An Outage Probability in Cooperative MIMO Under Slow Fading Channel

Slow fading channel one of the most important channels which appears widely in cellular mobile system. Although, it has several problems such as bad effects of fading which cause an attenuation to the signal. This paper presents a new scheme in cooperative communication system under slow fading channel to enhance and increase the quality of communication systems performance. This new scheme is called a cooperative multiple input–multiple output Antenna. The main idea of this scheme depends on transmitting multi copy of message via tow paths. Its' performance has compared with MIMO technique in term of outage probability. Thus, the negative effects of fading are mitigated and the outage probability is enhanced. Furthermore, the reliability in communication system under slow fading channel has improved

Scientists’ warning on affluence

For over half a century, worldwide growth in affluence has continuously increased resource use and pollutant emissions far more rapidly than these have been reduced through better technology. The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions. We summarise the evidence and present possible solution approaches. Any transition towards sustainability can only be effective if far-reaching lifestyle changes complement technological advancements. However, existing societies, economies and cultures incite consumption expansion and the structural imperative for growth in competitive market economies inhibits necessary societal change

Investigating fairness in global supply chains: applying an extension of the living wage to the Western European clothing supply chain.

YesThis paper explores the issue of fairness in global supply chains. Taking the Western European clothing supply chain as a case study, we demonstrate how applying a normative indicator in Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) can contribute academic and practical insights into debates on fairness. To do so, we develop a new indicator that addresses some of the limitations of the living wage for SLCA. We extend the standard form of living wage available for developing countries to include income tax and social security contributions. We call this extension 'living labour compensation'. Using publically available data, we estimate net living wages, gross living wages, and living labour compensation rates for Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) in 2005. We then integrate living labour compensation rates into an input-output framework, which we use to compare living labour compensation and actual labour compensation in the BRIC countries in the Western European clothing supply chain in 2005. We find that in 2005, actual labour compensation in the Western European clothing supply chain was around half of the living labour compensation level, with the greatest difference being in the Agricultural sector. Therefore, we argue that BRIC pay in the Western European clothing supply chain was unfair. Furthermore, our living labour compensation estimates for BRIC in 2005 are ~ 35% higher than standard living wage estimates. Indeed, adding income taxes and employee social security contributions alone increases the living wage by ~ 10%. Consequently, we argue there is a risk that investigations based on living wages are not using a representative measure of fairness from the employee's perspective and are substantially underestimating the cost of living wages from an employer's perspective. Finally, we discuss implications for retailers and living wage advocacy groups. Living labour compensation extends the living wage, maintaining its strengths and addressing key weaknesses. It can be estimated for multiple countries from publically available data and can be applied in an input-output framework. Therefore, it is able to provide a normative assessment of fairness in complex global supply chains. Applying it to the Western European clothing supply chain, we were able to show that pay for workers in Brazil, Russia, India, and China is unfair, and draw substantive conclusions for practice

Candida pneumonia in young and immunocompetent lady: A case report and literature review

Background: Candida is a frequent respiratory tract colonizer. True candida pneumonia is rare and seen with predominance in immunosuppressed patients. Our aim is to document a previously unreported case of Candida pneumonia in a young and immunocompetent patient, highlighting, an unusual pathological manifestation of this infection in immunocompetent individuals. Case summary: We report a previously healthy young lady who remained symptomatic with fever, cough and shortness of breath for three weeks duration despite treatment with extensive antibiotics regimen for community acquired pneumonia. She was eventually treated as a probable, rare case of candida pneumonia. The patient demonstrated a dramatic response to single antifungal treatment both clinically and biochemically within the first 24hrs of treatment. Candida albican was isolated on repetitive cultures form the sputum and bronchoalevolar lavage samples. The patient had negative blood cultures. Her HRCT scan revealed bilateral basal air space opacities with peri bronchovascular distribution and centrilobular nodules with branching pattern suggestive of tree in bud predominantly in lower lobes. Her endobronchial biopsies was mostly unremarkable apart from rare non-necrotizing granuloma. Conclusion: Candida can rarely cause clinically significant pneumonia in immunocompetent patients and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

The explosive daily dependence on wireless communication services necessitates the research to establish ultrawideband communication systems with ultrahigh bit rate transmission capabilities. The advent of the fifth-generation (5G) microwave link transmitting at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band is a promising technology to accommodate the escalating demand for wireless services. In this frequency band, however, the behavior of the transmission channel and its climatic properties are a major concern. This is of particular importance in tropical regions where the climate is mainly rainy with large raindrop size and high rainfall rate that may interact destructively with the propagating signal and cause total attenuation for the signal. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a global rain attenuation model to characterize the effect of rain on the propagating signal at a wideband of frequencies. The validity of this model in tropical regions is still an open question for research. In this paper, real measurements are conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of mm-waves at 26 GHz over the microwave 5G radio link system. Rainfall rate and rain attenuation data sets are collected for one year at one sample per min sampling rate. Both data sets are used to estimate signal propagation conditions in comparison to the ITU model prediction. From the presented results, it is found that at 0.01% percentage of time and rainfall rate of about 120 mm/hr, the propagated signal would experience 26.2 dB losses per kilometer traveled. In addition, there is a significant deviation between the empirical estimation of the worst month parameters and the ITU worst month parameter prediction. Similarly, rainfall rate and rain attenuation estimated through the ITU model imposes a large deviation as compared with the measurements. Furthermore, more accurate empirical worst month parameters are proposed that yielded more accurate estimation of the worst month rainfall and rain attenuation predictions in comparison to the ITU model predictions

Impacts embodied in global trade flows

© The Author(s) 2016.The steep and unprecedented growth of globalisation and trade over the last few decades has led to accelerated economic activity with mixed outcomes. Continued economic growth and alleviation of poverty in many countries has been accompanied with an overall increase and shifting of environmental pressures between countries. Industrial ecology research has contributed decisively to the knowledge around impacts in trade. This chapter summarises the latest empirical findings on global change instigated by trade, discusses new methodological developments and reflects on the sustainability of globalised production and consumption. Significant proportions of up to 64 % of total environmental, social and economic impacts can be linked to international trade. Impacts embodied in trade have grown much more rapidly than their total global counterparts. Policies aimed at increasing the sustainability of production and consumption need to go beyond domestic regulation and seek international cooperation to target production practices for exports worldwide