2003년 이라크 전쟁 전후 영미관계 변화를 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 정치외교학부(외교학전공), 2021. 2. 전재성.본 연구는 2003년 이라크 전쟁 전후 영미관계를 변수에 적용하여 분석한다. 영국과 미국은 제2차 세계대전부터 냉전시기에 걸쳐 함께 전쟁을 경험하고 공통된 적을 상정하는 동시에 민주주의 이데올로기를 공유하면서 안정적인 동맹관계를 이어나갔다. 특히 9.11 테러가 발생하면서 미국은 서방 국가들의 가치와 정체성에도 위협을 주는 사건으로 인식했고, 이는 이라크 전쟁을 발발시킨 하나의 계기로 작용했다. 과거와 같이 함께 전쟁을 이겨내면서 공통된 적을 상정하고 있다면 미국 주도의 안보 전략에 있어 지지하는 것이 기본적이나, 이라크 전쟁 이후 영국은 미국의 의도에 대해 불신하게 된다. 영국은 이라크 조사 위원회를 설립하면서 이라크 전쟁이 매우 나쁜 길로 빠진 결과임을 명백히 밝히고 제2차 중동전쟁이라고 표현하며 미국 정부의 실책을 공식적으로 비판했다. 상대와 공통된 정체성, 국가 이익, 가치 등을 공유한다면 동맹 관계가 유지된다는 기본적인 국제정치 이론은 그럼에도 불안정해질 수 있는 국가 간 관계를 충분히 설명하지 못하고 있다. 를 그저 감정적인 변수라고 생각해왔기 때문에, 곧 감정은 이성과 대비되는 개념으로 이해하면서 이성을 방해하는 존재라고만 인식되었다. 본 연구는 국가도 무의식적인 감정을 가질 수 있는 동시에 상당히 전략적이고 제도적인 정책을 취하고 있다고 주장한다. 감정이 사회적 정체성을 형성하면서 국가의 정책에도 영향을 끼칠 수 있고, 이를 증명하기 위해 연구 시기를 2003년 이라크 전쟁을 기준으로 전후 영미관계 변화를 살펴본다. 당시 양국 간 관계 변화는 가 안정적으로 작용하지 않았다는 관념적이고 동시에 상당히 인지적인 변수를 적용하여 분석하고자 한다. 를 측정할 수 있는 방법으로 감정적-전략적-제도적 변수들을 파악하고, 이라크 전쟁을 기점으로 상대의 실제 의도가 자신이 인식한 의도와 상이하다고 판단될 경우 그에 기반하여 전략적 선택을 어떻게 변화시키는지 알 수 있다. 곧 신뢰도는 자신이 가진 의도, 자신이 상대를 향한 인식, 상대가 가진 의도, 상대가 자신을 향한 인식에 따라 변화하는 변수이다. 본 연구를 통해 동맹국가라고 해서 언제나 신뢰를 얻는 것은 아니며 관계는 지속적으로 변화할 수 있다는 것을 증명한다.This research analyzes the U.S.-U.K relationships before and after the 2003 Iraq War by applying in international relations. Two countries maintained a special alliance from the WWII and they faced war together, perceived a same enemy, and shared the common ideology. With the September 11 terrorist attack, the United States saw it as such a huge threat to the Western value, and this approach served as an opportunity for the outbreak of the Invasion of Iraq in 2003. The United States expected Britain to fundamentally support the U.S-led security strategy in order to overcome a common enemy and further terrorist attack. However, Britain ultimately set up the Iraqi Investigation Committee and made it clear that the Iraq War became the symbol of miscalucation and mistakes of the U.S. government. The conventional theory in international security emphasizes that the alliance could remain stable if they share a common identity, national interest, and external threat, but this research points out that it does not sufficiently explains the special relationship between countries that also could become unstable. To answer this question, this study focuses on Emotion and how this could be contributed as Trust becomes the major variable in changing traditional alliance between two countries. The conclusion for this research are as follows. First, if two countries trust each other, they still cooperate on military actions even though the other party shows different purposes of its own. Second, if two countries do not trust each other, they do not continue their military alliance.I. 문제제기 ...................................................................................1 II. 기존 연구 검토 ..........................................................................7 1. 신뢰 개념화 2. 신뢰 유형화 3. 인지적 감정론 4. 동맹이론 III. 분석틀 ...................................................................................18 1. 사전 신뢰도 (1) 감정적 신뢰 (2) 전략적 신뢰 (3) 제도적 신뢰 2. 최종 신뢰도 3. 가설 설정 4. 연구 방법 및 자료 IV. 이라크 전쟁 이전 영미관계 ......................................................30 1, 사전 신뢰도 적용 (1) 국가 수준 ① 감정적 신뢰 ② 전략적 신뢰 ③ 제도적 신뢰 (2) 대중 수준 ① 감정적 신뢰 ② 전략적 신뢰 ③ 제도적 신뢰 2. 최종 신뢰도 적용 3. 소결 V. 이라크 전쟁 당시 영미관계......................................................48 1. 미국의 의도 변화 2. 영국의 신뢰도 변화 3. 최종 신뢰도 적용 4. 소결 VI. 이라크 전쟁 이후 영미관계.....................................................56 1. 사전 신뢰도 적용 (1) 국가 수준 ① 감정적 신뢰 ② 전략적 신뢰 ③ 제도적 신뢰 (2) 대중 수준 ① 감정적 신뢰 ② 전략적 신뢰 ③ 제도적 신뢰 2. 최종 신뢰도 적용 3. 소결 VII. 가설 검증 및 연구의 함의...................................................74 참고문헌Maste

Methane activation at low temperature in the presence of oxygen using plasma-catalyst hybrid system

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 화학생물공학부, 2018. 2. 김도희.Natural gas is one of the most abundant fossil fuels around the world. Cleaner energy source than other fossil fuels and world-wide presence of natural gas make it an attractive energy source. Despite of these advantages, the emission of unburned natural gas makes it difficult to use since the methane is recognized as the major portion of global warming gas. It contributes 25–34 times more to global warming than CO2 at equivalent emission rate and has quite long lifetime. Therefore, complete oxidation of methane is one of the critical problems to solve for widening the use of methane without worrying about the environmental concern such as global warming. Except for the role as fuel, the utilization of methane has been limited mostly to the route of synthesis gases to produce liquid hydrocarbons and other chemical products, which is regarded as indirect methods. Such indirect process has weaknesses of high operating cost and low thermodynamic efficiency due to the swing between endothermic and exothermic reaction. Hence, if methane is directly utilized as alternate feedstock to petroleum, it will be highly desirable from the economic point of view. Thus, many efforts have been made for the direct conversion of methane into more useful products like olefins, aromatics, and alcohols by using various catalysts for decades. However, harsh reaction conditions including high temperature and pressure are required to start the catalytic reaction such as complete oxidation of methane and direct conversion of methane to value-added chemicals because methane can be hardly activated due to its stable C-H bond. The methane activation is the key step to initiate such reactions. In order to overcome these difficulties, various catalysts were investigated and applied. Nevertheless, the activation of methane is still hard to be carried out because tough reaction condition can deactivate the catalyst. An alternative way to activate methane at low temperature would be to use plasma. There are various thermal and non-thermal plasma sources such as dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), corona, gliding arc, rotating arc, spark, microwave, glow discharge and pulsed discharge. In the non-thermal plasma, high-energy electrons (1-20 eV) are produced and they can initiate the formation of other various radicals. Since electron mass is very light, non-thermal plasma gives rise to the increase in temperature by only few degrees. In this work, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was used since it is easier to set up than other non-thermal plasma sources. Firstly, the complete oxidation of methane was carried out in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) quartz tube reactor where both catalyst and plasma were hybridized into one in-plasma catalysis system. Non-PGM catalysts such as Co1Ni1Ox and CoCr2O4 were used as oxidation catalyst. Input voltage of the plasma-catalyst reactor maintained to 4kVp-p to minimize the effect of plasma power for plasma-catalyst interaction. In the absence of catalyst, methane began to be oxidized to CO and CO2 even at room temperature, and the conversion increased with the increment of temperature since the active radicals were generated more abundantly under those conditions. However, large amount of CO were also produced in addition to CO2, especially at low temperature below 200 °C when plasma was only used. In the presence of both plasma and catalyst, however, methane was oxidized even at room temperature mostly to CO2 with low CO selectivity over certain non-PGM catalyst like Co1Ni1Ox, indicating that the complete oxidation was successfully performed with the aid of catalyst. The role of plasma was to oxidize CH4 to produce CO, which was subsequently oxidized to CO2 over catalyst at low temperature. Hence, methane complete oxidation reaction proceeded at much lower temperature similar to PGM catalyst such as Pd/Al2O3, while maintaining low CO selectivity. Next, oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) was carried out to produce C2 or C3 hydrocarbons from methane under plasma-catalyst hybrid system. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was applied as plasma source to lower the reaction temperature since catalyst only reaction required high temperature above 700 °C. Plasma only reaction was performed to compare with plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction. We tried to seek appropriate support under plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction at low temperature. Among various supports, only SiO2 has shown the higher yield when combined with dielectric barrier discharge plasma than plasma only reaction. When various metals were impregnated on SiO2 to investigate the effect under plasma condition, it was found that Ag/SiO2 demonstrated the highest C2+ hydrocarbon yield of about 10% below the reaction temperature of 400 °C. In this process, oxygen was proved to play an essential role in the coupling of methane to C2+ hydrocarbons over Ag/SiO2 catalyst. However, Ag/SiO2 catalyst under plasma condition became deactivated with time-on-stream because of coking. However, during the stability test with time-on-stream, Ag/SiO2 catalyst with plasma became deactivated due to coking. Therefore, regeneration process was introduced after OCM reaction. As a result, it was found that plasma regeneration at 378 °C gave rise to the full recovery of activity while thermal regeneration did not due to partial removal of coke and sintering of Ag. Finally, the direct methanol synthesis from methane was carried out in a plasma-catalyst hybrid system. Since catalyst only reaction requires high pressure and batch reactor, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was applied as a plasma source to overcome the difficulties. Among the transition metal oxides, Mn2O3-coated glass bead showed the highest methanol yield about 12.3% in the plasma-catalyst hybrid system. The reaction temperature was maintained below 100 °C because of low plasma input power (from 1.3 kJ/L to 4.5 kJ/L). Furthermore, the reactivity of the catalyst was maintained for 10 h without changing the selectivity. The mechanistic study indicated that the plasma-induced OH radical generated on the transition metal oxide catalyst possessed high selectivity toward methane to produce methanol.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Methane 2 1.2. Plasma 3 1.2.1. Thermal Plasma 3 1.2.2. Non-thermal plasma 4 1.3. Plasma-catalyst hybrid system 6 1.4. Voltage-charge Lissajous method 8 1.5. Objectives 9 Chapter 2. Complementary effect of plasma-catalyst hybrid system on methane complete oxidation over non-PGM catalysts 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Experimental 12 2.2.1. Reaction system 12 2.2.2. Preparation of catalysts 15 2.2.3. Activity measurement 15 2.3. Results and discussion 17 2.3.1. Textural properties of catalysts 17 2.3.2. Methane oxidation reaction under plasma only or catalyst only condition 21 2.3.3. Methane oxidation under plasma-catalyst hybrid condition 24 Chapter 3. Plasma-catalyst hybrid system using Ag/SiO2 for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) and subsequent regeneration at low temperature 30 3.1. Introduction 30 3.2. Experimental 34 3.2.1. Reaction system 34 3.2.2. Preparation of catalysts 38 3.2.3. Activity measurement 38 3.2.4. Regeneration procedure 40 3.3. Results and discussion 41 3.3.1. Oxidative coupling of methane under plasma only condition 41 3.3.2. Oxidative coupling of methane with various supports under plasma condition at low temperature 47 3.3.3. Ag/SiO2 catalyst under plasma-catalyst hybrid system 51 3.3.3.1. Oxidative coupling of methane over various SiO2-supported catalysts 51 3.3.3.2. Role of oxygen in oxidative coupling of methane under plasma-catalyst hybrid system 56 3.3.4. Long term activity of plasma-catalyst hybrid system for oxidative coupling of methane 60 Chapter 4. Direct conversion of methane to methanol over metal oxide coated glass bead in plasma-catalyst hybrid system 69 4.1. Introduction 69 4.2. Experimental 71 4.2.1. Reaction system 71 4.2.2. Preparation of catalyst 75 4.2.3. Activity measurement 75 4.2.4. HO* analysis system 76 4.3. Results and discussion 78 4.3.1. Direct methanol synthesis from methane under plasma only condition 78 4.3.2. Glass bead effect on direct methanol synthesis under plasma condition 80 4.3.3. Metal oxide coated glass bead for methanol synthesis with plasma 82 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusions 90 Bibliography 93 국 문 초 록 107Docto

A Study on Weighted Multiband Communication Method Based on Iterative Coding for Long Range Underwater Acoustic Communication

Recently, underwater acoustic communication is an essential technology for underwater communication in marine research, and its application field is expanding. In addition, with the development of military AUV capable of long-distance movement, there is an increasing need to develop a technology capable of reliably communicating over a long distance for efficient marine surveillance. In the long distance acoustic communication, as the transmission distance increases, the bandwidth decreases and the throughput efficiency decreases. Multiband transmission technique is an efficient method to improve the transmission distance and performance in long-range underwater acoustic communication. However, sometimes the performance of multiband is lower than that of single bands. This is because in the transceiver model using the conventional multiband transmission technique, signals of different frequency bands are combined with the same weight and input to the decoder, so that performance degradation of a specific frequency band affects the total band. Accordingly, this thesis propose a weighted multiband transceiver model to improve the performance of the multiband transceiver model. In the weighted multiband transceiver model, the transmitter uses a convolution code and a turbo code of 1/3 coding rate, and receiver uses a decision feedback equalizer to compensate for multipath distortion after compensating for frequency and phase offsets in each band. And, by applying the turbo equalization technique, the equalizer and the decoder is connected to each other to update the information iteratively to improve performance as the number of iteration increases. In addition, the threshold detector adds weights by setting threshold values through preamble BER(Bit Error Rate) of each band. The weighting method according to the threshold value for each band can improve the performance by reducing the influence of the band having low performance in the total band. Simulation results show that the performance improves as the number of bands increases when the multiband transmission technique is applied. The performance of the proposed weighted multiband transceiver model analyzed through short and 90 km long-range sea experiments. In the short-range sea experiment, it confirmed that the performance improved with the increase of the number of bands, and that the performance was improved by applying the proposed weighted multiband structure to the data with low performance when the number of bands was four. In addition, the 90 km long-range sea experiment applied a weighted multiband transceiver model for data that did not completely correct errors within 5 iterations in the conventional multiband. As a result, it confirmed that the performance is further improved when the weighted multiband is applied.List of Tables ii List of Figures iii Abstract iv 제 1 장 서론 1 제 2 장 수중음향통신에서 고려되는 전송 기법 3 2.1 채널 부호화 기법 4 2.2 단일밴드 전송 기법 6 2.3 다중밴드 전송 기법 9 제 3 장 가중화된 다중밴드 통신 12 3.1 임계값 및 가중치 설정 알고리즘 12 3.2 가중화된 다중밴드 기반의 송·수신구조 15 제 4 장 시뮬레이션 및 실험 결과 분석 17 4.1 시뮬레이션 17 4.2 단거리 해양 실험 20 4.3 장거리 해양 실험 26 제 5 장 결 론 35 참고문헌 37 감사의 글 40Maste

Effect of cross-innervation on the rate of calcium uptake in sarcoplasmic reticulum of slow and fast muscles in cats

의학과/박사[한글] [영문] Ranvier (1874) described the first systematic investigation of the contraction of the slow and fast muscles. He noted that fast muscles contracted rapidly and required high frequencies of stimulation before complete tetanic fusion occured. In contrast to fast muscles, slow muscles have much slower contraction time and are tetanized at lower frequencies. And thus, functionally, fast muscles are flexor-type muscles. Slow musc1es, on the other hand, function in the maintenance of posture. Recent results from histochemical and biochemical studies suggest the existence of distinct differences in these two types of muscles. Fast muscles are white, and slow muscles are red in gross appearance (Ranvier, 1874, Fiehn and Peter, 1971). The fact that fast muscles have relatively high myosin-ATPase activity, is attributed to the rapid contraction time (Barany et al., 1965; Barany, 1967; Barnard et al., 1971; Edgerton and Simpson, 1969; Edgerton and Simpson, 1971). Croz and Bucher (1960) and Dawson and Romanul (1964) reported that the levels of activities of the enzymes involved in anaerobic glycolysis are higher in fast muscles than in slow ones. In contrast, slow muscles contain higher activities of enzymes involved in aerobic pathways. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum(FSR) prepared from fast and slow muscles have different calcium accumulating capacities. FSR from slow muscles show slower rate of calcium accumulating capacity, which correlates with a prolonged relaxation time (Sreter, 1964; Sreter, 1969; Ebashi and Lipman, 1962; Fiehn and Peter, 1971). Recently, nerve cross-innervation experiments in cats demonstrated that when the nerve from a fast muscle (M. flexor digitorum longus, FDL) was made to innervate a slow muscle (M. Soleus) the twitch time of the soleus became shorter than before. On the other hand, contractions of the FDL muscles cross-innervated by the soleus nerve were markedly prolonged (Buller et al., 1960^^a ; Buller et al., 1960^^b ; Buller and Lewis, 1965; Close, 1964; Eccles et al., 1962 ; Prewitt and Salafsky, 1967). In 1967, McPherson and Tokunaga reported that after cross- innervation of the nerves, the FDL/soleus myoglobin ratio was significantly greater than that of both normal cats or cats after self-innervation of their nerves. Measurements of the activities of two glycolytic enzymes, pyruvic kinase and aldolase, and two oxidative enzymes, malic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase, revealed that the activites of the glycolytic enzymes, which are normally higher in the FDL than in the soleus, decreased in the FDL and increased in the soleus after cross-innervation, while the activities of the oxidative enzymes which are normally higher in the soleus, decreased in the soleus and increased in the FDL by the cross-innervation. In the above mentioned studies, changes in the motor nerve supply to a muscle can change the histochemical, biochemical, and contractile properties of the muscle. Therefore, the question arises as to whether the calcium uptake by FSR from fast twitch or slow twitch muscles is also changed by cross-innervation. As an approach to this problem, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of cross-innervation on the rate of calcium uptake by FSR prepared from the soleus and FDL of the cat. In this study, a group of young cats of either sex weighing 1.5-2.0 kg(6 animals) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and cross-innervation of the soleus and FDL muscles was performed on one leg and the contralateral leg was served as the control. In another group of cats, the muscles were self-innervated on one leg and contralateral leg was served as the control. Five to eight months after the operative procedure, the muscle contraction time and half-relaxation time were measured. Subsequently the muscles were removed and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was prepared by differential centrifugation. The calcium uptake was determined at 26℃ according to the method employed by Fiehn and Peter(1971). The calcium uptake was determined at that time after incubation of 30 sec., 1 min., 3 min., 6 min., and 10 min., respectively and aliquots of incubation mixtures containing FSR ware filtered through Millipore filters (pore size, 0.22 μ) and the radioactivity in the filtrates was counted to determine the amount of calcium remaining in the filtrates. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1) Cross-innervation of fast and slow muscles of the cats resulted in a prolongation of the FDL twitch time and in a shortening of the soleus twitch time, however, there was no significant changes in twitch time before and after self-innervation of the FDL and soleus muscle. 2) The rate of calcium uptake by FSR increased in soleus but decreased in FDL after cross-innervation. However, after self-innervation of the nerves, the rate of calcium uptake by FSR from both soleus and FDL was not significantly different from that of control. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that changes in the rate of calcium uptake by FSR from both soleus and FDL muscles take place after cross-innervation in addition to contraction time i.e., cross-innervation produces changes in a fast muscle in both its contractile response and the rate of calcium uptake by FSR toward the characteristics of slow muscle, whereas the slow muscles changes toward those of the fast muscles.restrictio

A New Paradigm of School-based Lifelong Learning

산업경제 패러다임에서 지식경제 패러다임으로의 전환에 상응하는 학교교육 패러다임 전환이 활발하게 모색되고 있다. 경제와 교육은 대응 관계에 있기 때문에 하부 구조인 경제의 변화가 일어나면, 상부 구조인 교육의 변화를 모색하는 것은 불가피하다. 다른 무엇보다 자원과 노동에 기초한 경제에서 지식이 생산의 절대적인 요소가 되는 지식기반경제로 전환함에 따라 지식을 생산·분배·소비하는 지식산업으로서의 학교의 역할과 변화는 더욱 더 중요해진다. 사회가 변하면 그 사회를 견인해 가는 사회관, 세계관, 지적 구조 자체가 변한다. 이것이 곧 패러다임의 변화이다. 사회의 변화는 교육의 변화를 요구한다. 사회의 변화를 교육이 따라가지 못할 때 위기는 발생한다. 교육 패러다임 변환의 일차적 배경은 지식기반경제의 도래로 모아지고 있다는 점에서 이를 중심으로 몇 가지 배경과 교육적 시사점을 정리하는 것으로부터 논의를 출발한다.The emergence of ‘knowledge-based economy (KBE)' has had a substantial impact on the filed of education. Since the advent of KBE, many assert: 1) traditional education per se would become a knowledge business; 2) learning is more likely a part of work rather than being separated. In addition, in KBE, creativity is vital to sustaining competitive edge of a state as well as an individual. As the life cycle of knowledge is shortened, education becomes aquintessential source for creation and innovation of knowledge. Furthermore, the premise that knowledge is characterized as ‘flow', no longer ‘stock', indicates that school has to foster and nurture a ‘knowledge explorer'. Over the past decades, the efforts to imbue a paradigm shift in schooling have been made to accompany with KBE. International organizations such as World Back and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have laid out and launched a series of policies and projects that cultivate and allocate human resources and social capital. We have grown up with the understanding, as seen in the early activities of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), that the ideal of lifelong education goes beyond curriculum development, class system, and so on. Rather, lifelong education aims at recognizing the active, clientele-oriented perspective of learning, cutting the traditional, provider-oriented perspective. As their world changes, higher education institutions(HEs) are under increasing pressure to change their existing system and to embrace the new notion of KBE. HEs in principle are at the forefront of KBE. The ideal type of HE should provide models for KBE to emulate and elaborate such as learning organization. However, some criticize that there are many societal and organizational obstacles that prohibit HEs to adapt to and pro-act systemically in the ever changing environment. This study draws attention to the changing roles, functions, and utilities of HEs. Based upon literature review and case studies, in order to further lifelong education, this study presents guidelines as follow: 1) HEs value diversity, openness, and accessibility, 2) HEs extend and diffuse the notion of 'learning organization', 3) HEs embrace entrepreneurship and encourage collaborative connection of School-to-Work, 4) HEs shift their educational perspectives from pedagogy to andragogy. In order to successfully implement the aforementioned guidelines, this study suggests as follow: 1) introducing ‘weekend class' for adult learners, 2) facilitating 'neighbor campus that HEs provide its educational services based on local needs and demands, 3) extending financial aid for adult learners, 4) connecting training and development programs at workplace with license/diploma, 5) promoting ‘family support' programs at workplace, 6) adapting the idea of lifelong education to traditional schooling.요 약 제1장 교육 패러다임 변환의 배경 제1절 지식기반경제의 도래 1 제2절 사회적 변화 8 제3절 교육적 시사 14 제2장 교육 패러다임의 전국시대 제1절 위기의 증후군 21 제2절 교육공학적 패러다임 25 제3절 OECD의 네트워크 교육 패러다임 30 1. 개관 30 2. 현상유지형 제1시나리오 32 3. 현상유지형 제2시나리오(교사이탈 - 붕괴) 34 4. 학교 개혁형 제3시나리오 (지역사회 센터로서의 학교) 35 5. 학교 개혁형 제4시나리오(초점 있는 학습조직으로서의 학교) 37 6. 탈학교형 제5시나리오(학습자 네트워크와 네트워크 사회) 38 7. 탈학교형 제6시나리오(시장 확대 모형) 39 8. 논의 및 시사점 41 제4절 World Bank의 지식경제형 평생학습 모델 43 제3장 평생학습 패러다임의 제패와 변환 제1절 원초적 평생교육 49 제2절 평생학습 패러다임의 변환 59 제4장 평생학습 패러다임 변환 실현을 위한 대학의 역할 변화 제1절 대학 평생학습시대 도래와 현황 73 제2절 현황 및 문제점 76 제3절 대학에서의 성인교육 활성화 방안 83 1. 활성화 방향 83 2. 활성화 방안 86 SUMMARY 93 참고문헌 9

Catalytic oxidation of methane under non-thermal plasma condition

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학생물공학부, 2014. 2. 김도희.As one of greenhouse gases, methane is recognized to contribute to the major portion of global warming. The stable C-H bond in methane requires the large amount of noble metal catalyst to be oxidized completely at low temperature (i.e. below 500℃). Thus, we aim at lowering the light-off temperature by introducing the plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction system. The catalytic reaction needs activation energy to induce the reaction, so the motivation of this research is that the plasma is able to help reduce the activation energy by synthesizing the active radicals. There are two types of plasma source, one is thermal plasma and the other is non-thermal plasma. The thermal plasma had a possibility to interrupt the examination of plasma-catalyst hybrid interaction by increasing the catalyst bed temperature, thus the non-thermal plasma, especially the dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) was used in this research. In this experiment, the complete oxidation of methane was carried out in a DBD quartz tube reactor. Catalyst and plasma were hybridized into one in-plasma catalysis system. The palladium-based catalysts such as Pd/Al2O3, Pd/CeO2, Pd/Ce0.7Zr0.3O2, Pd/SiO2, and Pd/TiO2 were used as oxidation catalyst because palladium-based catalysts have shown the greatest oxidative ability of methane so far. In order to separate the catalytic effect from the plasma one, methane oxidation was evaluated over the catalyst in the presence or in the absence of plasma at the fixed plasma operating conditions including waveform, and frequency. Though, input voltage of the plasma-catalyst reactor varied from 2kVp-p to 5kVp-p to observe which input voltage offered the best circumstance for plasma-catalyst interaction. Also, to measure plasma effect, plasma power was calculated by V-Q Lissajous figure method. In the absence of catalyst, the methane was started to decompose from room temperature, and the conversion increased with the increment of temperature since dielectric constant of dielectric(quartz tube reactor) were changed along the temperature. In these reactions, not only CO2 but CO was also produced. As the input voltage increased from 2kVp-p to 4kVp-p, the methane conversion also increased sharply because of the upsurge of specific input energy. In the presence of catalyst alone, methane started to be activated above 200℃ for all the cases. However, in the presence of both plasma and catalyst, methane was oxidized at room temperature and the selectivity of CO which should not be produced was retained at zero percent. These results cannot be achieved in the cases of both catalyst only reaction and plasma only reaction. As the input voltage went higher, the plasma influence got stronger, so the catalytic performance was hardly observable. At low input voltage like 2kVp-p, all plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction did not shift the reaction-end temperature, but showed the activation of methane at room temperature and catalytic performances while they disappeared at higher input voltage. Also, Pd/Al2O3 presented slightly higher methane conversion than plasma only reaction at all input voltage conditions. In terms of energy efficiency, it was shown that using relatively low specific input energy could enhance the methane oxidation conversion even at ambient temperature. In summary, it was found that non-thermal plasma played an important role in converting methane to CO/CO2 in the temperature range where catalyst hardly worked, thus leading to facilitate methane oxidation with catalyst at lower temperature.Abstract I List of Figures V List of Tables VII Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Necessity of methane complete oxidation 1 1.2 Concept of plasma 3 1.3 Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma 5 1.4 Plasma-catalyst hybrid system 7 Chapter 2. Experimental 10 2.1 Preparation of catalyst 10 2.2 Plasma-catalysis system 12 2.3 Lissajous method 16 2.4 Analytic condition 18 Chapter 3. Results and discussion 19 3.1 Effect of input energy 19 3.2 Catalytic performance 27 3.3 Plasma catalytic oxidation of methane 31 Chapter 4. Conclusions 40 References 42 초 록 46 감사의 글 48Maste

[이슈 분석] 현 정부의 성인 대상 평생학습에 대한 사회투자정책적 접근

I. 사회투자국가와 문재인 정부 출범 II. 사회투자정책과 평생학습정책 III. 제4차 평생교육진흥 기본계획 IV. 성인의 평생학습(교육)실태 V. 사회투자국가를 실현하는 학습사회를 지향하