Issue of Waqf in the context of establishment of Muslim institutions in the post-Soviet Tatarstan

© the author(s). The importance of the issue under study is specified by the increasing significance of the religious factor in the social and political, religious and cultural life of global community and Russia in the 21st century. The aim of the article is to find out and analyze the tendencies of the development of Waqf system among Tatars at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries, to determine the possibilities of religious institutions' financing by means of engaging and adapting such traditional instruments as Waqf to the modern conditions. The main method of the research is historical and comparative method, at the example of successful existence of Waqf property in the Russian Empire until 1917. Previous experience is compared with the modern state in the realities of the current Russian legislation. The article highlights the impossibility of the unimpaired operation of Waqf institution in the framework of available legal base and in the conditions of secular state. Alongside with this there offered ways of legitimization of separate principles of Waqf institution in the framework of current Russian legislation. The article presents the results indicating historical experience of the functioning of Waqf among Tatar in the past, rather successful existence of Waqf in the sovereign Tatarstan in the 1990s in the framework of local legislation, as well as failed attempts of the local authorities to solve the issue of Waqf property in the federal and all-Russia level. The article materials might be useful in the further study of institutional history of Russian Islam, as well as in modern social discussions about the role of religion in the secular space, and also in forming scientific and methodological, regulatory and legal framework to improve government policy about religion

Russia-Middle East: The influence of the Arab factor on the formation of muslim education system in the Republic of Tatarstan in 1990-2000

With the creation in 1992 of the first independent religious structure in Post-Soviet Tatarstan - the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Tatarstan - there was an urgent need to train imams and mudarrises for the mosques, madrasahs and maktabs of Tatarstan. The ties between Kazan, Bukhara and Tashkent - the traditional centres of training of Tatar imams - were broken after the disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); as a result, the absence of religious schools demanded a search for new approaches. Help was received from various Arab funds and patrons, mainly from the Gulf States. At their expense, hundreds of young Muslim Tatars were trained abroad. Through the example of the events which took place in the religious sphere in Tatarstan in the last twenty years, we can see the attitude of the government to the problem of foreign Muslim education change from neutral and sometimes optimistic to highly negative. Attempts to ban the activities of imams who had graduated from foreign higher education institutions were made, but none of them led to any desirable results. On the whole a cautious attitude to this group of Islamic figures still remains: SAM of RT conducts various courses to retrain them according to local religious traditions, and tries not to permit them to occupy high positions in the system of the Spiritual Administration. Nevertheless, a gradual process of rehabilitation of graduates of foreign higher education institutions is taking place, as well as their social adaptation within the Muslim Ummah. New groups of shakirds go to Arab countries only after studying the fundamentals of Islam and local traditions on the basis of Tatarstan religious educational institutions. The stream of trainees is gradually decreasing, though there is still a need to obtain full higher religious education from the largest Islamic centres of the world

HAJJ of the tatars from the past - To the present

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the investigated problem is caused by the growing importance of the religious factor in the socio-political and religious-cultural life of the global community and Russia in the XXI century. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze trends in the development of Tatar religious activities such as Hajj during the XI - XXI centuries. The leading method of the study of this problem is a historical-comparative method: in retrospect the emergence of this institution and the existence under conditions of the different socio-economic formations have been analyzed; a particular emphasis is made on the post-Soviet period. A special attention is paid to the question of organization of the hajj: route construction and different programs, cost factors of trip tickets, etc. It is proved that the system of organization of doing Hajj in the Republic of Tatarstan as an obligatory ritual for every Muslim is now almost developed. In a short time (since the 1990s.) the stage of formation passed, competence centers are defined, and logistics are established, all the requirements of the Islamic religion, the Russian and international legislation are observed

ПРОБЛЕМА ВАКФОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ МУСУЛЬМАНСКИХ ИНСТИТУТОВ В ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ТАТАРСТАНЕ

The importance of the issue under study is specified by the increasing significance of the religious factor in the social, political, religious and cultural life of the global community and of Russia in the 21st century. The aim of the article is to find out and analyze the tendencies of the development of the Waqf system among Tatars at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries, to determine the possibilities of religious institutions’ financing by means of engaging and adapting such traditional instruments as Waqf to modern conditions. The main method of the research is historical and comparative, when the existence of Waqf property in the Russian Empire until 1917 is compared with the modern state in this sphere according to current Russian legislation. The article highlights the impossibility of unimpaired operation of the institution of Waqf under the conditions of a secular state. Furthermore, the author offers ways of legitimizing separate principles of Waqf in the framework of current Russian legislation. The article may be useful for the further study of institutional history of Russian Islam, as well as in modern social discussions about the role of religion in secular spaces, and also in forming scientific and methodological, regular and legal frameworks to improve government policy concerning religion.Возрастание значения религиозного фактора в социально-политической и религиозно-культурной жизни глобального сообщества и России в XXI в. актуализирует анализ тенденций развития системы вакфа у татар в конце ХХ — начале XXI в. и выявление возможности финансирования религиозных институтов за счёт привлечения и адаптации к современным условиям таких традиционных инструментов, как вакф. Ведущим походом к исследованию проблемы является историко-сравнительный метод: сравнивается опыт успешного существования вакуфного имущества в России до 1917 г. и в современных условиях. Подчёркивается невозможность полноценного функционирования института вакфов в рамках имеющейся правовой базы светского государства. Предлагаются пути легитимации отдельных принципов института вакфа в рамках действующего законодательства

Hijrah of Russian Muslims to Turkey: Pro et contra

© Serials Publications. The goal of the article is to reveal and analyze the development of a new trend, specific to the Russian Muslims, namely, the phenomenon of migration to Turkey for residence due to the ideological persuasions. The historical term «hijrah» («migration») was used in the times of the Prophet, and now is also used by emigrants. In the material, based on monitoring of the mass media, social media, individual interviews, the essential trends of this process are considered, the examples from life of Muslim emigrants are given, gathered experience from their life in Turkey is generalized. The results presented in this article indicate the influence of social, economic, political and cultural processes, which take place in modern Russia on ideology and position of future emigrants. The materials of the article can be useful for the investigation of migration problems and modern social discussions about the place of religion in the secular state

РОЛЬ ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО ФАКТОРА В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ СИСТЕМЫ РЕЛИГИОЗНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ТАТАРСТАНЕ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПУТИ ИХ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ

A problem arose with the creation of the fi rst independent religious structure in Post-Soviet Tatarstan (Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Tatarstan) and that was an urgent need to train imams and mudarrises for Tatarstan’s mosques, madrasahs and maktabs. The ties between Kazan, Bukhara and Tashkent — traditional centers for the training of Tatar imams — were destroyed after the disintegration of the USSR; as a result, the absence of religious schools necessitated a search for new approaches. Help was received from various Arab funds and patrons, mainly from the Gulf States. At their expense, hundreds of young Muslim Tatars were trained abroad. By the example of the events in the religious sphere of Tatarstan in the last twenty years, we can see the dynamics of the government’s attitude towards the problem of foreign Muslim education: from neutral and sometimes optimistic to highly negative.С созданием в 1992 г. в Татарстане Централизованной религиозной организации Духовного управления мусульман Татарстана возникла острая необходимость в подготовке религиозных кадров. Основную помощь оказали различные арабские фонды, примущественно из стран Персидского залива. Обученные там сотни татар-мусульман сыграли важную роль в становлении религиозных институтов, одновременно породив феномен «конфликта поколений». Статья адресуется исследователям институциональной истории российского ислама, а также дискурса о месте религии в светском пространстве

Сross-analysis of big data in accreditation of health specialists

Objective: The relevance of this study is due to the mass accreditation of health professionals that is developing in Russia, which requires innovative measurement tools and opens new opportunities for a well-founded cross-analysis of specialists’ professional readiness quality. Purpose of the study: The purpose of this article is to present approved methodical approaches to the transformation of accreditation data into a format suitable for secondary analysis of medical schools graduates quality based on the requirements of Professional Standards. Method: The leading methods of secondary data analysis are: a) codification of indicators in the primary data accumulation array; b) statistical processing of study results (evaluation of the relationships between the arrays of primary data accumulation and instrumental data, the correlation of test scores obtained by accreditation results with the labor functions of Professional Standards); c) the creation of representative samples for data analysis. The implementation of methods is carried out in the mode of working with arrays of big data, which also uses the method of cross-analysis to identify additional factors that affect to specialists’ professional readiness quality. Results: As a results of the research, there were: 1) approaches to the codification of data in the array and their secondary analysis were developed; 2) three samples were constructed with an estimation of representativeness for different strata, including subjects, assignments and corresponding labor functions; 3) the matrix of primary data in the specialty “Pediatrics” was verified using the example of the results of students from 50 medical universities in Russia. Conclusion: Approbation of methods of secondary data analysis conducted on representative samples of the subjects showed the effectiveness of the developed approaches that should be used when analyzing large data sets in the procedures of certification or accreditation. The materials of the article can be useful for specialists in the field of assessing the quality of education or assessing the professional readiness of health professionals, managers, professors and pedagogical staff of medical schools, specialists of centers for independent assessment of qualifications. © 2018, Modestum Ltd.. All rights reserved

Identification of a candidate gene for a QTL for spikelet number per spike on wheat chromosome arm 7AL by high-resolution genetic mapping.

Key messageA high-resolution genetic map combined with haplotype analyses identified a wheat ortholog of rice gene APO1 as the best candidate gene for a 7AL locus affecting spikelet number per spike. A better understanding of the genes controlling differences in wheat grain yield components can accelerate the improvements required to satisfy future food demands. In this study, we identified a promising candidate gene underlying a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on wheat chromosome arm 7AL regulating spikelet number per spike (SNS). We used large heterogeneous inbred families ( > 10,000 plants) from two crosses to map the 7AL QTL to an 87-kb region (674,019,191-674,106,327 bp, RefSeq v1.0) containing two complete and two partial genes. In this region, we found three major haplotypes that were designated as H1, H2 and H3. The H2 haplotype contributed the high-SNS allele in both H1 × H2 and H2 × H3 segregating populations. The ancestral H3 haplotype is frequent in wild emmer (48%) but rare (~ 1%) in cultivated wheats. By contrast, the H1 and H2 haplotypes became predominant in modern cultivated durum and common wheat, respectively. Among the four candidate genes, only TraesCS7A02G481600 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism that differentiated H2 from the other two haplotypes. This gene, designated here as WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1), is an ortholog of the rice gene ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1 (APO1), which affects spikelet number. Taken together, the high-resolution genetic map, the association between polymorphisms in the different mapping populations with differences in SNS, and the known role of orthologous genes in other grass species suggest that WAPO-A1 is the most likely candidate gene for the 7AL SNS QTL among the four genes identified in the candidate gene region

Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping

Citation: Crespo-Herrera, L. A., Akhunov, E., Garkava-Gustavsson, L., Jordan, K. W., Smith, C. M., Singh, R. P., & Åhman, I. (2014). Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 127(9), 1963-1973.The aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum are important pests of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Characterization of the genetic bases of resistance sources is crucial to facilitate the development of resistant wheat cultivars to these insects. We examined 140 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of the susceptible wheat Seri M82 with the synthetic hexaploid wheat CWI76364, resistant to both aphid species. The RILs were phenotyped for R. padi antibiosis and tolerance traits. Phenotyping of S. graminum resistance was based on leaf chlorosis in a greenhouse screening, and also on the number of S. graminum per tiller in a field trial. Seedling pubescence was scored in each RIL. Using a sequence-based genotyping method we located genomic regions associated to these resistance traits. One QTL for R. padi antibiosis was found in chromosome 4BL; it explained 10.2% of phenotypic variation and was located 14.6 cM apart from the pubescence locus. However, we did not find any association between plant pubescence and the other resistance traits. We found two QTLs for tolerance to R. padi in chromosomes 5AL and 5BL, with an epistatic interaction between a locus in chromosome 3AL and the tolerance QTL in 5AL. These genomic regions together explained about 35% of the phenotypic variation. We confirmed the location of a previously reported gene for S. graminum resistance (Gba) in 7DL and found an additional, novel QTL associated with the number of aphids per tiller in chromosome 2DL. This is the first report where resistance to R. padi in wheat is mapped and also where chromosome 2DL shown to be associated with S. graminum resistance

A High Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 4A

Citation: Balcarkova, B., Frenkel, Z., Skopova, M., Abrouk, M., Kumar, A., Chao, S. M., . . . Valarik, M. (2017). A High Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 4A. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02063Bread wheat has a large and complex allohexaploid genome with low recombination level at chromosome centromeric and peri-centromeric regions. This significantly hampers ordering of markers, contigs of physical maps and sequence scaffolds and impedes obtaining of high-quality reference genome sequence. Here we report on the construction of high-density and high-resolution radiation hybrid (RH) map of chromosome 4A supported by high-density chromosome deletion map. A total of 119 endosperm-based RH lines of two RH panels and 15 chromosome deletion bin lines were genotyped with 90K iSelect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 2316 and 2695 markers were successfully mapped to the 4A RH and deletion maps, respectively. The chromosome deletion map was ordered in 19 bins and allowed precise identification of centromeric region and verification of the RH panel reliability. The 4A-specific RH map comprises 1080 mapping bins and spans 6550.9 cR with a resolution of 0.13 Mb/cR. Significantly higher mapping resolution in the centromeric region was observed as compared to recombination maps. Relatively even distribution of deletion frequency along the chromosome in the RH panel was observed and putative functional centromere was delimited within a region characterized by two SNP markers