50 research outputs found
2003๋ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ์ ํ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ ์น์ธ๊ตํ๋ถ(์ธ๊ตํ์ ๊ณต), 2021. 2. ์ ์ฌ์ฑ.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2003๋
์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ์ ํ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ๋ถํฐ ๋์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ํจ๊ป ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ณ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ ์ ์์ ํ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์ธ ๋๋งน๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ด์ด๋๊ฐ๋ค. ํนํ 9.11 ํ
๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์น์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์๋ ์ํ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ํจ ํ๋์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํจ๊ป ์ ์์ ์ด๊ฒจ๋ด๋ฉด์ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๋์ ์๋ณด ์ ๋ต์ ์์ด ์ง์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๋, ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ์ดํ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋์ ๋ํด ๋ถ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์กฐ์ฌ ์์ํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋์ ๊ธธ๋ก ๋น ์ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ค๋์ ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํํํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ค์ฑ
์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋นํํ๋ค.
์๋์ ๊ณตํต๋ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ด์ต, ๊ฐ์น ๋ฑ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋๋งน ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ ์ง๋๋ค๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ์์ ํด์ง ์ ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณ์๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ณง ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด์ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋น๋๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ดํดํ๋ฉด์ ์ด์ฑ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ ์กด์ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ์ธ์๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌด์์์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋ ๋์์ ์๋นํ ์ ๋ต์ ์ด๊ณ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ทจํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ฉด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น ์ ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2003๋
์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ํ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณธ๋ค. ๋น์ ์๊ตญ ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๊ด๋
์ ์ด๊ณ ๋์์ ์๋นํ ์ธ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ -์ ๋ต์ -์ ๋์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋์ ์ค์ ์๋๊ฐ ์์ ์ด ์ธ์ํ ์๋์ ์์ดํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ ๋ต์ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณํ์ํค๋์ง ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ณง ์ ๋ขฐ๋๋ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ์๋, ์์ ์ด ์๋๋ฅผ ํฅํ ์ธ์, ์๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋, ์๋๊ฐ ์์ ์ ํฅํ ์ธ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํํ๋ ๋ณ์์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋๋งน๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํด์ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ค.This research analyzes the U.S.-U.K relationships before and after the 2003 Iraq War by applying in international relations. Two countries maintained a special alliance from the WWII and they faced war together, perceived a same enemy, and shared the common ideology.
With the September 11 terrorist attack, the United States saw it as such a huge threat to the Western value, and this approach served as an opportunity for the outbreak of the Invasion of Iraq in 2003. The United States expected Britain to fundamentally support the U.S-led security strategy in order to overcome a common enemy and further terrorist attack. However, Britain ultimately set up the Iraqi Investigation Committee and made it clear that the Iraq War became the symbol of miscalucation and mistakes of the U.S. government.
The conventional theory in international security emphasizes that the alliance could remain stable if they share a common identity, national interest, and external threat, but this research points out that it does not sufficiently explains the special relationship between countries that also could become unstable.
To answer this question, this study focuses on Emotion and how this could be contributed as Trust becomes the major variable in changing traditional alliance between two countries.
The conclusion for this research are as follows. First, if two countries trust each other, they still cooperate on military actions even though the other party shows different purposes of its own. Second, if two countries do not trust each other, they do not continue their military alliance.I. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ...................................................................................1
II. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ ..........................................................................7
1. ์ ๋ขฐ ๊ฐ๋
ํ
2. ์ ๋ขฐ ์ ํํ
3. ์ธ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก
4. ๋๋งน์ด๋ก
III. ๋ถ์ํ ...................................................................................18
1. ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋
(1) ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ
(2) ์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ขฐ
(3) ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ
2. ์ต์ข
์ ๋ขฐ๋
3. ๊ฐ์ค ์ค์
4. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ
IV. ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ์ด์ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ ......................................................30
1, ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ
(1) ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์ค
โ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โก ์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โข ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ
(2) ๋์ค ์์ค
โ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โก ์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โข ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ
2. ์ต์ข
์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ
3. ์๊ฒฐ
V. ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ๋น์ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ......................................................48
1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ๋ณํ
2. ์๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ณํ
3. ์ต์ข
์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ
4. ์๊ฒฐ
VI. ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ ์ ์ดํ ์๋ฏธ๊ด๊ณ.....................................................56
1. ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ
(1) ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์ค
โ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โก ์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โข ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ
(2) ๋์ค ์์ค
โ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โก ์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ขฐ
โข ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ
2. ์ต์ข
์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ
3. ์๊ฒฐ
VII. ๊ฐ์ค ๊ฒ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํจ์...................................................74
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํMaste
Methane activation at low temperature in the presence of oxygen using plasma-catalyst hybrid system
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2018. 2. ๊น๋ํฌ.Natural gas is one of the most abundant fossil fuels around the world. Cleaner energy source than other fossil fuels and world-wide presence of natural gas make it an attractive energy source. Despite of these advantages, the emission of unburned natural gas makes it difficult to use since the methane is recognized as the major portion of global warming gas. It contributes 25โ34 times more to global warming than CO2 at equivalent emission rate and has quite long lifetime. Therefore, complete oxidation of methane is one of the critical problems to solve for widening the use of methane without worrying about the environmental concern such as global warming. Except for the role as fuel, the utilization of methane has been limited mostly to the route of synthesis gases to produce liquid hydrocarbons and other chemical products, which is regarded as indirect methods. Such indirect process has weaknesses of high operating cost and low thermodynamic efficiency due to the swing between endothermic and exothermic reaction. Hence, if methane is directly utilized as alternate feedstock to petroleum, it will be highly desirable from the economic point of view. Thus, many efforts have been made for the direct conversion of methane into more useful products like olefins, aromatics, and alcohols by using various catalysts for decades. However, harsh reaction conditions including high temperature and pressure are required to start the catalytic reaction such as complete oxidation of methane and direct conversion of methane to value-added chemicals because methane can be hardly activated due to its stable C-H bond. The methane activation is the key step to initiate such reactions. In order to overcome these difficulties, various catalysts were investigated and applied. Nevertheless, the activation of methane is still hard to be carried out because tough reaction condition can deactivate the catalyst. An alternative way to activate methane at low temperature would be to use plasma. There are various thermal and non-thermal plasma sources such as dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), corona, gliding arc, rotating arc, spark, microwave, glow discharge and pulsed discharge. In the non-thermal plasma, high-energy electrons (1-20 eV) are produced and they can initiate the formation of other various radicals. Since electron mass is very light, non-thermal plasma gives rise to the increase in temperature by only few degrees. In this work, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was used since it is easier to set up than other non-thermal plasma sources.
Firstly, the complete oxidation of methane was carried out in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) quartz tube reactor where both catalyst and plasma were hybridized into one in-plasma catalysis system. Non-PGM catalysts such as Co1Ni1Ox and CoCr2O4 were used as oxidation catalyst. Input voltage of the plasma-catalyst reactor maintained to 4kVp-p to minimize the effect of plasma power for plasma-catalyst interaction. In the absence of catalyst, methane began to be oxidized to CO and CO2 even at room temperature, and the conversion increased with the increment of temperature since the active radicals were generated more abundantly under those conditions. However, large amount of CO were also produced in addition to CO2, especially at low temperature below 200 ยฐC when plasma was only used. In the presence of both plasma and catalyst, however, methane was oxidized even at room temperature mostly to CO2 with low CO selectivity over certain non-PGM catalyst like Co1Ni1Ox, indicating that the complete oxidation was successfully performed with the aid of catalyst. The role of plasma was to oxidize CH4 to produce CO, which was subsequently oxidized to CO2 over catalyst at low temperature. Hence, methane complete oxidation reaction proceeded at much lower temperature similar to PGM catalyst such as Pd/Al2O3, while maintaining low CO selectivity.
Next, oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) was carried out to produce C2 or C3 hydrocarbons from methane under plasma-catalyst hybrid system. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was applied as plasma source to lower the reaction temperature since catalyst only reaction required high temperature above 700 ยฐC. Plasma only reaction was performed to compare with plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction. We tried to seek appropriate support under plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction at low temperature. Among various supports, only SiO2 has shown the higher yield when combined with dielectric barrier discharge plasma than plasma only reaction. When various metals were impregnated on SiO2 to investigate the effect under plasma condition, it was found that Ag/SiO2 demonstrated the highest C2+ hydrocarbon yield of about 10% below the reaction temperature of 400 ยฐC. In this process, oxygen was proved to play an essential role in the coupling of methane to C2+ hydrocarbons over Ag/SiO2 catalyst. However, Ag/SiO2 catalyst under plasma condition became deactivated with time-on-stream because of coking. However, during the stability test with time-on-stream, Ag/SiO2 catalyst with plasma became deactivated due to coking. Therefore, regeneration process was introduced after OCM reaction. As a result, it was found that plasma regeneration at 378 ยฐC gave rise to the full recovery of activity while thermal regeneration did not due to partial removal of coke and sintering of Ag.
Finally, the direct methanol synthesis from methane was carried out in a plasma-catalyst hybrid system. Since catalyst only reaction requires high pressure and batch reactor, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was applied as a plasma source to overcome the difficulties. Among the transition metal oxides, Mn2O3-coated glass bead showed the highest methanol yield about 12.3% in the plasma-catalyst hybrid system. The reaction temperature was maintained below 100 ยฐC because of low plasma input power (from 1.3 kJ/L to 4.5 kJ/L). Furthermore, the reactivity of the catalyst was maintained for 10 h without changing the selectivity. The mechanistic study indicated that the plasma-induced OH radical generated on the transition metal oxide catalyst possessed high selectivity toward methane to produce methanol.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Methane 2
1.2. Plasma 3
1.2.1. Thermal Plasma 3
1.2.2. Non-thermal plasma 4
1.3. Plasma-catalyst hybrid system 6
1.4. Voltage-charge Lissajous method 8
1.5. Objectives 9
Chapter 2. Complementary effect of plasma-catalyst hybrid system on methane complete oxidation over non-PGM catalysts 10
2.1. Introduction 10
2.2. Experimental 12
2.2.1. Reaction system 12
2.2.2. Preparation of catalysts 15
2.2.3. Activity measurement 15
2.3. Results and discussion 17
2.3.1. Textural properties of catalysts 17
2.3.2. Methane oxidation reaction under plasma only or catalyst only condition 21
2.3.3. Methane oxidation under plasma-catalyst hybrid condition 24
Chapter 3. Plasma-catalyst hybrid system using Ag/SiO2 for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) and subsequent regeneration at low temperature 30
3.1. Introduction 30
3.2. Experimental 34
3.2.1. Reaction system 34
3.2.2. Preparation of catalysts 38
3.2.3. Activity measurement 38
3.2.4. Regeneration procedure 40
3.3. Results and discussion 41
3.3.1. Oxidative coupling of methane under plasma only condition 41
3.3.2. Oxidative coupling of methane with various supports under plasma condition at low temperature 47
3.3.3. Ag/SiO2 catalyst under plasma-catalyst hybrid system 51
3.3.3.1. Oxidative coupling of methane over various SiO2-supported catalysts 51
3.3.3.2. Role of oxygen in oxidative coupling of methane under plasma-catalyst hybrid system 56
3.3.4. Long term activity of plasma-catalyst hybrid system for oxidative coupling of methane 60
Chapter 4. Direct conversion of methane to methanol over metal oxide coated glass bead in plasma-catalyst hybrid system 69
4.1. Introduction 69
4.2. Experimental 71
4.2.1. Reaction system 71
4.2.2. Preparation of catalyst 75
4.2.3. Activity measurement 75
4.2.4. HO* analysis system 76
4.3. Results and discussion 78
4.3.1. Direct methanol synthesis from methane under plasma only condition 78
4.3.2. Glass bead effect on direct methanol synthesis under plasma condition 80
4.3.3. Metal oxide coated glass bead for methanol synthesis with plasma 82
Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusions 90
Bibliography 93
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 107Docto
A Study on Weighted Multiband Communication Method Based on Iterative Coding for Long Range Underwater Acoustic Communication
Recently, underwater acoustic communication is an essential technology for underwater communication in marine research, and its application field is expanding. In addition, with the development of military AUV capable of long-distance movement, there is an increasing need to develop a technology capable of reliably communicating over a long distance for efficient marine surveillance.
In the long distance acoustic communication, as the transmission distance increases, the bandwidth decreases and the throughput efficiency decreases. Multiband transmission technique is an efficient method to improve the transmission distance and performance in long-range underwater acoustic communication. However, sometimes the performance of multiband is lower than that of single bands. This is because in the transceiver model using the conventional multiband transmission technique, signals of different frequency bands are combined with the same weight and input to the decoder, so that performance degradation of a specific frequency band affects the total band. Accordingly, this thesis propose a weighted multiband transceiver model to improve the performance of the multiband transceiver model.
In the weighted multiband transceiver model, the transmitter uses a convolution code and a turbo code of 1/3 coding rate, and receiver uses a decision feedback equalizer to compensate for multipath distortion after compensating for frequency and phase offsets in each band. And, by applying the turbo equalization technique, the equalizer and the decoder is connected to each other to update the information iteratively to improve performance as the number of iteration increases. In addition, the threshold detector adds weights by setting threshold values through preamble BER(Bit Error Rate) of each band. The weighting method according to the threshold value for each band can improve the performance by reducing the influence of the band having low performance in the total band.
Simulation results show that the performance improves as the number of bands increases when the multiband transmission technique is applied. The performance of the proposed weighted multiband transceiver model analyzed through short and 90 km long-range sea experiments. In the short-range sea experiment, it confirmed that the performance improved with the increase of the number of bands, and that the performance was improved by applying the proposed weighted multiband structure to the data with low performance when the number of bands was four. In addition, the 90 km long-range sea experiment applied a weighted multiband transceiver model for data that did not completely correct errors within 5 iterations in the conventional multiband. As a result, it confirmed that the performance is further improved when the weighted multiband is applied.List of Tables ii
List of Figures iii
Abstract iv
์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 2 ์ฅ ์์ค์ํฅํต์ ์์ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋๋ ์ ์ก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ 3
2.1 ์ฑ๋ ๋ถํธํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ 4
2.2 ๋จ์ผ๋ฐด๋ ์ ์ก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ 6
2.3 ๋ค์ค๋ฐด๋ ์ ์ก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ 9
์ 3 ์ฅ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ ๋ค์ค๋ฐด๋ ํต์ 12
3.1 ์๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค์น ์ค์ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ 12
3.2 ๊ฐ์คํ๋ ๋ค์ค๋ฐด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์กยท์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 15
์ 4 ์ฅ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๋ฐ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 17
4.1 ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
17
4.2 ๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํด์ ์คํ 20
4.3 ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํด์ ์คํ 26
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 35
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 37
๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธ 40Maste
Effect of cross-innervation on the rate of calcium uptake in sarcoplasmic reticulum of slow and fast muscles in cats
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
[์๋ฌธ]
Ranvier (1874) described the first systematic investigation of the contraction of the slow and fast muscles. He noted that fast muscles contracted rapidly and required high frequencies of stimulation before complete tetanic fusion occured. In contrast to fast muscles, slow muscles have much slower contraction time and are tetanized at lower frequencies. And thus, functionally, fast muscles are flexor-type muscles. Slow musc1es, on the other hand, function in the maintenance of posture.
Recent results from histochemical and biochemical studies suggest the existence of distinct differences in these two types of muscles. Fast muscles are white, and slow muscles are red in gross appearance (Ranvier, 1874, Fiehn and Peter, 1971). The fact that fast muscles have relatively high myosin-ATPase activity, is attributed to the rapid contraction time (Barany et al., 1965; Barany, 1967; Barnard et al., 1971; Edgerton and Simpson, 1969; Edgerton and Simpson, 1971). Croz and Bucher (1960) and Dawson and Romanul (1964) reported that the levels of activities of the enzymes involved in anaerobic glycolysis are higher in fast muscles than in slow ones. In contrast, slow muscles contain higher activities of enzymes involved in aerobic pathways. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum(FSR) prepared from fast and slow muscles have different calcium accumulating capacities. FSR from slow muscles show slower rate of calcium accumulating capacity, which correlates with a prolonged relaxation time (Sreter, 1964; Sreter, 1969; Ebashi and Lipman, 1962; Fiehn and Peter, 1971).
Recently, nerve cross-innervation experiments in cats demonstrated that when the nerve from a fast muscle (M. flexor digitorum longus, FDL) was made to innervate a slow muscle (M. Soleus) the twitch time of the soleus became shorter than before.
On the other hand, contractions of the FDL muscles cross-innervated by the soleus nerve were markedly prolonged (Buller et al., 1960^^a ; Buller et al., 1960^^b ; Buller and Lewis, 1965; Close, 1964; Eccles et al., 1962 ; Prewitt and Salafsky, 1967). In 1967, McPherson and Tokunaga reported that after cross- innervation of the nerves, the FDL/soleus myoglobin ratio was significantly greater than that of both normal cats or cats after self-innervation of their nerves. Measurements of the activities of two glycolytic enzymes, pyruvic kinase and aldolase, and two
oxidative enzymes, malic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase, revealed that the activites of the glycolytic enzymes, which are normally higher in the FDL than in the soleus, decreased in the FDL and increased in the soleus after cross-innervation, while the activities of the oxidative enzymes which are normally higher in the soleus, decreased in the soleus and increased in the FDL by the cross-innervation.
In the above mentioned studies, changes in the motor nerve supply to a muscle can change the histochemical, biochemical, and contractile properties of the muscle. Therefore, the question arises as to whether the calcium uptake by FSR from fast twitch or slow twitch muscles is also changed by cross-innervation. As an approach to this problem, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of cross-innervation on the rate of calcium uptake by FSR prepared from the soleus and FDL of the cat.
In this study, a group of young cats of either sex weighing 1.5-2.0 kg(6 animals) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and cross-innervation of the soleus and FDL muscles was performed on one leg and the contralateral leg was served as the control. In another group of cats, the muscles
were self-innervated on one leg and contralateral leg was served as the control. Five to eight months after the operative procedure, the muscle contraction time and half-relaxation time were measured. Subsequently the muscles were removed and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was prepared by differential centrifugation. The calcium uptake was determined at 26โ according to the method employed by Fiehn and Peter(1971). The calcium uptake was determined at that time after incubation of 30
sec., 1 min., 3 min., 6 min., and 10 min., respectively and aliquots of incubation mixtures containing FSR ware filtered through Millipore filters (pore size, 0.22 ฮผ) and the radioactivity in the filtrates was counted to determine the amount of calcium remaining in the filtrates.
The results obtained are summarized as follows;
1) Cross-innervation of fast and slow muscles of the cats resulted in a prolongation of the FDL twitch time and in a shortening of the soleus twitch time, however, there was no significant changes in twitch time before and after self-innervation of the FDL and soleus muscle.
2) The rate of calcium uptake by FSR increased in soleus but decreased in FDL after cross-innervation. However, after self-innervation of the nerves, the rate of calcium uptake by FSR from both soleus and FDL was not significantly different from that of control.
From the results of this study, it may be concluded that changes in the rate of calcium uptake by FSR from both soleus and FDL muscles take place after cross-innervation in addition to contraction time i.e., cross-innervation produces changes in a fast muscle in both its contractile response and the rate of calcium uptake by FSR toward the characteristics of slow muscle, whereas the slow muscles changes toward those of the fast muscles.restrictio
ํ์๊ต์กํ์ฑํ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด์ ์ญํ (Life-long education and local governments)
A New Paradigm of School-based Lifelong Learning
์ฐ์
๊ฒฝ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์์ ์ง์๊ฒฝ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ผ๋ก์ ์ ํ์ ์์ํ๋ ํ๊ต๊ต์ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ์ ํ์ด ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ชจ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ฉด, ์๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ฐํผํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์์๊ณผ ๋
ธ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์ง์์ด ์์ฐ์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์์๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ง์๊ธฐ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก ์ ํํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง์์ ์์ฐยท๋ถ๋ฐฐยท์๋นํ๋ ์ง์์ฐ์
์ผ๋ก์์ ํ๊ต์ ์ญํ ๊ณผ ๋ณํ๋ ๋์ฑ ๋ ์ค์ํด์ง๋ค. ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ณํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํด ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌํ๊ด, ์ธ๊ณ๊ด, ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ณํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๊ณง ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ก์ด ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ต์ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ๋ณํ์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์๊ธฐ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋๋๋ก ๋ชจ์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ต์ก์ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ฐํ๋ค.The emergence of โknowledge-based economy (KBE)' has had a substantial impact on the filed of education. Since the advent of KBE, many assert: 1) traditional education per se would become a knowledge business; 2) learning is more likely a part of work rather than being separated. In addition, in KBE, creativity is vital to sustaining competitive edge of a state as well as an individual. As the life cycle of knowledge is shortened, education becomes aquintessential source for creation and innovation of knowledge. Furthermore, the premise that knowledge is characterized as โflow', no longer โstock', indicates that school has to foster and nurture a โknowledge explorer'.
Over the past decades, the efforts to imbue a paradigm shift in schooling have been made to accompany with KBE. International organizations such as World Back and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have laid out and launched a series of policies and projects that cultivate and allocate human resources and social capital. We have grown up with the understanding, as seen in the early activities of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), that the ideal of lifelong education goes beyond curriculum development, class system, and so on. Rather, lifelong education aims at recognizing the active, clientele-oriented perspective of learning, cutting the traditional, provider-oriented perspective.
As their world changes, higher education institutions(HEs) are under increasing pressure to change their existing system and to embrace the new notion of KBE. HEs in principle are at the forefront of KBE. The ideal type of HE should provide models for KBE to emulate and elaborate such as learning organization. However, some criticize that there are many societal and organizational obstacles that prohibit HEs to adapt to and pro-act systemically in the ever changing environment. This study draws attention to the changing roles, functions, and utilities of HEs. Based upon literature review and case studies, in order to further lifelong education, this study presents guidelines as follow: 1) HEs value diversity, openness, and accessibility, 2) HEs extend and diffuse the notion of 'learning organization', 3) HEs embrace entrepreneurship and encourage collaborative connection of School-to-Work, 4) HEs shift their educational perspectives from pedagogy to andragogy.
In order to successfully implement the aforementioned guidelines, this study suggests as follow:
1) introducing โweekend class' for adult learners, 2) facilitating 'neighbor campus that HEs provide its educational services based on local needs and demands, 3) extending financial aid for adult learners, 4) connecting training and development programs at workplace with license/diploma, 5) promoting โfamily support' programs at workplace, 6) adapting the idea of lifelong education to traditional schooling.์ ์ฝ
์ 1์ฅ ๊ต์ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์ 1์ ์ง์๊ธฐ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋๋ 1
์ 2์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ณํ 8
์ 3์ ๊ต์ก์ ์์ฌ 14
์ 2์ฅ ๊ต์ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ์ ๊ตญ์๋
์ 1์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ 21
์ 2์ ๊ต์ก๊ณตํ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ 25
์ 3์ OECD์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๊ต์ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ 30
1. ๊ฐ๊ด 30
2. ํ์์ ์งํ ์ 1์๋๋ฆฌ์ค 32
3. ํ์์ ์งํ ์ 2์๋๋ฆฌ์ค(๊ต์ฌ์ดํ - ๋ถ๊ดด) 34
4. ํ๊ต ๊ฐํํ ์ 3์๋๋ฆฌ์ค (์ง์ญ์ฌํ ์ผํฐ๋ก์์ ํ๊ต) 35
5. ํ๊ต ๊ฐํํ ์ 4์๋๋ฆฌ์ค(์ด์ ์๋ ํ์ต์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก์์ ํ๊ต) 37
6. ํํ๊ตํ ์ 5์๋๋ฆฌ์ค(ํ์ต์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ฌํ) 38
7. ํํ๊ตํ ์ 6์๋๋ฆฌ์ค(์์ฅ ํ๋ ๋ชจํ) 39
8. ๋
ผ์ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 41
์ 4์ World Bank์ ์ง์๊ฒฝ์ ํ ํ์ํ์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ 43
์ 3์ฅ ํ์ํ์ต ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ์ ํจ์ ๋ณํ
์ 1์ ์์ด์ ํ์๊ต์ก 49
์ 2์ ํ์ํ์ต ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ๋ณํ 59
์ 4์ฅ ํ์ํ์ต ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ๋ณํ ์คํ์ ์ํ ๋ํ์ ์ญํ ๋ณํ
์ 1์ ๋ํ ํ์ํ์ต์๋ ๋๋์ ํํฉ 73
์ 2์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ์ 76
์ 3์ ๋ํ์์์ ์ฑ์ธ๊ต์ก ํ์ฑํ ๋ฐฉ์ 83
1. ํ์ฑํ ๋ฐฉํฅ 83
2. ํ์ฑํ ๋ฐฉ์ 86
SUMMARY 93
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 9
Catalytic oxidation of methane under non-thermal plasma condition
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2014. 2. ๊น๋ํฌ.As one of greenhouse gases, methane is recognized to contribute to the major portion of global warming. The stable C-H bond in methane requires the large amount of noble metal catalyst to be oxidized completely at low temperature (i.e. below 500โ). Thus, we aim at lowering the light-off temperature by introducing the plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction system. The catalytic reaction needs activation energy to induce the reaction, so the motivation of this research is that the plasma is able to help reduce the activation energy by synthesizing the active radicals. There are two types of plasma source, one is thermal plasma and the other is non-thermal plasma. The thermal plasma had a possibility to interrupt the examination of plasma-catalyst hybrid interaction by increasing the catalyst bed temperature, thus the non-thermal plasma, especially the dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) was used in this research. In this experiment, the complete oxidation of methane was carried out in a DBD quartz tube reactor. Catalyst and plasma were hybridized into one in-plasma catalysis system. The palladium-based catalysts such as Pd/Al2O3, Pd/CeO2, Pd/Ce0.7Zr0.3O2, Pd/SiO2, and Pd/TiO2 were used as oxidation catalyst because palladium-based catalysts have shown the greatest oxidative ability of methane so far. In order to separate the catalytic effect from the plasma one, methane oxidation was evaluated over the catalyst in the presence or in the absence of plasma at the fixed plasma operating conditions including waveform, and frequency. Though, input voltage of the plasma-catalyst reactor varied from 2kVp-p to 5kVp-p to observe which input voltage offered the best circumstance for plasma-catalyst interaction. Also, to measure plasma effect, plasma power was calculated by V-Q Lissajous figure method. In the absence of catalyst, the methane was started to decompose from room temperature, and the conversion increased with the increment of temperature since dielectric constant of dielectric(quartz tube reactor) were changed along the temperature. In these reactions, not only CO2 but CO was also produced. As the input voltage increased from 2kVp-p to 4kVp-p, the methane conversion also increased sharply because of the upsurge of specific input energy. In the presence of catalyst alone, methane started to be activated above 200โ for all the cases. However, in the presence of both plasma and catalyst, methane was oxidized at room temperature and the selectivity of CO which should not be produced was retained at zero percent. These results cannot be achieved in the cases of both catalyst only reaction and plasma only reaction. As the input voltage went higher, the plasma influence got stronger, so the catalytic performance was hardly observable. At low input voltage like 2kVp-p, all plasma-catalyst hybrid reaction did not shift the reaction-end temperature, but showed the activation of methane at room temperature and catalytic performances while they disappeared at higher input voltage. Also, Pd/Al2O3 presented slightly higher methane conversion than plasma only reaction at all input voltage conditions. In terms of energy efficiency, it was shown that using relatively low specific input energy could enhance the methane oxidation conversion even at ambient temperature. In summary, it was found that non-thermal plasma played an important role in converting methane to CO/CO2 in the temperature range where catalyst hardly worked, thus leading to facilitate methane oxidation with catalyst at lower temperature.Abstract I
List of Figures V
List of Tables VII
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Necessity of methane complete oxidation 1
1.2 Concept of plasma 3
1.3 Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma 5
1.4 Plasma-catalyst hybrid system 7
Chapter 2. Experimental 10
2.1 Preparation of catalyst 10
2.2 Plasma-catalysis system 12
2.3 Lissajous method 16
2.4 Analytic condition 18
Chapter 3. Results and discussion 19
3.1 Effect of input energy 19
3.2 Catalytic performance 27
3.3 Plasma catalytic oxidation of methane 31
Chapter 4. Conclusions 40
References 42
์ด ๋ก 46
๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธ 48Maste
Education Right and Activation Plan for Lifelong Education Systemization in the Constitution
[์ด์ ๋ถ์] ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฑ์ธ ๋์ ํ์ํ์ต์ ๋ํ ์ฌํํฌ์์ ์ฑ ์ ์ ๊ทผ
I. ์ฌํํฌ์๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ์ ๋ถ ์ถ๋ฒ
II. ์ฌํํฌ์์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ํ์ํ์ต์ ์ฑ
III. ์ 4์ฐจ ํ์๊ต์ก์งํฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณํ
IV. ์ฑ์ธ์ ํ์ํ์ต(๊ต์ก)์คํ
V. ์ฌํํฌ์๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ ํ์ต์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์งํฅํ