Polyols in confectionery: the route to sugar-free, reduced sugar and reduced calorie confectionery

Polyol-containing confectionery offers considerable advantages over traditional sucrose-based confectionery in terms of reduced energy content and reduced cariogenicity. However, over-consumption of polyol confectionery may lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in some individuals. Rather than consider this as a distinct disadvantage to the consumer, this article discusses how careful consideration of the physico-chemical properties of polyols and advances in product development and formulation can provide suitable polyol-based products for the consumer. Furthermore. food legislation and ingredient pricing issues are just some of the factors that must be taken into account when designing new polyol-containing products if their functional benefits and good product quality are to be delivered to the consumer

Particle simulation of plasmas on the massively parallel processor

Particle simulations, in which collective phenomena in plasmas are studied by following the self consistent motions of many discrete particles, involve several highly repetitive sets of calculations that are readily adaptable to SIMD parallel processing. A fully electromagnetic, relativistic plasma simulation for the massively parallel processor is described. The particle motions are followed in 2 1/2 dimensions on a 128 x 128 grid, with periodic boundary conditions. The two dimensional simulation space is mapped directly onto the processor network; a Fast Fourier Transform is used to solve the field equations. Particle data are stored according to an Eulerian scheme, i.e., the information associated with each particle is moved from one local memory to another as the particle moves across the spatial grid. The method is applied to the study of the nonlinear development of the whistler instability in a magnetospheric plasma model, with an anisotropic electron temperature. The wave distribution function is included as a new diagnostic to allow simulation results to be compared with satellite observations

AI Technology and Academic Writing: Knowing and Mastering the “Craft Skills”

Evidence shows that artificial intelligence (AI) has become an essential academic subject, representing about 2.2% of all scientific publications. One concern for doctoral programs is the future role of AI in doctoral writing due to the increase in AI-generated content, such as text and images. Apprehensions have been expressed that the use of AI may have a negative impact on a doctoral student’s ability to think critically and creatively. In contrast, others argue that using AI tools can provide various benefits resulting in rigorous research. This conceptual article first discusses the developing relationship between AI and dissertation writing skills. Second, the article explores the origins of the traditional dissertation and outlines 21st-century dissertation options which reflect contextual needs and utilization of AI. Third, identified writing challenges are highlighted before turning to an in-depth examination of AI-generated tools and writing craft skills required to complete the five chapters of a traditional dissertation

Framework for software architecture visualization assessment.

In order to assess software architecture visualisation strategies, we qualitatively characterize then construct an assessment framework with 7 key areas and 31 features. The framework is used for evaluation and comparison of various strategies from multiple stakeholder perspectives. Six existing software architecture visualisation tools and a seventh research tool were evaluated. All tools exhibited shortcomings when evaluated in the framework

Cangrelor for the management and prevention of arterial thrombosis

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in antiplatelet therapy, the optimum antithrombotic regimen during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains to be determined. Cangrelor is an intravenous, reversibly-binding platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonist with ultra-rapid onset and offset of action that is approved in Europe and United States for use in patients undergoing PCI. This article describes the background for the development of cangrelor, the biology, pharmacology and clinical evidence supporting its use, and its likely position in the future. AREAS COVERED: The role of the platelet P2Y12 receptor in platelet biology and the implications of this for atherothrombotic disease are described. Currently unmet needs in antithrombotic management during and after PCI are discussed followed by a description of the chemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cangrelor, including its interactions with oral thienopyridines. Subsequently, the clinical trial evidence supporting its adoption into clinical practice is reviewed, including the evidence indicating its superiority over a strategy based on clopidogrel treatment alone. Expert commentary: The current status and future potential of cangrelor is discussed, including a view of its place in current clinical practice

Pulse Profiles, Accretion Column Dips and a Flare in GX 1+4 During a Faint State

The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) spacecraft observed the X-ray pulsar GX 1+4 for a period of 34 hours on July 19/20 1996. The source faded from an intensity of ~20 mCrab to a minimum of <~0.7 mCrab and then partially recovered towards the end of the observation. This extended minimum lasted ~40,000 seconds. Phase folded light curves at a barycentric rotation period of 124.36568 +/- 0.00020 seconds show that near the center of the extended minimum the source stopped pulsing in the traditional sense but retained a weak dip feature at the rotation period. Away from the extended minimum the dips are progressively narrower at higher energies and may be interpreted as obscurations or eclipses of the hot spot by the accretion column. The pulse profile changed from leading-edge bright before the extended minimum to trailing-edge bright after it. Data from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) show that a torque reversal occurred <10 days after our observation. Our data indicate that the observed rotation departs from a constant period with a Pdot/P value of ~-1.5% per year at a 4.5 sigma significance. We infer that we may have serendipitously obtained data, with high sensitivity and temporal resolution about the time of an accretion disk spin reversal. We also observed a rapid flare which had some precursor activity, close to the center of the extended minimum.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal (tentatively scheduled for vol. 529 #1, 20 Jan 2000

A Simple, Aseptic Mouth-Piece for the Spirometer.

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