Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436–1477

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina, Colletotrichum araujiae on leaves, stems and fruits of Araujia hortorum. Australia, Agaricus pateritonsus on soil, Curvularia fraserae on dying leaf of Bothriochloa insculpta, Curvularia millisiae from yellowing leaf tips of Cyperus aromaticus, Marasmius brunneolorobustus on well-rotted wood, Nigrospora cooperae from necrotic leaf of Heteropogon contortus, Penicillium tealii from the body of a dead spider, Pseudocercospora robertsiorum from leaf spots of Senna tora, Talaromyces atkinsoniae from gills of Marasmius crinis-equi and Zasmidium pearceae from leaf spots of Smilax glyciphylla. Brazil, Preussia bezerrensis from air. Chile, Paraconiothyrium kelleni from the rhizosphere of Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. chiloensis. Finland, Inocybe udicola on soil in mixed forest with Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Picea abies and Alnus incana. France, Myrmecridium normannianum on dead culm of unidentified Poaceae. Germany, Vexillomyces fraxinicola from symptomless stem wood of Fraxinus excelsior. India, Diaporthe limoniae on infected fruit of Limonia acidissima, Didymella naikii on leaves of Cajanus cajan, and Fulvifomes mangroviensis on basal trunk of Aegiceras corniculatum. Indonesia, Penicillium ezekielii from Zea mays kernels. Namibia, Neocamarosporium calicoremae and Neocladosporium calicoremae on stems of Calicorema capitata, and Pleiochaeta adenolobi on symptomatic leaves of Adenolobus pechuelii. Netherlands, Chalara pteridii on stems of Pteridium aquilinum, Neomackenziella juncicola (incl. Neomackenziella gen. nov.) and Sporidesmiella junci from dead culms of Juncus effusus. Pakistan, Inocybe longistipitata on soil in a Quercus forest. Poland, Phytophthora viadrina from rhizosphere soil of Quercus robur, and Septoria krystynae on leaf spots of Viscum album. Portugal (Azores), Acrogenospora stellata on dead wood or bark. South Africa, Phyllactinia greyiae on leaves of Greyia sutherlandii and Punctelia anae on bark of Vachellia karroo. Spain, Anteaglonium lusitanicum on decaying wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica, Hawksworthiomyces riparius from fluvial sediments, Lophiostoma carabassense endophytic in roots of Limbarda crithmoides, and Tuber mohedanoi from calcareus soils. Spain (Canary Islands), Mycena laurisilvae on stumps and woody debris. Sweden, Elaphomyces geminus from soil under Quercus robur. Thailand, Lactifluus chiangraiensis on soil under Pinus merkusii, Lactifluus nakhonphanomensis and Xerocomus sisongkhramensis on soil under Dipterocarpus trees. Ukraine, Valsonectria robiniae on dead twigs of Robinia hispida. USA, Spiralomyces americanus (incl. Spiralomyces gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes

Large amplitude oscillatory shear flow: Microstructural assessment of polymeric systems

Since the first publications of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) responses of polymeric materials in the 1960s, different approaches have been developed to express, analyze, and interpret nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of materials. LAOS is currently recognized as one of the most powerful rheological techniques to characterize nonlinear viscoelasticity, as the amplitude and frequency of the employed deformation can be controlled, allowing researchers to tune the strength of flow and time scale independently. Additionally, in contrast to small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) flow, LAOS is not limited to a perturbation about equilibrium. Such flexibility makes LAOS an attractive rheological protocol to mimic numerous industrial applications. Recently, there has been significant progress in the LAOS characterization of polymeric materials via different analysis techniques, including Fourier transform rheology, stress decomposition, Chebyshev coefficients, sequence of physical processes, and intrinsic nonlinearity. These advances have been achieved through utilization of modern commercial rheometers with high torque resolution and strong computational power, making the exploitation of these techniques possible in the recent decade. This increased accessibility has seen the number of LAOS publications dramatically increase in the past few years. The current surge in interest in the use of LAOS tests necessitates the search for appropriate measurement techniques to probe the nonlinear response of complex fluids. Although this area has been significantly investigated by many researchers who measured and reported LAOS data from a wide range of rheologically-complex materials, there is still one question that needs to be answered: which method of LAOS analysis is best for a specific polymeric system? In fact, the high volume of publications in the past decade provides us a unique opportunity for such a query to validate the efforts on the LAOS developments and compare the utility and sensitivity of these protocols. In this review, we highlight the history and fundamentals of each technique in chronological order. We present parameters and equations of each method that are indispensable for LAOS interpretation. We also present experimental work in LAOS characterization of polymeric materials, classified into four categories: (1) polymer solutions and melts, (2) polymer nanocomposites, (3) polymer blends, and (4) hydrogels. Indeed, the raison d’être of this review paper is that the nonlinear rheological properties of the mentioned polymeric systems are very sensitive to their microstructural features. In each section, the challenges and perspectives will be discussed to enhance understanding of the performance level of each method. This review offers inspiration for the interpretation of LAOS data to help rheologists and newcomers, and to contribute to current and future developments in the field

A prospective randomized study of CHOP versus CHOP plus alpha-2B interferon in patients with intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: The International Oncology Study Group NHL1 study

The addition of a brief alpha interferon regimen to each CHOP induction cycle, plus one year of alpha interferon thrice weekly maintenance therapy, has no early effect on response rates or survival in patients with Intermediate or High grade cell NHL