42 research outputs found
์ฐ์ฌํ, ํ์ ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌํด ํผํด ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ํตํฉ์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํ๊ฒฝ๋ํ์ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ,2019. 8. ์ด๋๊ทผ.In recent years, it has been reported that climate change is leading to increased damage and losses caused by natural hazards. Moreover, reports of compound disasters caused by multiple hazards in extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Efforts have been made to improve risk management for natural hazards; however, there has been little discussion about providing an integrated framework supported by technical tools to establish an efficient and effective management plan based on quantitative analyses. Meanwhile, risk management tools and frameworks have been developed intensively in the industrial sector for decades. Applying risk management practices proven in the industrial sector can assist in systematic hazard identification and quantitative risk analysis for natural hazards, thereby potentially helping to reduce unwanted losses and to promote interactive risk communication. The objective of this study is to introduce methods of studying risk commonly used in the process industry, and to suggest how such methods can be applied to manage natural disasters, providing an integrated risk management framework. In particular, the hazard and operability (HAZOP), safety integrated level (SIL), and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methods were investigated for the parts of the risk management process, which are risk identification, risk analysis, risk treatment, risk evaluation, and risk acceptance, as these methods are used to conduct key risk studies in industry. Herein, a literature review regarding those key risk studies and their application in various fields is briefly presented, together with an overview of risk management for natural hazards and multi-hazard risks. Next, common ways of implementing these risk studies for managing natural hazards are presented, with a focus on methodological considerations. First, a case study is presented in which HAZOP is applied to identify climate-related natural hazards in an organization using a worksheet that lists and evaluates natural hazards. Second, a study applying SIL is presented, in which the probability of landslide and rockfall occurrence is estimated based on the concept of reliability, indicating how probability values can be used for landslide risk management. In the third part, a simplified QRA for landslide hazard is exemplified through the case of site planning for a resort facility on a mountain hill, with the purpose of illustrating how stakeholders can make decisions on spatial planning regarding risk acceptance. In addition, this part presents the result of impact assessments conducted using physically-based models for cases involving multiple hazards, such as a post-wildfire landslide and complex flooding resulting from dam collapse. The technical approaches used in this studyโsystematic hazard identification, time-dependent reliability, and quantitative risk assessment for single or compound disasters using physically-based modelsโprovide the methods to resolve the difficulty of establishing tools for managing the risk from natural hazards. The analysis presented in this study also provides a useful framework for improving the risk management of natural hazards through establishing a more systematic context and facilitating risk communication between decision-makers and the public.๊ธฐํ๋ณํ์ ์ํ ์์ฐ์ฌํด๋ ์ต๊ทผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ์ถ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํญ์ฐ ๋ฑ ๊ทนํ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ ์ํ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌํด ํผํด ์ญ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ฐ ์ํด ์์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ๋ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์์ด์์ผ๋, ํตํฉ์ฒด๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ ํธ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๋ถ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ํจ์จ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ ํ๋ฆฝ์ ์์ด์๋ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์์๋ค. ํํธ, ์ฌํด๋ก ์ธํ ์์ค ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ ํตํฉ์ ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์์ญ ๋
๊ฐ ์ฐ์
๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์์ฐ์ฌํด ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฑํํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ด์ ๊ธฐํ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ์ธ๋ช
๋ฐ ์์ฐ ์์ค์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์์ ํํ ์
์ข
์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํตํฉ์ ์ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ๋๋ฐ ์๋ค. ํนํ, ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์คํฐ๋ ์ค ์ฃผ์ํ๊ฒ ์คํ๋๋ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์๋์ฑ ํ๊ฐ (The Hazard and Operability โHAZOP), ์์ ํตํฉ ์์ค ๋ถ์ (Safety Integrated Level โ SIL), ์ ๋์ ์ํ ํ๊ฐ (Quantitative Risk Assessment โ QRA) ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์ธํ ์์๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ์ ํ์ธ, ๋ถ์, ์ ๊ฐ, ํ๊ฐ, ์์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋์ง์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋จผ์ ์์์ ์ธ๊ธํ ์ธ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ์คํฐ๋๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ฌธํ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ํํฉ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ , ๋ค์ค ์ํ ์์์ ์ํ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌํด ์ ํ์ ์๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ์ด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ์คํฐ๋๋ค์ด ์คํ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์๋ณด๊ณ , ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์๋ค์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋
ผ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ธฐํ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ฐ์ฌํด์ ์ํ ์์ธ์ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํ HAZOP ์คํฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ก์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ํฌ์ํธ ํํ๋ก ํ ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ด์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ฐ ์ํด ์์๋ค์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋๋ฒ์งธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐ์ฌํ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ ํ๋ฅ ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ SIL ์คํฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ ์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์ ๋ ํ๋ฅ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฌํ ์ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์
์งธ๋ก, ์ฐ์ฌํ ์ํ์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ์ํ QRA ์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์
์ง์ญ ํ์
๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ์ ๋ถ์ง ์ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ์ฌํ ์ํ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ณํ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์์๋ณด์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ, ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ถ์์๋ ์ฐ๋ถ ํ ์ฐ์ฌํ์ ํธ์ฐ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ก ์ธํ ํ์, ๋๊ฐ์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฌํด ์ฌ๋ก์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ํฅ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋
ผ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ธ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ํ์ฑ ์๋ณ, ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ ๋ถ์, ์ ๋์ ์ํ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌํด ์ํฅ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ฉ ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์์ ๋์ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ฌ ์ํต์ ์ํํ ํ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์๋ฆฝํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฅ์์ํค๋๋ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ํตํฉ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Table of Contents
1. Introduction ๏ผ
1.1 Study background and objective ๏ผ
1.2 Study scope ๏ผ
2. Theoretical paradigm and literature review ๏ผ๏ผ
2.1 Natural hazard management and communication ๏ผ๏ผ
2.1.1 The status of natural disaster occurrence ๏ผ๏ผ
2.1.2 Risk management for natural hazard ๏ผ๏ผ
2.1.3 Communication on risk information ๏ผ๏ผ
2.2 Industrial risk management practices ๏ผ๏ผ
2.2.1 Risk identification ๏ผ๏ผ
2.2.2 Risk analysis and treatment ๏ผ๏ผ
2.2.3 Risk evaluation and acceptance ๏ผ๏ผ
2.3 Type and impact of multi-hazard risk ๏ผ๏ผ
2.4 Comparison of risk assessment methodologies ๏ผ๏ผ
3. Risk identification for climate change issues ๏ผ๏ผ
3.1 Method for risk identification ๏ผ๏ผ
3.2 Result of risk identification ๏ผ๏ผ
3.2.1 Climate change risk identification ๏ผ๏ผ
3.3 Discussion on risk identification ๏ผ๏ผ
4. Risk analysis and treatment for natural hazards ๏ผ๏ผ
4.1 Method for risk analysis and treatment ๏ผ๏ผ
4.2 Results of risk analysis and treatment ๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.1 Risk analysis and treatment for landslide hazard ๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.2 Risk analysis and treatment for rockfall hazard ๏ผ๏ผ
4.3 Discussion on risk analysis and treatment ๏ผ๏ผ
5. Risk evaluation and acceptance for compound disasters ๏ผ๏ผ
5.1 Method for risk evaluation and acceptance ๏ผ๏ผ
5.2 Result of risk evaluation and acceptance ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
5.2.1 QRA with physically-based landslide model ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
5.2.2 Impact assessment of post-wildfire landslides ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
5.2.3 Impact assessment of complex flooding ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
5.3 Discussion on risk evaluation and acceptance ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
6. Discussion ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
7. Conclusion ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผDocto
์๋๊ถ๊ณผ ๋น์๋๊ถ์ ๋น๋์นญ ํ์์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ํ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฑ
ํ๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊ณ ๊ธธ๊ณค.20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ SNS๋ผ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒฝ์ ํ๋ฌด๋ ์ํต์ ์ฅ(ๅ ด)์ ํตํด ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์์ ํ์ธ์ ์ถ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ํฌ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ด๊น์ง ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ณํ์ํค๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ ์๋ก, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ฌํ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ณํ๋ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ช ๋
๋์ ์ ์ ์๋น์ธต์ ํด์ธ์ฌํ ์ ํธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ํ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํญ๊ณต๊ณผ ์๋ฐ, ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ๋ค์ํ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ต๋ํ๊ณ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊น์ง ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
์ ๋ํ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํธ์์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํธ์์ ์๋น์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๊ฐ์น๊ด์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์๋นํํ์ ๋ณํ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์์ธกํ๊ณ , ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ต์ ์๋ฆฝยท์ํํ ๋ง์ผํ
ํ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์๋์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๊ตํต ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์๋น์๋ค์ด ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ตํต์๋จ๋ณ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ํ์ผ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ถ์ ์ง ํฅ์์ ์ต์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ํ์ฌ์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๊ฐ ์ธ๋์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ๋น๊ต ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ง ๊ตํต ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ํน์ฑ์ด๋ ์ง์ญ ํน์ ์ ๊ด์ต ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฑํฅ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๊ตํต์๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ์๋น์์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ์ญ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ด์ฉ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์์ง๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ค๋ฌธ ํญ๋ชฉ์ ์ค๊ณํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ง๋ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ๋คํญ ๋ก์ง์คํฑ ํ๊ท๋ชจํ๊ณผ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ปจ์กฐ์ธํธ ๋ชจํ์ ํ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์๋๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๋น์๋๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ตํต์๋จ์ ์ ํํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ๋ ์ ํ์์ธ์์ ์๋ก ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋จ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํตํ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ถ์ญ ๋ด ํตํ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ถ์ญ ๊ฐ ํตํ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๋น์๊ฐ ์ ํธํ๋ ๊ตํต์๋จ์ด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฆ๋ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ํ, ์๋ต์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํธํ๋ ์์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ์์๋ โํธ๋ฆฌ์ฑโ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋, ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ์์๋ โ์ ์์ฑโ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , โ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑโ์ ์ค์๋๊ฐ ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋, ํ์ฌ ์ด์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ตํต์๋จ์ ์ ํํ ๋ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ์ฌํญ์ผ๋ก โํธ์์ฑโ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์๋ต์๋ค์ด ๊ตํต์๋จ๋ณ ๋ํ์์ฑ์ ์กฐํฉํ์ฌ ๊ตฌ์ํ ๊ฐ์์ ์์ฑ ํ๋กํ์ผ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํธํ๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๋๋ โ์ ์์ฑโ๊ณผ โ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑโ์ ๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋, ๊ตํต์๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ ์๋น์๋ค์ด ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ต๊ณ ์ ํจ์ฉ์ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ต์ด ์ถ๋ฐ์ง์์ ์ต์ข
๋ชฉ์ ์ง์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋์ ์ํ๋ โ์๊ฐ์ ํจ์ฉโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์์ธ๋ฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋น์ธต์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ โํธ๋ฆฌ์ฑโ ๋ํ ์ค์ํ ๊ฐ์น๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค๋ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๊ตํต์๋จ์ ์ด์ํ๋ ์ฌ์
์๋ ์ด ์ญ์ ๊ฐ๊ณผํ์ง ๋ง๊ณ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์คํจ์ฑ ์๋ ๋ง์ผํ
์ ๋ต ์๋ฆฝ์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค.Since the 20th century, people around the world share information through social media, a communication platform that breaks down borders and time barriers, and change oneโs personal values easily by projecting other peopleโs lives on themselves.
For instance, in recent years, technological and cultural evolvement of society gave a rise to the rapid increase in preference of overseas travel among young consumers and have led the explosive response to mobile applications that not only provide related information including flight, accommodation, foods and etc; but also enable reservation and payment as well. This phenomenon is the result of timely established and implemented marketing strategy based upon ex-ante analysis and study of causality between individualโs value and consumption behavior,
Going along with the current trends, this study identified the consumersโ preference system regarding means of transportation under the given circumstances and compared each generationsโ stated preference, including the new generation, which prior improving the quality of life besides the uniform thinking. In addition to that, by each region, it was judged that the transportation preference system will vary due to the different traffic environment and regional inclination difference resultant from geographical characteristics and local customs. Based on this, in this study, questionnaire items were designed and surveyed to collect personal characteristic appears while using means of transportation including demographic characteristics; and, utilized multinomial logistic regression model and choice-based conjoint model as a tool for data analysis.
As a result of the analysis, prior factor for transportation selection varied between resident of a metropolitan area and non-metropolitan area. It was also confirmed that preference different by travel type such as travel within the region or cross the region. Furthermore, the most preferred attribute for transportation selection among all respondents, โConvenienceโ has been selected in the revealed preference system. However, in the stated preference system, it has been identified that โSpeedโ as the mostly important attribute and โEconomyโ as following.
This explains that respondents who gave โConvenienceโ as the mostly important factor for the transportation selection have valued โSpeedโ and โEconomyโ more while making choices in the virtual attribute profiles composed by combining representative attribute of each transportation modes.
These results can be interpreted as follow : the best utility pursued by consumers while using transportation is, above all, the โTim utilityโ which reflects the desire of fastest travel from the initial departure to the final destination.
With additional comment, transportation operators should notice that analysis also indicated that wealthy consumersโ top priority was โConvenienceโ. Accordingly, establishing effective marketing strategies under customer segmentation must be carried out.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 7
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฒด๊ณ 9
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 10
์ 1 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 10
1. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตํต์ฐ์
10
2. ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํ์์ธ๊ณผ ์๋น์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ 12
3. ์ปจ์กฐ์ธํธ ๋ถ์(Conjoint Analysis) 14
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 17
1. ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํ๋ชจํ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 17
2. ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ปจ์กฐ์ธํธ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฉํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 19
3. ๊ธฐํ ์ปจ์กฐ์ธํธ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฉํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 24
4. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ฑ ๊ฒํ 26
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค๊ณ 28
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ 28
์ 2 ์ ์๋ฃ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 32
1. ์๋ฃ์์ง 32
2. ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 34
์ 3 ์ ๋ชจํ์ค๊ณ 40
1. ๋คํญ ๋ก์ง์คํฑ ํ๊ท๋ชจํ 40
2. ์ปจ์กฐ์ธํธ ๋ชจํ 41
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ์ 47
์ 1 ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 47
1. ๊ธฐ์ดํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ 47
2. ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํ์ ํ์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ์ 53
3. ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ฌ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ์ 67
์ 2 ์ ์๋น์ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ๋น๊ต ๋ถ์ 71
1. ์๋๊ถ๊ณผ ๋น์๋๊ถ์ ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ๋น๊ต ๋ถ์ 71
2. ํตํ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํธ์ฒด๊ณ ๋น๊ต ๋ถ์ 71
3. ๊ตํต์๋จ ์ ํธ์์ธ ๋น๊ต ๋ถ์ 72
์ 3 ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํด์ 74
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 77
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฌ์ 77
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ 80
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 82
์ค ๋ฌธ ์ง 87
Abstract 93์
์ฑ๊ถ๋ฐ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ฒ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋ฒํ๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์ด๋์ง.Throughout all the world, insolvency, at its essence, is about the treatment and disposition of prepetition claims and postpetition claims. Bearing in mind the distinctive features of prepetition claims and postpetition claims where the former are generally classified as insolvency claims subject to restrictions as per insolvency procedures while the latter as administration claims granted the rights to be paid irrespective of insolvency procedures, one may well assert that the actual amount of realized payment will consequently be different by a significant margin. Thus, it does matter to classify straddle claims before and after the order for relief.
In South Korea, the part-fulfillment test(์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค) is widely accepted as a common view. In pursuant to the part-fulfillment test, once a particular debt in question is affirmatively established as insolvency claims, other claims that do not fall into the category of insolvency claims but nevertheless fulfill the requirement of administration claims are deemed administration claims. Even if the claims are unliquidated, contingent, unmatured, disputed, they can be classified as insolvency claims when the significant part of the claims are fulfilled prepetition.
It seemingly is due to the reception of the Japanese insolvency acts which has eventually resulted in South Korean insolvency frameworks adopting the relevant Japanese legal theories and precedents that developed on the basis of the part-fulfillment test. But the word 'the significant part of the claims' is too vague to establish a clear and consistent criterion. Among the cases of the Supreme Court of South Korea, some cases contradict each other. In Japan, a scholar following the part-fulfillment test even admits that the test has its defects as some cases of the Supreme Court of Japan are inconsistent.
The 'theory of deduction(ๆง้ค่ชฌ)' in Japan, based on the study of history of theories about classifying claims, criticizes the present common view in Japan, the part-fulfillment test, and suggests that the claims subject to insolvency risks be insolvency claims and the claims free from insolvency risks be administration claims. It may sound like a tautology, but it pinpoints that the present part-fulfillment test is far from realizing the essence of treatment and disposition of claims, using the word 'the significant part of the claims'. However, the theory of deduction also leaves much to be desired to set a clear and consistent criterion.
In the United States, timing problems of claims in insolvency have been an important research theme, making use of a substantial balancing test. Thus, the arguments in the United States serve as a good reference. The theories of the United States do not apparently dichotomize, but virtually distinguish contractual claims from non-contractual claims. When it comes to contractual claims, the claimants voluntarily enter the contracts considering insolvency risks, so it is easy to determine whether the claimants bear the insolvency risks in accordance with their intention. In contrast, as of non-contractual claims, the claimants often get the claims involuntarily. It is hard to determine, based only on the claimants' intention, whether they should be burdened with insolvency risks. Therefore, dichotomy is desirable.
In case of contractual claims, almost all federal courts of appeals and scholars adopt the performance test in the United States. As of non-contractual claims, there are the accrued state law test, the conduct test, the relationship test, and the fair contemplation test in the United States. Most of federal courts of appeals follow the relationship test, while most of scholars support either the conduct test or the fair contemplation test.
For contractual claims, including the ones based on executory contracts, we can accept the performance test as it is. The part contributed to a debtor prepetition by a claimant abandoning exceptio non adimpleti contractus is subject to the insolvency risks and should be treated as insolvency claims. The part induced to do business with a debtor postpetition is beneficial for the estate and thus should be treated as administration claims. For efficiency, prepetition claims should be cut off from post-insolvency as sunk costs, while postpetition claims should receive priority to induce entities to enter new business with a debtor so as to foster reorganization.
In case of non-contractual claims, it is hard to tell whether the claims are supposed to bear insolvency risks or not. It is a matter of policy. Unless it is the case where Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act in South Korea excludes explicitly the non-contractual claims from insolvency claims, prepetition claims should be classified as insolvency claims and postpetition claims administration claims. While the meaning of 'claims' for insolvency is defined in a unique sense under the United States Bankruptcy Code so as to put a great weight on that specific point of time, Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act in South Korea yet omits to define the meaning of 'claims' for insolvency, making it unnecessary to be obsessed with as to when a claim arises.
For insolvency in South Korea, I hereby propose the relationship test that does not stick to the point when a claim arises. Rather, I suggest a more flexible solution that allows bifurcation of claims. If the part of the claim occurring before the order for relief creates a relationship, such as contact, exposure, impact, or privity, between the claimant and the debtor, then the part of the claim is insolvency claim. At the same time, the purposes of the acts on which the claim is based, the entity benefitted by the expense, and so forth, should be considered. Prepetition claims should be cut off to encourage a fresh start of the debtor, but that does not mean that the debtor is free to commit torts or gain unjust enrichments. Though it is quite theoretical, postpetition claims that the claimant gains involuntarily because the debtor fails to block a relationship between them should be treated as administration claims so that the estate shoulders the expense. As a result, insolvency can proceed with efficiency and equity.
The representatives and the social insurance programs for future claimants can satisfy due process concerns. If there is a conflict between insolvency and other public interest policy, mandatory provisions override in case of contractual claims while insolvency takes priority in case of non-contractual claims.์ฑ๋ฌด์๊ฐ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ๋ํ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ฐ์์์ธ์ด ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ ์ด๋ ์ชฝ์ ๊ท์๋๋์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ทจ๊ธ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ ์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ ์๊ด์์ด ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ด ์คํํ ์ ์๋ ๋ณ์ ์ก์ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฑ๊ถ๋ฐ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ ์์
์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ํต์ค๊ณผ ํ๋ก๋ ์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๋์ง ๋จผ์ ํ๋จํ๊ณ , ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์ ํด๋นํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ด๋ค. ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๋์ง ์์๋ค ํ๋๋ผ๋, ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋ฐ์์์ธ์ด ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๋์ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ 2005. 3. 31. ์ฑ๋ฌด์ ํ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํต์ค๊ณผ ํ๋ก์ธ ์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค์ ์์ฉํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋ฐ์์์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์ถ์์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ชจํธํด์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๊ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํด์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋์ง์ ๊ดํด์๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๋๋ฒ์ ํ๋ก ์ค์์๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์๋ก ๋ชจ์๋์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ ์ ์ฌํ ์ฌ์์์๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ํ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ชจ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค ๋ด์์๋ ๊ทธ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ธํ๋ ๊ฒฌํด๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํต์ค์ ๋นํํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ณต์ ์ค์ ํ์ค์ฌ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ดํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ์ทจ์ง๋ก ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋์ด๋ฐ๋ณต์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๋ ๋นํ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง๋ง, ์ ์ด๋ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋ฐ์์์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ถ์์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ด๋ก๋ ์ผ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋น์ค์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ด์๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๊ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํจ์ด ์๋ค.
ํํธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ ๊ตฌํ ๋์ฐ๋ฒ์ ์ญ์ฌ ์์์ ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ์ด์ตํ๋์ ํตํด ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ์ํด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ผ์๋ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง๋ง, ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ๊ณผ ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋๋์ด ๋ณธ๋ค. ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋์ ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ด ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๋น์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ์์ฌ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ด ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฒ ํ๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด์ํ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ฒ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋๊ธ๋ถ ์ดํ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋๊ธ๋ถ์ดํ๊ธฐ์ค์ค์ด ํต์คโคํ๋ก์ด๋ค. ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ํํญ์๋ฒ์์ ํ๋ก๋ ์ต์ข
์ ์ธ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์์ ์ํ๋ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์์์ค, ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฑ๋ฌด์ํ์์์ค, ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ค์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ด๊ณ์์ค, ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์๊ณ ํ ์ ์์๋ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์์ค๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ ์ธ ํ๋ก๋ ๊ด๊ณ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ , ํ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฑ๋ฌด์ํ์์์ค๊ณผ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์์ค๋ก ์๋ถ๋๋ค.
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๋ฐฉ๋ฏธ์ดํ ์๋ฌด๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํด ๋ฐ๋๊ธ๋ถ์ดํ๊ธฐ์ค์ค์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฑ๊ถ์๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ด๋ณด์ธ ๋์์ดํ์ ํญ๋ณ๊ถ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๊ณต์ฌํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ดํ๋ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๋ค. ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ์ดํ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก์ด ๊ฑฐ๋๋ก ์ ์ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ด์ต์ด ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ด ๋๋ค. ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋งค๋ชฐ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๋จ์ ์์ผ์ผ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์์ ๋ณ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํด์ฃผ์ด์ผ ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ์๋ก์ด ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋์ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ดํ์ฌ์ผํ๋ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฒฐ๋จ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ์ฑ๋ฌด์ ํ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ฌด์๋ก ์ธํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ฐ์ฑ๊ถ, ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ฑ๋ฌด์๋ก ์ธํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋์ฐ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ทธ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด์ ํ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์๊ฐ ์ขํ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์๋ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ํ์
ํ๋ฉด ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฌ์ง์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ ์ธ ํ๋ก๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ์ ์ด(Contact), ๋
ธ์ถ(Exposure), ์ํฅ(Impact), ๊ธด๋ฐํจ(Privity) ๋ฑ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐฉ์ํด ๊ด๊ณ์ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ฒ๋ น์ ๋ชฉ์ , ๋น์ฉ์ ๋์๋๋ ์ด์ต์ ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ฑ๋ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๋จ์ ์์ผ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด์์ ๋ถ๋ฒํ์, ๋ถ๋น์ด๋์ ์์ ํ ํ์ฉํ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์ด๋, ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์ฑ๊ถ์์์ ์ ์ด ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ์ง ๋ชปํด ์๋ก์ด ์ฑ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๋น์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ถ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ๊ธํ์ฌ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ์ธ์ด ๋ถ๋ดํ ๋น์ฉ์ ํฌํจ๋๋๋ก ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์ฐ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ํจ์จ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ฒ ์งํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฅ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ์์ ์ด์ต์ ๋๋ณํ๋ ๋ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒฌํ๋๋ก ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฌ์์ ์ผ์ํํ์ฌ ์ฌํ ๋ณดํ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ฐ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ต์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ๋ น์ด ์ถฉ๋ํ ๋์, ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ฐํ๊ท์ ์ด ์ฐ์ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ฉด ๋์ง๋ง, ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋์ฐ๋ฒ์ ์ด๋
์ด ์ฐ์ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ
์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๋
ผ์ 8
์ 1 ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก 8
1. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 8
2. ์๋ฐฉ๋ฏธ์ดํ ์๋ฌด๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 9
์ 2 ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ก 12
1. ์์ค 12
2. ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 13
3. ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 34
์ 3 ์ ๊ฒํ 46
1. ์ฌ๋ก ์ ํ๋ณ ๊ฒํ 46
2. ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฐจ์์ ๊ฒํ 56
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋
ผ์ 60
์ 1 ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์ฐ๋ฒ ๊ฐ๊ด 60
์ 2 ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก 64
1. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 64
2. ์๋ฐฉ๋ฏธ์ดํ ์๋ฌด๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 70
์ 3 ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ก 73
1. ์์ค 73
2. ๊ฐ๋ณ ์ฌ๋ก 73
์ 4 ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 88
1. ์ ๋ฆฌ 88
2. ์์ฌ์ 92
์ 4 ์ฅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ผ์ 94
์ 1 ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ฐ๋ฒ ๊ฐ๊ด 94
์ 2 ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก 98
1. ํ๋ก 98
2. ํ์ค 101
์ 3 ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ก 105
1. ์์ค 105
2. ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 106
3. ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 124
์ 4 ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 136
1. ์ ๋ฆฌ 136
2. ์์ฌ์ 141
์ 5 ์ฅ ์ข
ํฉ์ ๊ฒํ 143
์ 1 ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ชจ์ 143
1. ์์ค 143
2. ๋
ผ์์ ์ถ 144
3. ๋์ฐ๋ฒ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ต์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฒ๋ น๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 148
4. ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๋ฌธ์ 150
5. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๊ธฐ์ค ์ค์ 152
6. ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋์ 170
7. ์๊ฒฐ 178
์ 2 ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ณ ํด๊ฒฐ 179
1. ์์ค 179
2. ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 179
3. ๋น๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก 187
์ 6 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 195
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 199
Abstract 208Maste
Development of an Effective Path-Planning for Dynamic Environment
MasterThis study proposes an effective hierarchical path-planning for dynamic environment. To adapt proposed framework, we present the structure of hierarchical navigation system with modified Rapidly exploring Random Tree(RRT) and A*. The A* algorithm generate way-point. And then, modified RRT connects way-point with sensing a dynamic environment. To improve a driving condition, we modified the RRT adding a average filter and B-spline interpolation. Additionally, we used multi-thread based RRT to overcome the RRT limitation. It can improve a limitation of single algorithm, user's comfortable, and driving path. Through several simulation, we evaluate the proposed algorithm. As a result, this algorithm shows a stable path-planning performance
่พฒๅไธญๅคฎๆ ๆๆ็ตฆ ๅถๅบฆ์ ๊ดํ ็ก็ฉถ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ํ์ ๋ํ์ :ํ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ ์ฑ
ํ์ ๊ณต,2003.Maste
Clinical evaluation of urine as a specimen for tuberculosis diagnosis
์์๋ช
๊ณผํ์ ๊ณต/์์ฌ๊ฒฐํต์ ์ต๊ทผ๊น์ง๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ํ ๊ณต์ค๋ณด๊ฑดํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ผ์ฑ ์งํ์ ํ๋์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์์์์ ํ์ค๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฐํต ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ด์ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์ธ ๊ฒฐํต์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ด์ ์ ๋ฑ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ก์ด๋ ์๋ณ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒฐํต๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์์์ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ์ค ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ํด ์ ์(30 ๋ช
) ํน์ ๊ฒฐํต(56 ๋ช
)์ผ๋ก ์ง๋จ๋ฐ์ ์ด 86 ๋ช
์ ์๋ณ์ ์์งํ์ฌ ํจ์๋ฉด์ญ์ธก์ ๋ฒ (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay : ELISA)๊ณผ ์ค์๊ฐ ์คํฉํจ์ ์ฐ์๋ฐ์ (real-time polymerase chain reaction:PCR)์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ELISA๋ mycobacteria ํน์ด ๋ค๋น๋ฅ ํญ์์ธ lipoarabinomannan(LAM)์ ๊ฒ์ถํ๋ ๊ฒฐํต๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ ์์ธ์ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋์์ ์์ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์จ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, 56 ๋ช
์ ๊ฒฐํตํ์ ์ค 1 ๋ช
์ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด์์ ์์ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํํธ ๊ฐ๋ด ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒฐํต๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ์์์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ 3 ์ข
๋ฅ์ real-time PCR ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํต๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒฐํต์ง๋จ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ ํคํธ๊ฐ ์ ์์ธ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ํน์ด๋๊ฐ 100%์ ๋ฌํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๊ฒฐํตํ์์ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ก๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.4%, 17.8%, 51.8%์ ์์ฑ์จ์ ๋ํ๋ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณผ ๋, ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐํต๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํต์ ํ์งํ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ค๋์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฑ์ทจํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ณ ๊ฒ์ฒด์ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ถ์์๋ฌผํ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.ope
Studies on the intradermal reaction with the fraction of ascaris lumbricoides.
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
[์๋ฌธ]
INTRODUCTION
The studies on allergic reaction with the substances of Ascaris lumbricoides have long been studied by various workers; Conventry(1929), Campbell(1736), Sakei(1949), Miya-kawa(1950), Ikeda(1952), Matsumoto and Imawari(1952), Morishita and Kobayashi(1953, 1954), Komiyayama(1954) and Yamamoto(1956).
Campbell(1936) and some other workers reported that the polysaccharides from ascaris produced the stronger intradermal reactions than protein fraction, though Yamamoto(1954)and others found the reverse results. On the other hand, Hosotani(1954) reported that the crude antigen or mixed antigen with polysaccharide and protein fraction of the ascaris produced the strongest skin reaction than with the other single fraction.
As are shown in above reports, the intensity of the allergic reaction with the substances from ascaris is still remained under dispute. The reason might be due to the difference of the method of preparation, technique and evaluation.
The aim of the present study is to elucidate the intensity of allergic reactivity of protein and polysaocharide fraction and mixed substance of the two fractions and crude antigen of Ascars's lumbricoides.
METERIALS AHD HTHODS
A. Intradermal Test
1, Human Experiment
The intradermal test was performed on several groups of people.
A: Ascaris iumbricoides egg Positive cases among adult ages.
B: Ascaris lumbricoides egg negative cases but who bad doubtful symptom.
C: Ascaras iumbricoides egg negative cases but who had past history of ascaris infection
D: Ascaris iumbricoides egg negative cases and aged 3-8months old.
2. Animal Experiment .
Same breeds of 6 dogs were raised in cages of laboratory for 6 months. During the period, special attention was paid to keep them in parasite free condition. The bodyweight was 10kg in average.
B. Antigens
The adult worms of Ascaris lumbricoides, which were obtained during laparotomy, were first washed with sterilized saline solution. Each ascaris was placed in 50m1 of saline solution and kept in 37โ incubator for 24 hours. Among of them, the active one was selected and put to sudden freeze at -70โ for 20 hours. The whole body was powdered in a dried condition and kept it in ampoule at -4โ.
a) Crude antigen
The ether extract of powdered Ascaris lumbricoides were metaled by adding veronal buffer solution (1:100) and kept in icebox fur 48 hours. The suspension was dilated with veronal buffer solution in the ratio of 1:10,000.
b) Protein antigen
This antigen was prepared by Chaffee's modified methods and ammonium sulfate extraction method.
c) Polysaccharide antigen
Chaffee's modified method and ethanol extraction method were applied.
d) Mixed antigen
The same amount of preparation of protein and polysaccharide antigen were mixed.
C. Intradermal test
1. The intradermal test
0.02m1 of antigen was injected on the anterior surface of the forearm in human and on the back in animal, with tuberclin syringe. The criteria of the skin reaction were deter-mined as follows; wheal: -; 0-4mm, ยฑ;5-7mm, +; 8-9mm, โ; 10-llmm, ; 12-l3mm, ; over 14mm, in diameter. and erythema: -; 0-8mm, ยฑ 9-2Omm, +: 21-32mm, โ,33-44mm, ; 45-56mm, ; over 57mm, in diameter.
D. Stool examination
All the stool examination was done by formalin-ether concentration (M.G.L.) method. E.P.G. (egg per gram) was also determined by Stoll's e99 counting method.
RESULT
The intradermal reaction after the injection of each antigen was observed at 15, 30, 60 minutes and 3, 24 hours. In 58 ascariasis cases, the peak of wheal was appeared at 30 minute; 93.0% with the crude antigen, 15.5% with the mixed antigen,
10.3% with the protein antigen, but all were negative in the polysaccharide antigen.
The erythema reaction paralleled, in genaral, to the wheal; 75.8% at 15 minutes, 72.5% at 30 minutes and 48.3% at 60 minutes, with the crude antigen. Only 3.4% showed erythema at 15, 30, and 60 minutes in the case of mixed antigen, and 1.7% of positive was appeared at 30 minutes in the case of protein antigen, but none was observed in the polysaccharide antigen. The wheal and erythema revealed
correlationship each other.
Both of them showed 65.5% positive boundary in the case of crude antigen. Generally, the crude antigen resulted the highest and strongest reaction than the other fractions; the mixed, protein and polysaccharide in decreasing order.
In adult age group, who showed egg negative at the time of injection, 81.5% were positive in skin reaction with the crude antigen, and 88.6% in the group who complained doubtful symptom hut egg negative. In the group who had past history of ascaris infection showed 66.6% positive and none in the egg negative infant group with the same crude antigen.
The wheal size was not always paralleled with the worm burden.
The cross reaction with the antigen from Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis was examined by the intradermal test. There was no cross reaction between the two antigen.
The infected dog with Toxocara cams showed positive reaction by the crude antigen of same species, but not by the human species.
Experimentally, the positive skin reaction was appeared only by the crude antigen at four weeks after the infection of Toxocara cams.
CONCLUSION
The intradermal studies with the fraction of Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis were performed to human and dog, and the following results were observed.
1) Wheal and erythema were appeared in the cases of ascaris infection or who had past history, but not in the ascaris free before.
2) The size of wheal reached to peak 30 minutes after the injection.
3) The crude antigen had specificity and showed no cross reaction.
4) The crude antigen caused the strongest and largest reaction than the other substances; protein, polysaccharide and the mixed antigen. No cutaneous reaction was observed with the fraction of polysaccharide.
5) The size of wheal did not paralleled with the worm burden.
6) The skin reaction was appeared four weeks after the infecion.restrictio
(The) effects of desensitizing agents and tooth brushing dentin permeability, in vitro
์น์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฆ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋์ด์ง๋ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ์ ๋ง๋ชจ์ ๋ํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์์ง๊น์ง ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง ์์๋ค.
์ด์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๋ํฌ ํ ์นซ์์ง์ ์ํ ๋ง๋ชจ๊ฐ ์์์ง ํฌ๊ณผ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์์ด ์๋ ์น์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ 1ใ๋๊ป์ ์น๊ด๋ถ ์์์ง ๋์คํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ ๋ค์, Pashely๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ํ ์คํ๋ฆฟ ์ฑ๋ฒ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ Gluma, Seal & Protect, All-Bond 2, MS Coat์ 4์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ณผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ํ, 1์ฃผ(140ํ), 2์ฃผ(280ํ), 6์ฃผ(840ํ)์ ํด๋นํ๋ ์นซ์์ง์ ์ ์ฉํ ํ์ ์ธก์ ํ hydraulic conductance์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ ์ ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ์ง๊ณผ ์์ ํ ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ์ง์ ๋น๊ต, ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฐ์์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ hydraulic conductance๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
2. Gluma, Seal & Protect, All-Bond 2์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ํธ ์์๋ 1์ฃผ(140ํ), 2์ฃผ(280ํ)์ ์นซ์์ง์ ์ํํ ํ์ ์์์ง ํฌ๊ณผ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋, 6์ฃผ(840ํ)์ ์นซ์์ง์ ์ํํ ํ์๋ ์คํ๋ ค ์์์ง ํฌ๊ณผ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
3. MS Coat๋ ์นซ์์ง์ ํ์์๋ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ์นซ์์ง์ ์ํํ ํ์๋ ์ ์์ฑ์๊ฒ ์์์ง ํฌ๊ณผ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค.
4. ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ ์ ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์์ ํ ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ์ง ๊ด์ฐฐ์์๋ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ ์์ ์ธ๊ด์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ ์์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, MS Coat๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋๋จธ์ง 3์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ํธ์์๋ ์นซ์์ง์ ์ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์๋ ๋๋ง์ธต์ด ์์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ์ ์์์ธ๊ด์ ํ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง๋ชจ๋ก ์ธํด ์์์ธ๊ด์ ํ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฏ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ ์น๋ฃํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น์ ๋ก ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฆ์์ ์ํ์ํจ ํ, ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ํ ์นซ์์ง์ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ ์ฆ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊พํ์ฌ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋, ํฅํ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ณด๋ค ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฒ์น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ฒ์น์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Desensitizing agents are commonly used in tooth sensitivity but their effects are often for a short duration. One of the reasons is believed to be wear of desensitizing agent although it has been rarely studied.
To study the effect of dentin permeability on a tooth with wear from tooth brushing after application of desensitizing agent, extracted teeth free from caries were chosen. Coronal dentin discs with thickness of 1mm were prepared. Using the split chamber device developed by Pashely, hydraulic conductance, scanning electron microscope images(SEM) and atomic force microscope images(AFM) were compared and contrasted before and immediately after the application of desensitizing agent and after equivalent tooth brushing of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks. Four commercially available desensitizing agents were used in this study; they were Gluma, Seal & Protect, All-Bond 2 and MS Coat. The results of this study are as follows.
1. On all specimens, the hydraulic conductance decreased after the application of tooth desensitizing agent.
2. Except the specimens treated with MS Coat, the remaining specimens had an increase in dentin permeability after tooth brushing for 1 and 2 weeks but a decrease after 6 weeks.
3. The specimens treated with MS Coat had statistically significant increase in the dentin permeability regardless with the duration of tooth brushing.
4. On examination of SEM and AFM, the dentinal tubule diameter had decreased after treatment of desensitizing agents. The specimens other than those treated with MS Coat, smear layers were noted after tooth brushing. It is not always consistant but the hydraulic conductance correlated with the images from SEM and AFM.
Reflecting the above results, the effect of desensitizing agent in tooth sensitivity from obstructing dentinal tubules is temporary. The dentinal sensitivity should therfore be treated initially with a desensitizing agent but followed by tooth brushing for a prolonged management.ope