IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY IN VITRO

The immune responses to sheep erythrocytes of mouse spleen cell suspensions from immune and nonimmune donors were compared in vitro. In vivo immunity was only transiently reflected in vitro, and 8 wk after in vivo immunization the responses of cultures from immunized and nonimmunized mice were virtually identical. There appeared to be two mechanisms for an antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. The first was responsible for the early primary response and is unmodified in the immune animal though contributing little to subsequent in vivo responses due to its suppressibility by specific antibody. The second was expressed in the in vivo secondary response but not on in vitro challenge of spleen cells from mice immunized many weeks previously; spleen cell cultures from such immune mice, freed from the antibody of the in vivo environment, once again demonstrate a pure primary-type response

Representation of Clients in Matters Relating to Hospital Bills

This article is designed to acquaint Legal Services attorneys with a range of government health programs for which their clients may be eligible, and a number of legal theories that may impose a duty to provide care on public or private medical care institutions. The primary objective is to provide background material to assist the attorney in getting medical bills paid or defending a collection action. The article also includes a discussion of legal duties to provide care that will be useful in advising clients and consumer groups of their rights and of the programs and services that should be available in the community

Representation of Clients in Matters Relating to Hospital Bills

This article is designed to acquaint Legal Services attorneys with a range of government health programs for which their clients may be eligible, and a number of legal theories that may impose a duty to provide care on public or private medical care institutions. The primary objective is to provide background material to assist the attorney in getting medical bills paid or defending a collection action. The article also includes a discussion of legal duties to provide care that will be useful in advising clients and consumer groups of their rights and of the programs and services that should be available in the community

Nitrogen phosphorus and carbox flux in Chesapeake Bay marshes

Annual nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon budgets for two Virginia salt marshes were determined .by monthly measurements of water discharge and constituent concentrations over tidal cycles. Considering all three forms of phosphorus measured (total, dissolved organic and orthophosphate) there was a net loss from the estuary to the marches. The data reveal a loss of particulate phosphorus of estuarine origin to marsh sediments and mineralization of this phosphorus in the marshes with subsequent export of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus back to the estuary. Nitrogen flux data show a loss of nitrate and nitrite to the marshes. Particulate nitrogen is imported to the marshes where it is mineralized and returned to the estuary as ammonia and dissolved organic nitrogen. The magnitude of nitrogen export suggests significant fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by marsh flora with subsequent export as dissolved species. Carbon flux data show significant contributions of both particulate and dissolved organic carbon to the estuary from the marshes. Estimates of export, based on marsh grass productivity, suggest a loss of 36 and 49 percent of a year\u27s primary production on the marshes as detritus for Ware and Carter Creeks respectively

Function of marshes in reducing eutrophication of estuaries of the Middle Atlantic Region

Annual nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon budgets for two Virginia salt marshes were determined by monthly measurements of water discharge and constituent concentrations over tidal cycles. Considering all three forms of phosphorus measured (total, dissolved organic and orthophosphate) there was a net loss from the estuary to the marshes. The data reveal a loss of particulate μhosphorus of estuarine origin to marsh sediments and mineralization of this phosphorus in the marshes with subsequent export of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus back to the estuary. Nitrogen flux data show a loss of nitrate and nitrite to the marshes. Particulate nitrogen is imported to the marshes where it is mineralized and returned to the estuary as ammonia and dissolved organic nitrogen. The magnitude of nitrogen export suggests significant fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by marsh flora with subsequent export as dissolved species. Carbon flux data show significant contributions of both particulate and dissolved organic carbon to the estuary from the marshes. Estimates of export, based on marsh grass productivity, suggest a loss of 36 and 49% of a years primary production on the marshes as detritus for Ware and Carter Creeks respectively

Experimental Verification of Ocean Bounced GPS Signals and Analysis of their Application to Ionospheric Corrections for Satellite Altimetry

An algorithm is presented which uses observations of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals reflected from the ocean surface and acquired by a GPS receiver onboard an altimetric satellite to compute the ionospheric delay present in the altimeter measurement. This eliminates the requirement for a dual frequency altimeter for many Earth observing missions. A ground-based experiment is described which confirms the presence of these ocean-bounced signals and demonstrates the potential for altimeter ionospheric correction at the centimeter level

Public health implications of 1990 air toxics concentrations across the United States.

Occupational and toxicological studies have demonstrated adverse health effects from exposure to toxic air contaminants. Data on outdoor levels of toxic air contaminants have not been available for most communities in the United States, making it difficult to assess the potential for adverse human health effects from general population exposures. Emissions data from stationary and mobile sources are used in an atmospheric dispersion model to estimate outdoor concentrations of 148 toxic air contaminants for each of the 60,803 census tracts in the contiguous United States for 1990. Outdoor concentrations of air toxics were compared to previously defined benchmark concentrations for cancer and noncancer health effects. Benchmark concentrations are based on standard toxicological references and represent air toxic levels above which health risks may occur. The number of benchmark concentrations exceeded by modeled concentrations ranged from 8 to 32 per census tract, with a mean of 14. Estimated concentrations of benzene, formaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene were greater than cancer benchmark concentrations in over 90% of the census tracts. Approximately 10% of all census tracts had estimated concentrations of one or more carcinogenic HAPs greater than a 1-in-10,000 risk level. Twenty-two pollutants with chronic toxicity benchmark concentrations had modeled concentrations in excess of these benchmarks, and approximately 200 census tracts had a modeled concentration 100 times the benchmark for at least one of these pollutants. This comprehensive assessment of air toxics concentrations across the United States indicates hazardous air pollutants may pose a potential public health problem

ODD Symptom Network During Preschool

Several different conceptualizations of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms have been proposed, including one undivided set of symptoms (DSM-IV-TR; APA 2000); two domains of symptoms subdivided into affective and behavioral; and three domains of symptoms subdivided as angry/irritable, argumentative/defiant, and spiteful. The current study utilizes a novel approach to examining the division of ODD symptoms through use of network analysis. Participants were 109 preschoolers (64 male) between the ages of three and six (M = 4.34 years, SD = 1.08) and their parents and teachers/caregivers, who provided ratings of ODD symptoms. Results are consistent with one-, two-, and three- cluster solutions of ODD, but perhaps provide most support for the three-cluster solution. In addition, results support the idea that negative affect, particularly anger, forms the core of the ODD symptom network during preschool. These results suggest the importance of targeting anger in preschool interventions for ODD