Dietary essential oils improve feed efficiency and hepatic antioxidant content of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of an improved growth, dietary nutrient availability and overall health of broiler chickens reared on recycled litter when fed a standardised combination of essential oils (EO; carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin). To assess the effect of dietary treatments, feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, availability of dietary nutrients and energy, villus morphometry, excreta sialic acid concentration, hepatic antioxidants and serum amyloid A (SAA) when fed to broiler chickens were evaluated. Counts of Eimeria spp. oocysts were also determined in excreta samples. Four experimental diets were offered, including two basal control diets based on either wheat or maize that contained 215 g CP/kg and 12.13 MJ/kg metabolisable energy and another two diets using the basal control diets supplemented with the EO combination at 100 mg/kg diet. Each diet was fed to eight floor pens, containing two birds each, following randomisation. Birds fed the EO-supplemented diets had an improved (P0.05) were observed in villus morphometry, sialic acid secretion, number of oocysts and SAA. Feeding the EO improved (P<0.05) the retention of dietary Ca and Na. Compared with maize, feeding wheat-based diets improved the retention coefficients for Ca, P and Na (P<0.05). Feeding dietary EO improved (P<0.05) the concentrations of the hepatic antioxidants, including carotene, coenzyme Q10 and total vitamin E. The hepatic concentration of carotene of the maize-fed birds was 55.6% greater (P<0.05) compared with the wheat-fed birds. These results demonstrated that the addition of a standardised combination of EO in wheat- and maize-based diets provided benefits in terms of feed efficiency, mineral retention and antioxidant status of the birds when reared on recycled litter

Modificación del nivel y tipo de fibra en piensos de cerdos mediante la inclusión de subproductos agroindustriales sobre las características del purín y su potencial de producción de amoniaco, biogás y metano (resultados preliminares)

La alimentación de los animales se considera una vía importante de mitigación de la emisión de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera, principalmente amoniaco (NH3) y metano (CH4), (BREF, 2006). La incorporación de fuentes de fibra fácilmente fermentable poco lignificada en piensos es capaz de modificar el comportamiento fermentativo de las bacterias en el intestino grueso y el balance entre el nitrógeno (N) orgánico e inorgánico y el pH de las deyecciones (Portejoie y col., 2004; Jarret y col., 2011). Este efecto, que no altera la excreción total de N puede condicionar considerablemente a la emisión de NH3. Por otro lado, el efecto de la inclusión de fuentes de fibra en la dieta sobre las emisiones de CH4 ha sido menos estudiado. Algunos estudios sugieren que un incremento de la cantidad de fibra en los piensos puede aumentar la producción de CH4 por cerdo y día (Jarret y col., 2011) al reducir la digestibilidad de los nutrientes e incrementar la cantidad de materia orgánica no digerida en las heces. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar los efectos de las variaciones en el nivel y tipo de fibra (fermentable y no fermentable) de los piensos sobre las características del purín y las emisiones de NH3,CH4 y Biogás

The effect of slurry composition on methane potential emissions from fattening pig slurries: a review of three nutrition assays

This study reviews the effects of pig slurry composition on the biochemical methane (CH4) potential (B0), using the information collected in three nutrition assays. A total of 84 animals were used to test the effect of 13 different diets

Dietary Fibre in Pig's Diets: Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Slurry Storage to Field Application

Pig’s slurry is a key source of greenhouse gases (GHG). In Spain, GHG emissions (CH4+ N2O) from pig slurry (storage and land application) accounted in 2011 for 18.4% of total GHG emissions (in CO2- equivalent) of the agriculture sector according to the National Inventory Report (NIR). Slurry composition can be modified through diet manipulation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different fibre types in fattening pigs’ diets on GHG emissions from pig slurry storage and field application

Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Antezana-Julian, WO.; Blas, CD.; García-Rebollar, P.; Rodríguez, C.; Beccaccia, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Cerisuelo, A.... (2016). Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 104(2):159-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9764-3S1591731042Aarnink AJA, Verstegen MWA (2007) Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production. Livest Sci 109(1–3):194–203Abubaker J, Risberg K, Jönsson E, Dahlin A S, Cederlund H, Pell M (2015) Short-term effects of biogas digestates and pig slurry application on soil microbial activity. Appl Environ Soil Sci. Article ID 658542: 1–15Adekunle KF, Okolie JA (2015) A review of biochemical process of anaerobic digestion. 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Diet management to effectively abate N2O emissions from surface applied pig slurry

[EN] Application of manure (urine and/or feces) to agricultural soils enhances emissions of gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Some minor N compounds such as hippuric acid and benzoic acid present in urine can be controlled through diet manipulation to mitigate these emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the inclusion of fibrous by-products in the diet of pigs affects hippuric and benzoic acid concentrations in the excreted urine/slurry, and their possible effect on N2O emissions following application of these manures to soil. Slurries were obtained from growing-finishing pigs fed five contrasting diets: a conventional diet (pig slurry control, PSC); and orange pulp and carob meal at a dietary fiber level of 75 or 150 g kg(-1) (OP-75; OP-150; CM-75; CM-150) and were then applied to mesocosms containing young ryegrass plants. A control treatment without slurry was also included. The N2O and CO2 emissions were measured using static chambers following slurry application, alongside measurements of soil ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3-), and dissolved organic carbon. Soils amended with slurries obtained from fibre by-products, OP and CM, decreased N2O emissions by 65 and 47%, respectively, compared with slurries obtained through a conventional pig diet. Benzoic acid was negatively correlated with N2O emission for slurries from OP diets, which had over double the hippuric acid content, and more than 1.8 times the benzoic acid content than the CM. However, this effect only occurred during the first week due to rapid degradation of this compound within soil. The possible toxic effect of benzoic acid did not appear to affect soil respiration, since a positive correlation was found. Results of a benzoic acid balance (considering both intake through feed and release through urine) indicated that the source of both acids were phenolic compounds (polyphenolic or lignin) present in the fibrous fraction. These results show that N2O emissions are more affected than CO2 by to compounds within urine/faeces that can be manipulated indirectly through the diet.The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Autonomous Community of Madrid for their economic support through Projects AGL2011-30023, AGL2012-37815-CO5-01,AGL2015-64582-C3-3-R and the Agrisost Project S2013/ABI-2717. This study would not have been possible without technical assistance from the technicians and researchers at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Analysis of the Agronomy Faculty (Technical University of Madrid, UPM) especially Gemma Andreu Cadenas. We are also grateful to Dr. Pedro Aparicio for his support in determination of BA in feeds. The input from DRC and KAM contribute to the UK-China Virtual Joint Centre for Improved Nitrogen Agronomy (CINAg), funded by the Newton Fund via UK BBSRC/NERC (BB/N013468/1)Sánchez-Martín, L.; Beccaccia, A.; De Blas, C.; Sanz-Cobeña, A.; García-Rebollar, P.; Estellés, F.; Mardsen, K.... (2017). Diet management to effectively abate N2O emissions from surface applied pig slurry. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 239:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.007S11123

Effects of nutrition on digestion efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing-finishing pigs. I. Influence of the inclusion of two levels of orange pulp and carob meal in isofibrous diets

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-NDF growing-finishing pig diets on nutrient balance, slurry composition and potential ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4 +/- 12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products (OP and CM) and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH3 and CH4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11- and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy increased with OP but decreased with CM (P<0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased (P<0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP (P<0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased (P<0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P<0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (from 2.44 to 1.81 g, P< 0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended (P< 0.06) to emit less NH3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl N and showed a lower Bo, independently of the fibre source. Thus, the fibre sources and their dietary levels affected pig nutrient digestion and composition of urine and faeces, showing potential to decrease NH3 and CH4 emissions at high levels of inclusion, independently of type of fibre. C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We also thank CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia - DF 70040-020, Brazil for a research fellowship grant.Beccaccia, A.; Calvet Sanz, S.; Cerisuelo García, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Garcia-Rebollar, P.; Blas, CD. (2015). Effects of nutrition on digestion efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing-finishing pigs. I. Influence of the inclusion of two levels of orange pulp and carob meal in isofibrous diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 208:158-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.008S15816920

Animal feeding strategies to abate N2O and NH3 emission from surface applied slurry to a grassland soil

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of five different feeds, in terms of protein content, on the emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a grassland soil fertilized with pig slurries

Effects of nutrition on digestion efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing pigs: II. Effect of protein source in practical diets

This research aimed to investigate effects of protein source in practical diets on nutrient excretion and potential emissions of ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) in pigs. Three experimental feeds were designed to substitute a mixture of soybean meal and soybean hulls (SB diet) with sunflower meal (SFM) or wheat DDGS (WDDGS). The proportion of other ingredients was also modified in order to maintain similar nutrient contents across diets. Changes in protein source led to differences in dietary content of neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, soluble fibre (SF) and acid detergent lignin. Twenty-four pigs (8 per diet), weighing 52.3 or 60.8 kg at the first and second batch, respectively, were housed individually in metabolic pens to determine during a 7-day period dry matter (DM) balance, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (MAD) of nutrients, and faecal and urine composition. Representative slurry samples from each animal were used to measure NH3 and CH4 emissions over an 11 and/or 100-day storage period, respectively. Neither DM intake, nor DM or energy CTTAD differed among experimental diets, but type of feed affected (P WDDGS > SB (from 0.171 to 0.109 and 0.086, respectively) in parallel to a decrease of potential CH4 emission per g of OM of slurry (from 301 to 269 and 256 mL, respectively). When both gaseous emissions were expressed per animal and day, differences followed the same trend, but did not reach significant levels. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We also thank CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia - DF 70040-020, Brazil for a research fellowship grant.Beccaccia, A.; Cerisuelo García, A.; Calvet Sanz, S.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Estellés, F.; Blas, CD.; Garcia-Rebollar, P. (2015). Effects of nutrition on digestion efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing pigs: II. Effect of protein source in practical diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 209:137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.02113714420