The ubiquitin ligation machinery in the defense against bacterial pathogens

The ubiquitin system is an important part of the host cellular defense program during bacterial infection. This is in particular evident for a number of bacteria including Salmonella Typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis which-inventively as part of their invasion strategy or accidentally upon rupture of seized host endomembranes-become exposed to the host cytosol. Ubiquitylation is involved in the detection and clearance of these bacteria as well as in the activation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling. Remarkably, all these defense responses seem to emanate from a dense layer of ubiquitin which coats the invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on the diverse group of host cell E3 ubiquitin ligases that help to tailor this ubiquitin coat. In particular, we address how the divergent ubiquitin conjugation mechanisms of these ligases contribute to the complexity of the anti-bacterial coating and the recruitment of different ubiquitin-binding effectors. We also discuss the activation and coordination of the different E3 ligases and which strategies bacteria evolved to evade the activities of the host ubiquitin system

Sucrose-specific induction of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Sugars act as signaling molecules, whose signal transduction pathways may lead to the activation or inactivation of gene expression. Whole-genome transcript profiling reveals that the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways are strongly up-regulated following sucrose (Suc) treatment. Besides mRNA accumulation, Suc affects both flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. We investigated the effects of sugars (Suc, glucose, and fructose) on genes coding for flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The results indicate that the sugar-dependent up-regulation of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway is Suc specific. An altered induction of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, consistent with in vivo sugar modulation of mRNA accumulation, is observed in the phosphoglucomutase Arabidopsis mutant accumulating high levels of soluble sugars

Pengembangan Keterampilan Para Guru dalam Pengelolaan Administrasi Sekolah Berbasis Microsoft Excel

Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini, yaitu membantu mitra (RA Insan Madani Yayasan Perguruan Al Khawarizmi) dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan pengelolaan administrasi sekolah yang masih belum terstruktur/ optimal dan keterbatasan kamampuan guru dalam pengoperasian microsoft excel. Untuk menyelesaikan persoalan tersebut tim pelaksana melakukan suatu pelatihan pengembangan keterampilan para guru dalam pengelolaan administrasi sekolah berbasis microsoft excel di lingkungan mitra. Metode yang digunakan berupa metode pelatihan, pendampingan, dan diskusi. Pelatihan dilakukan dengan cara memberikan materi dan praktik oleh para guru dalam pengoperasiaan microsoft excel untuk pengelolaan administrasi sekolah. Pelatihan ini berjalan dengan lancar dan mendapat dukungan penuh dari pihak mitra. Berdasarkan evaluasi yang dilakukan, keterampilan guru dalam pengelolaan administrasi sekolah menggunakan microsoft excel semakin baik

High-level detection of gene amplification and chromosome aneuploidy in extracted nuclei from paraffin-embedded tissue of human cancer using FISH: a new approach for retrospective studies

A novel application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to isolated nuclei is described. The method detects gene amplification and chromosome aneuploidy in extracted nuclei from paraffin-embedded tissue of human cancer with greater sensitivity and specificity than existing FISH methods. In this study, the method is applied to signal detection of the HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) gene, whose amplification is one of the most common genetic alterations associated with human breast cancer. Nuclei were extracted and isolated from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of 43 different carcinomas (breast, ovary, endometrium, gastrointestinal stromal tumor and malignant mesothelioma). FISH was performed both on sections and extracted nuclei of each tissue using chromosome enumeration probes (CEP) for the centromeric regions of chromosomes 8 and 17, and a locus specific identifier (LSI) for the HER-2/neu oncogene. Differences between ploidy calculated in sections and extracted nuclei were seen in 3 breast carcinomas and 1 gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Furthermore, 1 breast cancer, previously considered to be borderline for HER-2/neu gene amplification turned out to be clearly amplified. Nuclei extraction and isolation bypass all the problems related to signal interpretation in tissue sections, and the adoption of this new technique, which improves the signal quality in several neoplastic samples, is suggested