The role of double diffusion in a Gulf Stream frontal intrusion

Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (1981): 1917-1928Double diffusive convection is possible where large vertical gradients in temperature and salinity tend to compensate in density. Frontal intrusions have these large gradients and can provide the possibility for a salt finger interface at one boundary and a diffusive interface at the other. But large vertical gradients of velocity are present at the boundaries of intrusions, which cause mechanical stirring and turbulent mixing as well. In the exceptionally active intrusions at the Gulf Stream Front near 38°N 69°W, a convective process resulting from incomplete mechanical mixing was observed photographically on both intrusive boundaries.Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004

Analysis of System Reliability as a Capital Investment

This report, Analysis of System Reliability as a Capital Investment , is an analysis of radar system reliability of two similar tracking radar systems as a capital investment. It describes the two tracking radar systems and calculates the mission failures rates based upon field failure data. Additionally, an analysis of a simulation program written in FORTRAN is performed which treats system reliability as a capital investment based on 335 electronic systems that were fabricated with a reliability program versus 564 electronic systems fabricated without a reliability program. The data from the two tracking radar systems, one with reliability program and the other without, is incorporated in the computer program to verify the conclusions of the author of the computer simulation program

Bottom boundary layer stress measurements with BASS tripods : data report STRESS 1988-89

Two Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor (BASS) equipped tripods were deployed in the Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiment in November, 1988, and recovered in March, 1989, on the California Shelf. They measured velocity profiles in the bottom boundary layer over the lowest 5 meters. Transmissometers, thermistors, and a pressure sensor on each tripod provided suspended sediment concentration, stratification, and wave spectral information, as well.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nos. NOOOI4-89-J-1058 and NOOOI4-90-J-1046

Vorticity measurements within the bottom boundary layer in the Strait of Juan De Fuca

Electromagnetic fluctuations and turbulent vorticity fluctuations were measured over a nine month period in the strong tidal flows of the Strait of Juan De Fuca off the coast of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. A collaborative experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that electromagnetic fluctuations at the sea floor are forced by turbulent vorticity fluctuations in the bottom boundary layer. This report describes the measurement of turbulent vorticity fluctuations and the associated analysis which focuses on testing existing theoretical predictions for the inertial subrange and on characterizing spectra at frequencies below the inertial subrange.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. N00014-94-I-0436

Data report : stress measurements in the bottom boundary layer with BASS tripods STRESS II 1990-91

Two Benthic Acoustic Strss Sensor (BASS) equipped tripods were deployed in the Sediment TRansport Events on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiment on the Californa Shelf acquiring data from January to March 1991. They measured velocity profiles in the bottom boundary layer over the lowest 5 meters. Trasmissometers, thermistors, and a pressure sensor on each tripod provided suspended sediment concentration, stratification, and wave spectral information, as well.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Grant Nos. N00014-89-J-1058 and N00014-90-J-1046

AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY LOCAL INDIGENOUS FARMERS OF MICHIKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The aim of the study is to assess the impact and adaptation strategies to climate change by the local indigenous farmers in Michika Local government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The data of this study were collected using a structured questionnaire survey to 369 local indigenous farmers from the 8 district of the study area. 21 years of rainfall and temperature data were also obtained from the Adamawa State Agricultural Development Programme, Michika. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics in terms of tables, percentage, and trend analysis of rainfall and temperature. The rainfall and temperature trend for the study area showed an increasing trend. The respondents are aware of the impact of climate change, and as such, they mentioned loss of soil fertility (23%), low yields of crops (170%), ease spread of pest and disease (14%), and flood and erosion (13%). The local indigenous farmers employed adaptation strategies such as planting early maturing crops (26.2%), planting resistant crops to pest and drought (22.7%), mixed farming (23.3%), and the intensive use of fertilizer (17.8%). However, constraints towards adaptation according to the respondents includes the lack of adequate knowledge on how to cope with adaptation (16.2%), limited access to improve crop varieties (18.6%), high cost of fertilizers and other farm inputs (19.2%), and the lack of financial resources (17.8%). Chi-square was used to assess the association for the indigenous farmer’s level of awareness of climate change and socioeconomic variables (gender, age, education, qualification, and farming experience). Therefore, all the calculated values mentioned respectively is greater than the critical value (Table 5,6,7,8) at a significance level of 0.05. In addition, we reject Ho and accept H1. Hence, there is association between all the socio-economic variables and climate change in the study area

AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY LOCAL INDIGENOUS FARMERS OF MICHIKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The aim of the study is to assess the impact and adaptation strategies to climate change by the local indigenous farmers in Michika Local government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The data of this study were collected using a structured questionnaire survey to 369 local indigenous farmers from the 8 district of the study area. 21 years of rainfall and temperature data were also obtained from the Adamawa State Agricultural Development Programme, Michika. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics in terms of tables, percentage, and trend analysis of rainfall and temperature. The rainfall and temperature trend for the study area showed an increasing trend. The respondents are aware of the impact of climate change, and as such, they mentioned loss of soil fertility (23%), low yields of crops (170%), ease spread of pest and disease (14%), and flood and erosion (13%). The local indigenous farmers employed adaptation strategies such as planting early maturing crops (26.2%), planting resistant crops to pest and drought (22.7%), mixed farming (23.3%), and the intensive use of fertilizer (17.8%). However, constraints towards adaptation according to the respondents includes the lack of adequate knowledge on how to cope with adaptation (16.2%), limited access to improve crop varieties (18.6%), high cost of fertilizers and other farm inputs (19.2%), and the lack of financial resources (17.8%). Chi-square was used to assess the association for the indigenous farmer’s level of awareness of climate change and socioeconomic variables (gender, age, education, qualification, and farming experience). Therefore, all the calculated values mentioned respectively is greater than the critical value (Table 5,6,7,8) at a significance level of 0.05. In addition, we reject Ho and accept H1. Hence, there is association between all the socio-economic variables and climate change in the study area

Report on Sediment Transport Events on Shelf and Slope (STRESS) field season 1 : Winter 1988-1989 Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor (BASS)

Data on the effects of winter conditions on the transport of sediment on the continental shelf off Northern California were collected during the flrst year of the Sediment TRansport Events on Shelf and Slope (STRESS) Experiment. This experiment was done in conjunction with (Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment) SMILE and (Biological Effects on Coastal Ocean Sediment Transport) BECOST to provide a complete suite of measurements of nearshore dynamics, sediment transport, and biological interactions. This report includes a general description of the work accomplished during the frrst STRESS fleld season, carried out in the winter of 1988-1989 off the Northern California coast Three cruises were completed during the STRESS experiment, one each for deployment, turnaround, and r~overy of the instruments. This created two back-to-back sections of data, one from December 4, 1988 to January 23, 1989, and the other from January 29 to March 17, 1989. This report also documents in detail the use of the Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor (BASS), and the associated acoustic data telemetry link in STRESS. BASS has been used in different configurations previously, but the acoustic telemetry system is new.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N000-14-89-J-105

Sputter process investigation: Material and environment interaction processes investigation

The multilayer Ellipsometry program has been developed with which the thickness and the optical properties of top layer can be determined with the additional information obtained from other measurement such as the optical constant of the middle layer film. Once the proper parameters are input into the program, the multilayer Ellipsometry program which was developed by H. Kim and Dr. Fromhold gives the best possible set of the solutions for the top layer thickness or its optical index graphically on a PC screen. In this report the basic two layer Ellipsometry theory will be summarized briefly as well as the one layer case. All the code is written in Microsoft Quickbasic version 4.5 for IBM PC with a VGA color graphics monitor so that the measurement could be cross-checked out graphically on the screen