The local dayside reconnection rate for oblique interplanetary magnetic fields

We present an analysis of local properties of magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause for various interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations in global magnetospheric simulations. This has heretofore not been practical because it is difficult to locate where reconnection occurs for oblique IMF, but new techniques make this possible. The approach is to identify magnetic separators, the curves separating four regions of differing magnetic topology, which map the reconnection X-line. The electric field parallel to the X-line is the local reconnection rate. We compare results to a simple model of local two-dimensional asymmetric reconnection. To do so, we find the plasma parameters that locally drive reconnection in the magnetosheath and magnetosphere in planes perpendicular to the X-line at a large number of points along the X-line. The global magnetohydrodynamic simulations are from the three-dimensional Block-Adaptive, Tree Solarwind Roe-type Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US) code with a uniform resistivity, although the techniques described here are extensible to any global magnetospheric simulation model. We find that the predicted local reconnection rates scale well with the measured values for all simulations, being nearly exact for due southward IMF. However, the absolute predictions differ by an undetermined constant of proportionality, whose magnitude increases as the IMF clock angle changes from southward to northward. We also show similar scaling agreement in a simulation with oblique southward IMF and a dipole tilt. The present results will be an important component of a full understanding of the local and global properties of dayside reconnection.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, Submitted to Journal Geophysical Research Space Physics February 12, 2016; Revised April 28, 201

Tracing magnetic separators and their dependence on IMF clock angle in global magnetospheric simulations

A new, efficient, and highly accurate method for tracing magnetic separators in global magnetospheric simulations with arbitrary clock angle is presented. The technique is to begin at a magnetic null and iteratively march along the separator by finding where four magnetic topologies meet on a spherical surface. The technique is verified using exact solutions for separators resulting from an analytic magnetic field model that superposes dipolar and uniform magnetic fields. Global resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations are performed using the three-dimensional BATS-R-US code with a uniform resistivity, in eight distinct simulations with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles ranging from 0 (parallel) to 180 degrees (anti-parallel). Magnetic nulls and separators are found in the simulations, and it is shown that separators traced here are accurate for any clock angle, unlike the last closed field line on the Sun-Earth line that fails for southward IMF. Trends in magnetic null locations and the structure of magnetic separators as a function of clock angle are presented and compared with those from the analytic field model. There are many qualitative similarities between the two models, but quantitative differences are also noted. Dependence on solar wind density is briefly investigated.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, Presented at 2012 AGU Fall Meeting and 2013 Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Worksho

Asymmetric magnetic reconnection with a flow shear and applications to the magnetopause

We perform a theoretical and numerical study of anti-parallel 2D magnetic reconnection with asymmetries in the density and reconnecting magnetic field strength in addition to a bulk flow shear across the reconnection site in the plane of the reconnecting fields, which commonly occurs at planetary magnetospheres. We predict the speed at which an isolated X-line is convected by the flow, the reconnection rate, and the critical flow speed at which reconnection no longer takes place for arbitrary reconnecting magnetic field strengths, densities, and upstream flow speeds, and confirm the results with two-fluid numerical simulations. The predictions and simulation results counter the prevailing model of reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause which says reconnection occurs with a stationary X-line for sub-Alfvenic magnetosheath flow, reconnection occurs but the X-line convects for magnetosheath flows between the Alfven speed and double the Alfven speed, and reconnection does not occur for magnetosheath flows greater than double the Alfven speed. We find that X-line motion is governed by momentum conservation from the upstream flows, which are weighted differently in asymmetric systems, so the X-line convects for generic conditions including sub-Alfvenic upstream speeds. For the reconnection rate, while the cutoff condition for symmetric reconnection is that the difference in flows on the two sides of the reconnection site is twice the Alfven speed, we find asymmetries cause the cutoff speed for asymmetric reconnection to be higher than twice the asymmetric form of the Alfven speed. The results compare favorably with an observation of reconnection at Earth's polar cusps during a period of northward interplanetary magnetic field, where reconnection occurs despite the magnetosheath flow speed being more than twice the magnetosheath Alfven speed, the previously proposed suppression condition.Comment: 46 pages, 7 figures, abstract abridged here, accepted to Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physic

Phytochemical Study of Cell Culture Jatropha Curcas

Jatropha curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family which has potential economically. This plant has been reported to contain toxic compounds such as curcin and phorbol ester and its derivatives. These compounds may become a problem if J. curcas will be explored as a source of biofuel. In order to provide safety plants, the research on the study of phytochemical and initiation of cell and organ culture have been carried out. J curcas which has been collected from different regions in Indonesia showed to contain relatively the same profile of chemical contents. Dominant compounds that were detected by GCMS are hidrocarbon such as 2-heptenal, decadienal, hexsadecane, pentadecane, cyclooctane etc, fatty acid such as oktadecanoate acid, etthyl linoleate, ethyl stearate, heksadecanoate acid and steroid such as stigmasterol, fucosterol, sitosterol. No phorbol ester and its derivatives have been detected yet by the GCMS method. Callus and suspension cultures of J. curcas have been established to be used for further investigation

Symmetry, singularities and integrability in complex dynamics III: approximate symmetries and invariants

The different natures of approximate symmetries and their corresponding first integrals/invariants are delineated in the contexts of both Lie symmetries of ordinary differential equations and Noether symmetries of the Action Integral. Particular note is taken of the effect of taking higher orders of the perturbation parameter. Approximate symmetries of approximate first integrals/invariants and the problems of calculating them using the Lie method are considered

Parametric Mass Modeling for Mars Entry, Descent and Landing System Analysis Study

This paper provides an overview of the parametric mass models used for the Entry, Descent, and Landing Systems Analysis study conducted by NASA in FY2009-2010. The study examined eight unique exploration class architectures that included elements such as a rigid mid-L/D aeroshell, a lifting hypersonic inflatable decelerator, a drag supersonic inflatable decelerator, a lifting supersonic inflatable decelerator implemented with a skirt, and subsonic/supersonic retro-propulsion. Parametric models used in this study relate the component mass to vehicle dimensions and mission key environmental parameters such as maximum deceleration and total heat load. The use of a parametric mass model allows the simultaneous optimization of trajectory and mass sizing parameters

Kajian Teknis Geometri Peledakan Berdasarkan Analisis Blastability Dan Digging Rate Alat Gali Muat Di Pit Mt-4 Tambang Air Laya PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk Tanjung Enim, Sumatera Selatan

Penentuan geometri peledakan dan powder factor harus memperhatikan karakteristik massa batuan dan kondisi geologi setempat agar dapat memperoleh fragmentasi produktif dimana persentase boulder kurang dari 15 % sehingga digging rate dan produktivitas alat gali muat dapat ditingkatkan. Percobaan geometri alternatif dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah boulder yang dihasilkan. Rancangan geometri alternatif ditentukan dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap karakteristik massa batuan berdasarkan Lilly\u27s blastability index berupa rockmass description, joint plane spacing, joint plane orientation, specific gravity influence, dan hardness. Berdasarkan hasil pembobotan massa batuan yang akan diledakkan maka didapatkan nilai blastability index di lokasi penelitian sebesar 33,13 sehingga geometri peledakan yang baik untuk diterapkan untuk lubang bor 6,75 inci adalah burden sebesar 5,5 m, spasi 8,0 m, kedalaman lubang ledak 8,2 meter, subdrilling 0,3 m, tinggi jenjang 7,9 m, stemming 4,4 m, dan panjang kolom isian 3,8 m serta powder factor 0,20 kg/m3 sedangkan untuk lubang bor 7,875 inci adalah burden sebesar 6,5 m, spasi 9,0 m, kedalaman lubang ledak 8,3 m, subdrilling 0,3 m, tinggi jenjang 8,0 meter, stemming 4,6 m, dan panjang kolom isian 3,7 m serta powder factor 0,20 kg/m3, dimana dari kedua geometri usulan tersebut menghasilkan persentase boulder yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan geometri yang diterapkan saat ini

Consequences of a covariant Description of Heavy Ion Reactions at intermediate Energies

Heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies are studied by using a new RQMD code, which is a covariant generalization of the QMD approach. We show that this new implementation is able to produce the same results in the nonrelativistic limit (i.e. 50MeV/nucl.) as the non-covariant QMD. Such a comparison is not available in the literature. At higher energies (i.e. 1.5 GeV/nucl. and 2 GeV/nucl.) RQMD and QMD give different results in respect to the time evolution of the phase space, for example for the directed transverse flow. These differences show that consequences of a covariant description of heavy ion reactions within the framework of RQMD are existing even at intermediate energies.Comment: LaTex-file, 28 pages, 8 figures (available upon request), accepted for publication in Physical Review

Evaluasi Penggunaan Pompa Terhadap Air Limpasan Kolong Lama Tahun 2014 Pada Tambang Besar 1.42 Pemali PT. Timah (Persero), Tbk Bangka Belitung

Tambang Besar 1.42Pemali PT. Timah (Persero), Tbk yang berlokasi di Pemali, Bangka Belitung merupakantambang timah dengan metoda Tambang Terbuka. Sistem operasi penambangannya menggunakan sistem shoveland truck. Pengolahan Awal menggunakan sistem hydroliking dan jigging. Tujuan penelitian adalah untukmengetahui jumlah air yang masuk sesuai dengan sump yang tersedia sehingga diperoleh jumlah pompa yangsesuai dengan kemajuan tambang pada tahun 2014 s.d. 2015. Total luas pit yang diprediksi dalam area TambangBesar 1.42 Pemali pada tahun 2014 sebesar 3,4 Km2 dengan luas total catchment area 0,69 Km2. Luas inidibebankan pada satu kolam penampung sementara yaitu sump lama dimana digunakan 2 pompa yang dipasangseri. Analisa yang dilakukan terhadap peta rencana operasi penambangan 2014 menunjukkan, ternyata daerahsump lama akan dilakukan penambangan. Hal ini dikarenakan di lapisan bawah sump terdapat bijih timah yangekonomis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini direkomentasikan untuk melakukan penambahan 2 unit pompadengan debit 200 m3/jam agar sump dapat kering sesuai rencana. Penambahan ini diharapkan dapat mendukungoperasi penambangan secara optimal sesuai dengan rencana teknis penirisan tambang pada area Kolong Lama