IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA LEAVES

Objectives: Free radicals are the important role in causing various kinds of diseases. Free radicals neutralized with the help of antioxidants, so the aimof this study is to find out the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa Linn. leaves by in vitro models.Methods: The plant material is collected, authenticated, dried, and grind into powder. The powdered plant material is subjected to successivelySoxhlet extraction with a solvent of ethanol. Ethanol extract of leaves were taken and the extract is subjected to reducing power assay, H assay,nitric oxide assay, and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay by using standardized methods.Results: The results of all the assays proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa has an antioxidant potential on a dose-dependent manner. Thehighest percentage of reducing power (78.04%) is recorded at 500 μg/ml, 500 µg/ml have a (56.4%) of scavenging activity, (74.68%) activity ofnitrous oxide production and DPPH percentage of inhibition is (99.6%). The results were compared with the antioxidant activity of standard ascorbicacid.Conclusion: The study proves that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves is a good source of antioxidants, and future medicated world choose thisphytochemical constituent rich plant for their drug preparation after the deepness of research. In all the methods the plant leaves has been found topossess the antioxidant activity. which may be the responsible for various therapeutic properties. The current study showing that T.catappa is havinghigh quantity of phytochemicals and a worthy source of natural antioxidants. Using this kind of herbal medicine we can lead the life with harmlessdrug for harmful illness.Keywords: Terminalia catappa, Reducing power assay, Hydrogen peroxide assay, Nitric oxide assay and 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylassay

Study of Prescribing Pattern, Identification of Drug Related Problems and Therapeutic Intervention in Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) Patients

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a disorder of heart and blood vessels. CVD is one of the major causes of deaths in India, which contributed around 30 to 40%. The aim of the study was to study the prescribing pattern of drugs, identification of drug related problems and therapeutic intervention in CVD patients. A hospital based prospective and observational study was carried out for a period of nine months in a south Indian tertiary care hospital. Among 120 selected patients, 79 were male  (65.83%) and 41 were female  (34.16%), more number of patients (35) were between the age group of 55-64 (29.16%) of which 27 were males & 8 were females, and very less number of patients (6) were between the age group 85-94 (5%) of which all the 6 were male. Hypertension is the most commonest and dominant disorder, which affected 47(39.16%) patients, in which 30 were male (25%) and 17 were female (14.16%). Most common risk factor is HTN followed with smoking and diabetes of 45 patients (37.5%). The most often prescribed pattern adopted in CVD is Dual therapy, it is most frequently used therapy 50 (41.66%) and quadruple therapy is less frequently 6(6.5%) used. The diuretics and calcium channel blocker combination were maximally prescribed class of drugs as a dual therapy. A total of 47 drug-drug interactions were found, among 12 were major, 15 were moderate and 20 were minor interactions. Clinical pharmacist has intervened with the help of other health care professionals in order to reduce the risk factor and minimise the drug-drug interactions. The study provides the benefits of presence of clinical pharmacist in a hospital setting, in order to prevent the medication related errors and provide the expertise pharmacotherapy opinion in CVD patients, which improves the patient compliance.  Hence study justifies a need of active collaboration between clinical pharmacist, physician and other health care professionals for the better management of CVD patients. Keywords: Prescribing Pattern; Cardio Vascular Diseases; Drug Related Problems; Therapeutic Intervention

A 32 kb Critical Region Excluding Y402H in CFH Mediates Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Complement factor H shows very strong association with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and recent data suggest that multiple causal variants are associated with disease. To refine the location of the disease associated variants, we characterized in detail the structural variation at CFH and its paralogs, including two copy number polymorphisms (CNP), CNP147 and CNP148, and several rare deletions and duplications. Examination of 34 AMD-enriched extended families (N = 293) and AMD cases (White N = 4210 Indian = 134; Malay = 140) and controls (White N = 3229; Indian = 117; Malay = 2390) demonstrated that deletion CNP148 was protective against AMD, independent of SNPs at CFH. Regression analysis of seven common haplotypes showed three haplotypes, H1, H6 and H7, as conferring risk for AMD development. Being the most common haplotype H1 confers the greatest risk by increasing the odds of AMD by 2.75-fold (95% CI = [2.51, 3.01]; p = 8.31×10−109); Caucasian (H6) and Indian-specific (H7) recombinant haplotypes increase the odds of AMD by 1.85-fold (p = 3.52×10−9) and by 15.57-fold (P = 0.007), respectively. We identified a 32-kb region downstream of Y402H (rs1061170), shared by all three risk haplotypes, suggesting that this region may be critical for AMD development. Further analysis showed that two SNPs within the 32 kb block, rs1329428 and rs203687, optimally explain disease association. rs1329428 resides in 20 kb unique sequence block, but rs203687 resides in a 12 kb block that is 89% similar to a noncoding region contained in ΔCNP148. We conclude that causal variation in this region potentially encompasses both regulatory effects at single markers and copy number

Rémy Ollier And Imperial Citizenship

This essay discusses Rémy Ollier’s (1816–45) journalism. As an early claimant of citizenship through (rather than against) the British Empire during the 1840s, Ollier attempted to redress a gap that he perceived between the institutionalization of rights in Britain and Mauritius. Established accounts of Ollier’s political intervention provide a rich narrative of how his efforts are implicated in the development of rights in Mauritius and broader postcolonial nationalisms. However, I argue that facets of his expression of imperial citizenship reside apart from this genealogy. To explore how Ollier uniquely created imperial citizenship, an “acts”-influenced approach to citizenship is adopted. By analyzing his writings in La Sentinelle de Maurice, I reveal how imperial citizenship is generated through a subversive loyalism to Britain and an orientalist portrayal of indentured labourers. I conclude by mobilizing Ollier’s struggle as a challenge to the notion that citizenship realizes itself in teleological fashion

Biodiversity and Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge of North-East India: Navigating Climate Change Impacts on Medicinal Plants for Conservation and Advancement -

The northeastern region of India holds the sixth position among the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots, covering approximately 8% of the nation's total land area, which amounts to 262,060 square kilometers. Situated in the eastern Himalayas, any alterations in this biodiversity-rich area can have significant and far-reaching consequences. Indigenous tribes of this region believe in the remarkable healing properties of certain medicinal plants, and within its diverse population of around 225 communities, each tribal and sub-tribal group possesses distinct traditional knowledge. Capturing and harnessing this indigenous wisdom by scientists and researchers could unlock new avenues for progress, particularly within the pharmaceutical sector. Climate change stands as one of the paramount global environmental challenges. Predictions indicate that by the close of the 21st century, the Earth's average temperature might rise by anywhere between 0.3 to 4.8 °C, accompanied by a potential sea level increase of 26 to 82 cm. These climate shifts could have adverse effects on the abundance and accessibility of medicinal plants, potentially leading to species extinction. Moreover, the impact of climate change could extend beyond availability to also encompass alterations in the pharmacological properties of various plants, particularly those found in alpine environments. This discussion underscores the importance of existing knowledge, critical analyses, challenges, opportunities, and the immense value of medicinal plants. It emphasizes the intersection of changing climate and the vulnerability of medicinal plant resources, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of these effects in the context of the North Eastern region of India. To address these challenges, there is a pressing need for in-depth research on the geographical distribution of plant communities and strategies to enhance the secondary synthesis of critically endangered medicinal plants under the current climate change scenarios

Exploring Gold Catalysis in a 1,6-Conjugate Addition/Domino Electrophilic Cyclization Cascade: Synthesis of Cyclohepta[<i>b</i>]indoles

An effective method for the construction of the structurally complex fused cyclohepta­[<i>b</i>]­indole core has been developed through an intermolecular 1,6-conjugate addition of indoles to 2-alkynyl <i>p</i>-quinone methides followed by an intramolecular electrophilic cyclization under oxophilic and alkynophilic gold catalysis

1,6-Hydroolefination and Cascade Cyclization of <i>p</i>‑Quinone Methides with Styrenes: Total Synthesis of (±)-Isopaucifloral F

A Lewis acid-catalyzed intermolecular 1,6-hydroolefination of <i>p</i>-quinone methides with styrenes leading to vinyl diarylmethanes and indenes has been developed. This protocol was also elaborated to the total synthesis of (±)-isopaucifloral F. Besides, interestingly, the reaction between 2-alkynylated <i>p</i>-quinone methides and styrenes provided a straightforward access to dihydrobenzo­[<i>a</i>]­fluorene derivatives in one pot with 100% atom-economy

Effects of a medicinal plant Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.formulation (MUF) on obesity-associated oxidative stress-induced liver injury

Obesity is a global health burden due to lifestyle modifications that have a strong association with a high incidence of diseases, such as dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease and cancer. The aim of the present study is to investigate the protective effects of a Macrotyloma uniflurom formulation (MUF) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in obese rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks to facilitate fat-induced oxidative stress and were simultaneously treated with MUF (400 mg/kg b.w.) through oral gavage from the third week onwards during the treatment phase. At the end of the experimental period, hepatic and oxidative stress markers were examined. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory marker genes [Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were also determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in liver tissue. Hepatic marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase) and lipid peroxidation markers (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and LOOH) were significantly increased in HFD-fed rats, and administration of MUF resulted in remarkable suppression of these markers. Administration of MUF to HFD rats enhanced the activity of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and non-enzymatic (vitamin E, vitamin C and glutathione) antioxidants compared to HFD-fed rats. An anti-inflammatory effect of MUF was demonstrated by attenuating gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that MUF could be a strong herbal therapeutic alternative for the protection of the liver as well as prevention and treatment of high-fat-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Keywords: Medicinal plant, Macrotyloma uniflurom, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Antioxidants, Obesit

Fragmentation of nitrone triflates to 9-membered rings

A new fragmentative rearrangement of nitrone derivatives to form 9-membered rings is reported. The fragmentations are triggered when nitrones are treated with triflic anhydride; a C-C bond antiperiplanar to the cleaving N-O bond is activated either by an oxygen lone pair or by an electron-rich aromatic ring. In the former case, further cyclization of the 9-membered intermediate leads to a rearranged condensed ring system, but when triggered by arenes, 9-membered ring amides are isolated