiazine 5,5-dioxides irrespective of the heteryl fragment nature in the initial aldehyde. When using ethyl cyanoacetate (as the active methylene nitrile) in the three-component interaction instead malononitrile the reaction lost its selectivity. In this case, depending on the heterylcarbaldehyde, three different types of products were obtained, namely 2-amino-3-alkoxycarbonyl-4-heteryl-4H-pyranes (for pyridine-3-, pyridine-4-carbaldehydes and furan-2-carbaldehyde), thriethylammonium salt of bis(1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-2,2- dioxo-4-ol-3-yl)(2-thienyl)methane (for thiophen-2-carbaldehyde) or ethyl 2-cyano-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acrylate (for indol-3-carbaldehyde). Formation of a stable triethylammonium salts was considered as the process competitive with formation of 2-amino-4H-pyranes. It has allowes to propose the modiŸed mechanism of 2-amino-4H-pyranes formation. This mechanism includes the stage of forming triethylammonium salts of bis-adducts. According to this mechanism 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonyl-4-(2-thienyl)-4H-pyrane without any impurity of bis-adduct could be selectively obtained using the three-component interaction. Triethylammonium salts of bis-adducts were obtained by direct interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide with heterylcarbaldehydes in the presence of equimolar amounts of triethylamine. It has been shown that the three-component interaction of  1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide with active methylene nitriles and heterylcarbaldehydes is a more  effective tool in order to obtain condensed 2-amino-4-heteryl-4H-pyranes compared to the stepwise approach.Описаны некоторые особенности трехкомпонентного взаимодействия 1-этил-1Н-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксида с метиленактивными нитрилами и гетерилкарбальдегидами. Установлено, что в случае использования малонодинитрила продуктами трехкомпонентного взаимодействия были 2-амино-4-гетерил-3-циано-6-этил-4,6-дигидропирано[3,2-c][2,1]бензотиазин 5,5-диоксиды независимо от природы гетерильного фрагмента в исходном альдегиде. При использовании в трехкомпонентном взаимодействии вместо малонодинитрила этилцианоацетата (в качестве метиленактивного нитрила) реакция теряет свою селективность. В этом случае в зависимости от природы гетерилкарбальдегида были получены три типа продуктов, а именно 2-амино-3-алкоксикарбонил-4-гетерил-4Н-пираны (для пиридин-3-, пиридин-4-карбальдегидов и фуран-2-карбальдегида), триэтиламмониевая соль бис(1-этил-1H-2,1-бензотиазин-2,2-диоксо-4-ол-3-ил)(2-тиенил)метана (для тиофен-2-карбальдегида) или этил2-циано-3-(1H-индол-3-ил)акрилат (для индол-3-карбальдегида). Образование триэтиламмониевых солей симметричных бис-аддуктов рассматривалось как конкурентный образованию 2-амино-4Н-пиранов процесс. Это позволило предложить модифицированный механизм формирования 2-амино-4Н-пиранов, который включает стадию образования триэтиламмониевых солей бис-аддуктов. В соответствии с данным механизмом мы смогли селективно получить 2-амино-3-этоксикарбонил-4-(2-тиенил)-4H-пиран без какой-либо примеси бис-аддукта, используя трехкомпонентное взаимодействие. Триэтиламмониевые соли бис-аддуктов были получены прямым взаимодействием 1-этил-1Н-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксида с гетерилкарбальдегидами в присутствии эквимолярных количеств триэтиламина. Было показано, что трехкомпонентное взаимодействие 1-этил-1Н-2,1-бензотиазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-диоксида с метиленактивными нитрилами и гетерилкарбальдегидами является более эффективным инструментом синтеза конденсированных 2-амино-4-гетерил-4Н-пиранов по сравнению с постадийным подходом.Описані деякі особливості трикомпонентної взаємодії етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-діоксиду з метиленактивними нітрилами та гетерилкарбальдегідами. Встановлено, що у випадку використання малонодинітрилу продуктами трикомпонентної взаємодії були 2-аміно-4-гетерил-3-ціано-6-етил-4,6-дигідропірано[3,2-c][2,1]бензотіазин 5,5-діоксиди незалежно від природи гетерильного фрагменту у вихідному альдегіді. При використанні в трикомпонентній взаємодії замість малонодинітрилу етилціаноацетату (в якості метиленактивного нітрилу) реакція втрачає свою селективність. У цьому випадку в залежності від природи гетерилкарбальдегіду було отримано три типи продуктів, а саме 2-аміно-3-етоксикарбоніл-4-гетерил-4Н-пірани (для піридин-3-, піридин-4-карбальдегідів та фуран-2-карбальдегіду), триетиламонієва сіль біс(1-етил-1H-2,1-бензотіазин-2,2-діоксо-4-ол-3-іл)(2-тієніл)метану (для тіофен-2-карбальдегіду) або етил-2-ціано-3-(1Н-індол-3-іл)акрилат (для індол-3-карбальдегіду). Утворення триетиламонієвих солей симетричних біс-адуктів з використанням гетерилкарбальдегідів спостерігалося нами вперше і його розглянуто як конкурентний до утворення 2-аміно-4Н-піранів процес. Це дозволило запропонувати модифікований механізм формування 2-аміно-4Н-піранів, який включає стадію утворення триетиламонієвих солей біс-адуктів. Грунтуючись на запропонованому механізмі, ми змогли селективно одержати 2-аміно-3-етоксикарбоніл-4-(2-тієніл)-4H-піран без домішок біс-адукту, використовуючи трикомпонентну взаємодію. Нами запропоновано спосіб одержання триетиламонієвих солей біс-адуктів прямою взаємодією 1-етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-діоксиду з гетерилкарбальдегідами в присутності еквімолярних кількостей триетиламіну. Було показано, що трикомпонентна взаємодія етил-1Н-2,1-бензотіазин-4(3Н)-он 2,2-діоксиду з метиленактивними нітрилами та гетерилкарбальдегідами є більш ефективним інструментом синтезу конденсованих 2-аміно-4-гетерил-4Н-піранів  у порівнянні з постадійним підходом

On the possibility of refining by means of optical location some astronomical parameters of the system - Earth-Moon

Optical location of moon in Earth-Moon system using artificial light reflector, on lunar surfac

E2 strengths and transition radii difference of one-phonon 2+ states of 92Zr from electron scattering at low momentum transfer

Background: Mixed-symmetry 2+ states in vibrational nuclei are characterized by a sign change between dominant proton and neutron valence-shell components with respect to the fully symmetric 2+ state. The sign can be measured by a decomposition of proton and neutron transition radii with a combination of inelastic electron and hadron scattering [C. Walz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 062501 (2011)]. For the case of 92Zr, a difference could be experimentally established for the neutron components, while about equal proton transition radii were indicated by the data. Method: Differential cross sections for the excitation of one-phonon 2+ and 3- states in 92Zr have been measured with the (e,e') reaction at the S-DALINAC in a momentum transfer range q = 0.3-0.6 fm^(-1). Results: Transition strengths B(E2;2+_1 -> 0+_1) = 6.18(23), B(E2; 2+_2 -> 0+_1) = 3.31(10) and B(E3; 3-_1 -> 0+_1) = 18.4(11) Weisskopf units are determined from a comparison of the experimental cross sections to quasiparticle-phonon model (QPM) calculations. It is shown that a model-independent plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) analysis can fix the ratio of B(E2) transition strengths to the 2+_(1,2) states with a precision of about 1%. The method furthermore allows to extract their proton transition radii difference. With the present data -0.12(51) fm is obtained. Conclusions: Electron scattering at low momentum transfers can provide information on transition radii differences of one-phonon 2+ states even in heavy nuclei. Proton transition radii for the 2+_(1,2) states in 92Zr are found to be identical within uncertainties. The g.s. transition probability for the mixed-symmetry state can be determined with high precision limited only by the available experimental information on the B(E2; 2+_1 -> 0+_1) value.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. C, revised manuscrip

Determination of bottomhole pressure by using multivariate statistical models (on example of formation TL-BB Yurchukskoie field)

The problem of determining BHP in production wells not equipped with depth measuring systems, it is relevant for many of the oil fields of Perm Krai. In practice, the absence of special devices for downhole pump bottomhole pressure is determined by converting the dynamic level. With this approach, the main difficulty is the calculation of the density of the gas-liquid mixture, the accuracy of which is low due to the influence of numerous complicating factors. In this paper the fundamentally different approach to the definition of bottomhole pressure, considered on one of the well equipped with high-precision depth measurement system, of Tl-Bb layer of Yurchukskoe field. The initial data are direct measurements of downhole pressure, as well as a number of other indicators of its operation (flow rates of oil and liquid, water content, dynamic level, the pump depth below the dynamic level, the pressure of the annulus). The first stage analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the bottomhole pressure during the observation period varied, with different directions: the first is gradually reduced, then - increased. In this regard, the study of influence of operating parameters on the value of BHP held for three cases: for the entire period of observation, as well as separately for the period of its decline and the increase. Statistical analysis of the averages and distribution densities possible to identify the parameters that influence the bottomhole pressure, and found that the effect is mixed. At the final stage the multidimensional statistical models that take into account the effect of multidirectional operating indicators BHP have been built. "Functionality" verification of developed models was made on the example of three other wells of the same development object. This verification confirmed the feasibility of using developed models for determining the values of bottomhole pressure from known values of indicators for well operation and all the proposed approach in general

SOFT LAW REALISATION IN THE CONTEXT OF «PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES IN OUTER SPACE»: CASE STUDY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION STATES

Nowadays one of the most significant discussions in the international public law relates to the concept and the role of “soft law”. Some researchers assert the point of view of existence of such law, others consider that it is a new source of public international law However, different approaches don’t exclude the basic char-acteristics of soft law that is a non-binding nature and a streamlines process of drafting. Because of this situation, Member-States of public international organizations tend to use soft law as a pragmatic way of organizing interactions among sovereign states the in case of difficulties to pass unified international treaty. This article argues that similar practices also exist in international space law. Since the entry in force of the Moon Agreement in 1979, the Member States of UN COPUOS have not passed any additional international space treaties. Instead, they have found a solution for new chal-lenges: drafting and accepting soft law acts like UN General Assembly Resolutions (hereinafter GA Resolutions) and others. While GA Resolutions are not legally binding, States can transform them into national legislations and doing so they will have to be responsible for certain space activities which have not been regulated internationally yet. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview on the establishment of soft law as a new source of international space law by analyzing and comparing state practice in Russia, the USA and in several Member States of the European Union (EU). The emphasis will be made on the transformation of provisions of the UN General Assembly Resolution “Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Pow-er Sources in Outer Space” (hereinafter the NPS Principles) as nuclear power sources in outer space should be based on a thorough safety assessment. The article starts by a short overview of the concept of “soft law” and the resolutions produced by UN COPUOS. Then it will go on to the main three parts besides conclusion. The first chapter gives a brief overview of the drafting history of the NPS Principles and the second deals with activities of UN COPUOS and IAEA on the matter of nuclear power sources use in outer space. The last chapter pre-sents several case studies focusing on the following questions which provisions of NPS Principles have been implemented into national legislative system, what is the novel and what are the differences among the various national law instruments in these countries