Assessment the Applicability of Lightweight Air-Trapped Soil for the Abutment Backfill

In this study, the numeral analysis has been conducted to verify the effect on behavior of abutment and under ground when Lightweight Air-trapped soil(ATS) is applied as abutment backfill. When the structure is installed on soft ground, because of trait change of ground, damage of subsidence of ground happens frequently before or after the construction. Especially, when the backfill of the structures such as abutment and retaining wall is conducted, as the lateral load acts on the piles top in abutment, with the piles, horizontal shifting of abutment happen so that the structural destruction of foundation happens. The light weight method is commonly used in the reinforcement methods that the weight of embankment material is being light so the ground is stabilized. EPS construction method is mostly used but because of characteristic of material, there are many problems such as long-term creep and settlement. To supplementing these problems, many researches have been conducted on ATS method which is a material mixing of air bubbles with the result of fluidization of compound of water and cement. However, until now there is little research on its field application domestically. Therefore, the numeral analysis is conducted to evaluate the applicability of abutment backfill of ATS. To identify the effect of an amount of ATS used, the reciprocal difference is analyzed by varying the slope(1:S) and distance(B/H). With this condition, the horizontal displacement on the upper abutment and the point in pile top, and horizontal displacement of the concept of inclinometer on the surface settlement and abutment backfill are calculated. By the results of numeral analysis, it can be found that when the ATS is used as an abutment backfill, horizontal displacement and settlement are remarkably decreased even more than applying the soil. In addition, when embankment was done with a soil, settlement rapidly was happened at the abutment joint part, but, on the applying section of ATS, the settlement gently was occurred. With these results, It can be concluded that applying ATS is effective to control horizontal shifting of abutment and minimize the settlement. And it is expected that trafficability on the joint part with the abutment is satisfactory. Upon the variations on the slope(1:S) and distance(B/H), the influence on the abutment and under ground are varied so that when the ATS is used in construction field, it must be applied according to the environmental condition of construction fieldconstructability, economic, etc. This thesis is only the result of numeral analysis, based on theoretical interpretation method, so conducting laboratory test and field test is needed to suggest the applicability of design criterion for the optimum capacity to apply ATS for field.목 차 목차 ⅰ List of Tables ⅲ List of Figures ⅳ Abstract ⅵ 제 1 장 서론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 목적 및 범위 2 제 2 장 경량성토공법 4 2.1 경량성토공법의 종류 4 2.2 EPS 공법 5 2.2.1 개요 5 2.2.2 특성 5 2.2.3 적용분야 7 2.2.4 공학적 특성 7 2.3 경량기포혼합토 공법 15 2.3.1 개요 15 2.3.2 공학적 특성 20 2.3.3 현장 적용 사례 및 문제점 29 2.4 경량기포토 공법 34 2.4.1 개요 34 2.4.2 필요성 37 2.4.3 역학적 특성 37 제 3 장 경량기포토의 교대 뒷채움재 적용성 해석 44 3.1 해석프로그램 44 3.2 해석방법 및 내용 44 3.2.1 해석대상단면 및 적용 지반정수 44 3.2.3 해석방법 46 3.2.2 해석종류 49 3.3 해석결과 49 3.3.1 타설경사 56 3.3.2 타설거리 65 제 4 장 결론 65 참고문헌 67 감사의 글 6

오리나무의 화학성분 및 지방세포형성 억제활성

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 약학과(생약학전공), 2012. 8. 성상현.Obesity causes many health problems and is known to be associated with an excessive growth of adipocyte mass tissue by increasing the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes. The inhibition of adipogenesis has been considered as an effective treatment for obesity. In the course of searching for anti-adipogenic drug condidates from nature sources using 3T3-L1 cells, it was found that the 80 % MeOH extract of Alnus japonica Steud. fruits, Alnus hirsuta Turcz. var. sibirica (Spach) H. Ohba leaves, Alnus firma Sieb. et Zucc. barks (Betulaceae) showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation. These Alnus species has been used for hemorrhage, burn injuries, anti-pyretic fever, diarrhea, and alcoholism in traditional Korean medicine. The various types of plant secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannin, phenols, steroids, and diarylheptanoids have been reported from Alnus species. In the present study, thirty five diarylheptanoids, ten flavonoids, nine tannins, seven triterpenoids, five phenolic compounds and two sterols were isolated by the bioactivity-guided isolation over three Alnus species. Among the compounds AJ1, AJ2, AJ12, AJ37, AJ41, AH2, and AF19 were newly reported from the nature. Among these compounds, diarylheptanoids showed the most significant anti-differentiation effect than other on 3T3-L1 cells. These results showed that the presence of carbonyl group at C-3 in heptane chain is an important structural determinant for the activity, and additions of hydroxyl group in benzene ring and substitution of glucosyl moiety, α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety also affect their biological activity. Compounds AJ9, AJ10, and AJ13 showed much better potent activity than other diarylheptanoids and induced the down-regulation of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and leptin gene as well as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) genes. Compounds AJ9 and AJ10 also inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), steroyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), target gene of lipogenesis, while compound AJ13 slightly affected these genes. In addition, compounds AJ9, AJ10, and AJ13 promoted lipolysis on mature adipocyte. The measurement of cell proliferation on 3T3-L1 cells revealed that compounds which showed potent anti-differentiation activity effectively decreased preadipocytes proliferation. Among them, compounds AF17-19, lupane type triterpenoids, showed the most anti-proliferative activity in concentration-dependent manner and decreased cell viability through inducing apoptosis. Consequently, the present study suggests that various constituents isolated from three Alnus species prove beneficial for decreasing adipose tissue volume, targeting different stages of the adipocyte life cycle.Abstract i Contents iii List of schemes vii List of tables vii List of figures ix List of abbreviations xiv I. Introduction 1 II. Materials and methods 22 1. Isolation of bioactive constituents from three Alnus species 22 1.1. Material 22 1.1.1. Plant 22 1.1.2. Reagents for isolation and purification 23 1.2. Equipments 23 1.3. Methods 25 1.3.1. Extraction and fractionation of A. japonica 25 1.3.2. Isolation of compounds from CHCl3 and n-BuOH fractions 26 1.3.3. Extraction and fractionation of A. hirsuta var. sibirica 29 1.3.4. Isolation of compounds from EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions 30 1.3.5. Extraction and fractionation of A. firma 32 1.3.6. Isolation of compounds from 90 % MeOH and EtOAc fractions 33 1.3.7. Preparation of (S)-MTPA ester and (R)-MTPA ester 88 1.3.8. General acid hydrolysis 89 2. Evaluation of anti-adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 cells 90 2.1. Materials 90 2.1.1. Reagents for cell cultures 90 2.2. Methods 90 2.2.1. Cell culture and Adipocyte differentiation 90 2.2.2. Oil Red O staing 91 2.2.3. Determination of GPDH Activity. 91 2.2.4. Measurement of inhibitory activity on cell proliferation. 92 2.2.5. Evaluation for caspase-3/7 activity 92 2.2.6. Western blot 93 2.2.7. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR 93 2.3. Statistical analysis 95 III. Result and discussion 96 1. Identification of chemical structure of compounds isolated from three Alnus species 96 1.1. Compound AJ1 96 1.2. Compound AJ2 101 1.3. Compounds AJ3-6 104 1.4. Compound AH1 108 1.5. Compound AH2 111 1.6. Compound AH3 115 1.7. Compounds AH6, AJ9, AJ10, and AF5 118 1.8. Compounds AH9 and AJ11 122 1.9. Compound AJ12 124 1.10. Compounds AH11, AJ13-15, and AF7 127 1.11. Compounds AJ16, AJ17, and AJ18 130 1.12. Compounds AH14, AH15, AJ19, and AH16 133 1.13. Compounds AH17 and AF10-12 136 1.14. Compound AH21 138 1.15. Compounds AJ30-36 139 1.16. Compound AJ37 145 1.17. Compound AJ38 148 1.18. Compounds AJ39-41 149 1.19. Compound AJ42 157 1.20. Compounds AF13-16 157 1.21. Compounds AF17-19 161 2. Antiprolieferative activities of total extract, fractions, and the compounds isolated from three Alnus species on 3T3-L1 cells 174 2.1. Inhibiory activity of total extract and fractions of three Alnus species on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells 175 2.2. Inhibiory activity of compounds isolated from three Alnus species on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells 177 2.3. Anti-adipogenic activities of compounds AJ2, AJ9, AJ10, and AJ13 on 3T3-L1 cells 181 2.3.1. Effects of compounds AJ2, AJ9, AJ10, and AJ13 on adipokine gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells 181 2.3.2. Effects of compounds AJ9, AJ10, and AJ13 on adipocyte differentiation against PPARγ agonist, troglitazone. 183 2.3.3. Effects of AJ9 on phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC during 3T3-L1 differentiation 183 2.3.4. Determination of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) Activity. 184 2.4. Lipolytic activities of compounds on 3T3-L1 cells 191 2.5. Effect of compounds isolated from three Alnus species on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation. 193 IV. Conclusion 198 V. References 202 국문초록 215Docto

Sarcopenia increases the risk of major organ or vessel invasion in patients with papillary thyroid cancer

While sarcopenia is associated with poor overall survival and cancer-specific survival in solid cancer patients, the impact of sarcopenia on clinicopathologic features that can influence conventional papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) prognosis remains unclear. To investigate the impact of sarcopenia on aggressive clinicopathologic features in PTC patients, prospectively collected data on 305 patients who underwent surgery for PTC with preoperative staging ultrasonography and bioelectrical impedance analysis were retrospectively analyzed. Nine sarcopenia patients with preoperative sarcopenia showed more patients aged 55 or older (p = 0.022), higher male proportion (p < 0.001), lower body-mass index (p = 0.015), higher incidence of major organ or vessel invasion (p = 0.001), higher T stage (p = 0.002), higher TNM stage (p = 0.007), and more tumor recurrence (p = 0.023) compared to the non-sarcopenia patients. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that sarcopenia (odds ratio (OR) 9.936, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.052-48.111, p = 0.004), tumor size (OR 1.048, 95% CI 1.005-1.093, p = 0.027), and tumor multiplicity (OR 3.323, 95% CI 1.048-10.534, p = 0.041) significantly increased the risk of T4 cancer. Sarcopenia patients showed significantly lower disease-free survival probability compared to non-sarcopenia patients. Therefore, preoperative sarcopenia in PTC patients should raise clinical suspicion for a more locally advanced disease and direct appropriate management and careful follow-up.ope

Using ultrasonographic features to predict the outcomes of patients with small papillary thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective study implementing the 2015 ATA patterns and ACR TI-RADS categories

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether risk stratification systems using ultrasonographic (US) features show associations with the outcomes of patients with small papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Methods: This retrospective study received institutional review board approval. From March 2007 to February 2010, 775 patients who underwent surgery for small PTCs (10-20 mm) were included. Based on preoperative US features, PTCs were categorized according to the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline and the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS). The associations of clinicopathological and US features with postoperative patient outcomes were evaluated. Results: In total, 61 patients had high-volume central lymph node metastasis (CLNM, 7.9%) and 100 patients had lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM, 12.9%). In univariable analyses, a high number of suspicious US features and higher ACR TI-RADS point totals were significantly associated with both high-volume CLNM (P=0.001, each) and LLNM (P<0.001, each). In multivariable analyses of preoperative features, a higher number of suspicious US features and higher ACR TI-RADS point totals were independently associated with high-volume CLNM (odds ratio [OR], 1.516 and 1.201; P=0.002 and P=0.001, respectively) and LLNM (OR, 1.763 and 1.293; all P<0.001). Individual US features, ATA categories, and ACR TI-RADS point totals were not significantly associated with recurrence or distant metastasis. Conclusion: The number of suspicious US features and the ACR TI-RADS point total are potential risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with small PTCs.ope

Significance of political history surrounding the construction of the royal palace during the reign of Whyo-Myeong seja King HeonJong

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국사학과,2007.Maste

Analysis on the relation between the cultural amenity and the regional economic development

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 정책학과, 2011.8. 임도빈.Maste

사회운동조직간의 연대 형성과 변화에 관한 연구 : 일본군 `위안부`문제 해결을 위한 운동을 중심으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회학과,1998.Maste

Fatigue Life Assessment of a Container ship for Stowage plan

선박의 피로 수명 평가는 선박이 일생 동안 받는 동적 하중이 선체 구조에 응력을 발생시킬때 응력 집중부에 누적된 피로 손상으로 인한 파단의 시점을 예측하는 것이다. 선박의 피로 수명를 평가하기 위해서는 선박이 일생 동안 받는 응력 사이클 분포를 예측할 필요가 있다. 따라서 S-N 선도 뿐만 아니라 파도에 의한 동적 하중을 얻기 위한 내항성능 해석과 응력 전달 함수를 구하기위한 선체 구조 해석이 요구된다. 또한, 선박의 적재 조건 및 해상 상태와 같은 운항적인 요소도 이해할 필요가 있다. 각 선급들마다 피로 수명 평가 절차서가 잘 마련되어 있어 선종별 운항 특성을 고려한 합리적인 피로 해석이 수행되고 있다. 하지만, 컨테이너선의 경우 선종의 특성상 화물로 인한 중량 분포가 매 정박지마다 임의로 변하기 때문에, 실제 화물의 적재 조건을 고려하기 어렵다. 화물의 중량 분포는 피로 손상의 주요 요인이 되는 선체 거더 하중과 관련이 있으나 설계 단계에서는 균일 중량 화물을 사용한 Scantling draft 하중 조건에서 보수적인 피로 손상으로 선박의 피로 수명을 평가하는 것이 일반적이다. 본 연구에서는 컨테이너 선박의 화물 중량 분포가 피로 수명에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해서 스펙트럴 피로 해석을 이용하여 적화 계획에 따른 다양한 하중 조건에서 Hatch coaming 상단의 피로 수명을 평가하였다. 화물의 중량 분포를 고려한 적화 계획에 따라 컨테이너선의 피로 수명이 관리될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서, 만약 선박의 적화계획이 피로 수명이 증가되는 방향으로 수립된다면 화물의 배치만으로 선박의 구조 건전성을 증대 시킬 수 있을 것이다.Fatigue life assessment is the analysis that estimates the time to crack initiation in the stress concentration area by the fatigue damage accumulation as the dynamic load that a ship experiences during its lifetime generates the stress in the hull structure. To estimate the fatigue life of the ship structure, it is necessary to predict the stress cycle distribution that a ship is expected to experience during its lifetime. So, seakeeping analysis to determine wave-induced dynamic load and structural analysis for stress transfer function as well as S-N curve are required. In addition, it is necessary to understand the ship’s operational factors such as the loading conditions and sea states. Each classification has its procedures for fatigue life assessment, so that reasonable fatigue analysis is being performed considering the operational characteristic according to ship’s type. However, in the case of a container ship, since the weight distribution by the cargo changes arbitrarily in every port of call, it is difficult to consider the actual loading conditions. The weight distribution of cargo is related to the hull girder load which is a major factor in fatigue damage, but It is common to estimate the fatigue life of a container ship under the scantling draft loading condition using the homogeneous cargo weight at the design stage, which is resulting in conservative fatigue damage. In this study, the fatigue life of hatch coamings was calculated using spectral fatigue analysis under the various loading conditions considering a stowage plan to see the impact of the weight distribution on fatigue life in a container ship. It was found that the fatigue life of the container ship can be handled by the weight distribution of the cargo. Therefore, if the stowage plan of container ships is established in the direction of increasing the fatigue life, the structural integrity of ships would be increased only by arranging the cargo.1. 서 론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 방법 및 목적 3 2. 선박의 피로 해석 절차 6 2.1 선박의 피로 해석 절차 6 2.2 선종별 피로 해석 차이 7 2.2.1 선종을 고려한 해석 위치 7 2.2.2 화물의 형태에 따른 하중 변화 9 2.2.3 선종에 따른 운항 패턴 10 2.3 본 연구의 피로 해석 절차 11 3. 스펙트럴 피로 해석 12 3.1 선박의 제원 12 3.2 Numerical modelling 13 3.2.1 해석 위치 선정 13 3.2.1 Fine mesh 모델링 14 3.3 선박 중량 모델링 15 3.3.1 선체 중량 분포 생성 15 3.3.2 컨테이너 화물 모델링 절차 18 3.3.2 컨테이너 화물 모델링 프로그래밍 21 3.4 내항성능 해석 26 3.5 구조 해석 27 3.6 응력 전달 함수 29 3.6.1 Pressure mapping 29 3.6.2 응력 전달 함수 (Stress RAO) 30 3.7 파랑 하중 모델 31 3.8 피로 손상 계산 33 3.8.1 S-N 선도 33 3.8.2 선형 누적 피로 손상 34 3.8.3 피로 손상 모델 35 3.8.4 피로 손상 계산 37 4. 컨테이너선의 적화 계획을 고려한 하중 조건 39 4.1 컨테이너선의 적화 계획 이해 39 4.1.1 크기에 따른 고려사항 39 4.1.2 종류에 따른 고려사항 40 4.1.3 중량에 따른 고려사항 41 4.1.4 Visibility rule 준수사항 41 4.2 피로 해석 Case 선정 절차 43 4.2.1 적화 계획시 고려되는 선박 운항 지표 43 4.2.2 화물 적화 계획 절차 45 4.2.3 화물의 중량 배치시 고려사항 46 4.2.3.1 경하 중량에 따른 Trim 변화 47 4.2.3.2 경하 중량에 따른 정수중 굽힘 모멘트 변화 48 4.2.4 평형수 중량 모델링 49 4.2.5 피로 해석 Case 50 5. 적화 계획에 따른 피로 수명 평가 및 비교 55 5.1 피로 수명 해석 결과 55 5.1.1 Hatch coaming 구조의 피로 손상 55 5.1.2 하중 조건에 따른 피로 수명 평가 56 5.2 피로 수명과 운항 매개 변수의 관계 62 5.2.1 정적 하중에 의한 매개 변수와 피로 수명의 관계 62 5.2.1.1 정수중 굽힘 모멘트와 피로 수명의 관계 62 5.2.1.2 선박의 중량 제원과 피로 수명의 관계 64 5.2.1 동적 하중에 의한 매개 변수와 피로 수명의 관계 67 6. 결 론 76 참고문헌 78Maste

Murals in Northern Ireland: Visual Remark on Contemporary Political Situations

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 미술대학 협동과정 미술경영, 2021. 2. 김정희.Murals in Northern Ireland refers to gable wall paintings which have been painted in the North of Ireland from the first advent of the mural in 1908. Since the North of Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1922, more than 2,000 paintings have been painted. This study examines how murals have appeared as visual remarks on contemporary political situations in Northern Ireland and then deals with their impact on the society as well as the process of changes in their themes and styles. Most murals in Northern Ireland have been painted during the 40 years between the Troubles(1968-1998) and the peace process. The Troubles can be summarized as a bloody conflict between the British government and the Irish Republican Army(IRA), and between the IRA and the Loyalist paramilitary groups such as UVF and UDA. The conflict sometimes became a trilateral one because the British government also considered the Loyalist paramilitary groups an illegal organization. It was more of a religious-based territorial dispute than a religious war. Murals contain religious, ethnic and cultural ideologies which have been formed from the 17th century when both English and Scottish Protestants moved in Ireland and Irish Catholic natives struggled for survival. The main groups who painted murals are divided into two. One is Protestant Loyalists in the working-class. Loyalists have painted the image of William III on gable walls, who established the Protestant Ascendancy from the end of the 17th century in Ireland. When the political dispute over the independence of Ireland began in the early 20th century, Loyalist murals with the image of William III were a means of claiming their legitimacy of Ulster territory as well as their British identity. However, since the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985, they have painted their militaristic image armed with guns as a warning to Catholics residents. The way they opposed to the British government's political decision was to threaten Catholic communities. It can be said that the Loyalist murals in the 1980s reaffirmed that Protestants in Northern Ireland have had the mindset of invaders who occupied the Irish territories for more than three centuries. The other was the IRA and Republicans, mostly working-class Catholics, who painted murals as part of a struggle against political and economic discrimination on them in Northern Ireland. When the Troubles began in 1968, Republicans painted a graffiti-style mural indicating the territorial dispute between Protestants and Catholics resumed, and the IRA's military campaign began in earnest. The Republican murals, which soared in 1981 following the hunger strike of IRA prisoners, not only became an instrument for revealing British political repression but also played a role in exposing systematic discrimination against Catholics to Western society. Above all, the Republican murals painted in the 1990s extended the subject of murals to Irish history and culture, while maintaining their critical functions. The Troubles ended with the Good Friday Agreement between the UK and the Republic of Ireland in 1998, which increased the possibility of the unification of Ireland. Since 2004, the new power-sharing self-government of Northern Ireland have started mural projects to promote harmony between the Catholic community and the Protestant community. The government intended to exhibit political neutrality in terms of mural themes. However, murals funded by the government had limitations in reflecting the ideas of both Catholic and Protestant communities as well as expressing their identity. Above all, the government affected the mural theme. For example, the image of William III have reappeared in the government mural project, which can be an evidence showing that Protestant Ascendancy still exists in the new self-government. In 2021 the UK left EU and now the possibility of the united Ireland is rising. Murals in Northern Ireland will now need to pay attention to its value as a historical monument.통칭 북아일랜드 벽화는 1921년 이후의 북아일랜드와 그 이전 아일랜드 북부지역에 그려진 벽화를 의미한다. 이러한 의미의 첫 벽화가 1908년에 제작된 이후 2010년대까지 2천여 점이 제작되었다. 북아일랜드에서 벽화는 20세기 동시대의 정치적 사건에 대한 대응 방식의 하나로 제작되었지만, 종교, 언어와 민족이 다른 영국의 침략으로 인한 갈등이 근본적인 제작 배경이었다. 본 연구는 동시대의 정치적 상황에 대한 대응으로서의 벽화와 그 의미를 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 그리고 정치적 사건에 따라 벽화의 사회적 역할과 벽화의 주제 및 형식이 변화되는 과정을 살펴보고 있다. 아일랜드는 영국의 침략과 이주로 이주민들과 원주민들 사이에 분쟁이 끊이지 않았던 지역이다. 16세기 종교개혁 이후 개신교 국가가 된 영국은 가톨릭 영토인 아일랜드에 개신교를 전파하며 아일랜드를 정치적·경제적으로 종속시켰다. 특히 1921년 아일랜드 분할이 결정되면서 영국에 통합된 현재의 북아일랜드, 즉 아일랜드 북부 얼스터(Ulster)는 잉글랜드인과 스코틀랜드인이 17세기 초부터 이주하여 생존권을 놓고 아일랜드 원주민과 끊임없이 분쟁했던 지역이다. 북아일랜드 벽화의 대부분은 트러블(the Troubles, 1968-1998)로 불리는 북아일랜드 분쟁 기간과 이후 평화 정착기에 제작되었다. 트러블은 영국 정부와 아일랜드 공화국군(Irish Republican Army)인 IRA, 그리고 IRA와 로열리스트 준군사조직들(UVF, UDA 등) 간의 유혈 분쟁이었다. 영국 정부는 로열리스트 준군사조직 역시 불법 단체로 간주했기 때문에 이 둘 사이에도 분쟁이 있었다. 이들은 북아일랜드의 통치권을 놓고 싸웠고, 트러블 시기의 벽화 역시 통치권을 둘러싼 하나의 의사 표명 방식이었다고 볼 수 있다. 북아일랜드 벽화의 제작 주체는 크게 두 개의 축으로 나뉜다. 그 한 축은 개신교 노동자 계층인 로열리스트(Loyalist)로 불린다. 이들은 17세기부터 아일랜드 북부 얼스터에 정착한 영국 개신교 후손들이 북아일랜드 영토의 주인이라고 주장하는 근거를 다루고 있다. 로열리스트는 20세기 초 아일랜드 독립을 둘러싼 정치적 갈등이 발생했을 때 17세기 말 개신교 왕권을 확립한 윌리엄 3세(William Ⅲ)의 도상을 벽화로 그리며 얼스터 영토에 대한 정통성이 영국 정체성을 지닌 얼스터 개신교도에게 있다는 것을 표명하고자 했다. 그러나 로열리스트는 1985년의 앵글로-아이리시 협정(Anglo-Irish Agreement)으로 개신교도로서의 기득권을 잃을 위험에 처하자 가톨릭교도에 대한 경고의 의미로 총으로 무장한 자신들의 이미지를 벽화로 그렸다. 이들이 영국 정부의 정치적 결정에 대해 반대하는 방식은 가톨릭교도에 대한 공격이었고 이는 벽화에도 드러나 있다. 로열리스트 벽화는 북아일랜드 개신교도들이 아일랜드 영토를 3세기 이상 점유하고 있는 침략자라는 것을 다시 확인시켜주었다고 볼 수 있다. 벽화를 그린 다른 한 축은 IRA와 가톨릭 노동자 계층인 공화주의자(Republican)다. 이들은 북아일랜드 가톨릭교도에 대한 차별에 저항하고 아일랜드 통일을 위해 투쟁하면서 벽화를 제작했다. 공화주의자들은 트러블 초기인 1969년에 그라피티 형식의 벽화를 그리며 개신교도와 가톨릭교도 사이에 영토 분쟁이 재개된 것을 표명했다. 또한, 아일랜드 통일을 위한 IRA의 무장활동을 본격화했다. 1981년 IRA 수감자들의 단식투쟁을 계기로 급증한 공화주의 벽화는 가톨릭교도에 대한 영국 정부의 정치적 탄압과 제도적 차별을 서구사회에 폭로하는 역할을 했다. 무엇보다 1990년대 공화주의 벽화는 벽화의 주제를 아일랜드 고유의 역사와 문화로 확장하는 한편 사회 비판적 기능을 유지하고 있었다는 점에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 1998년 영국과 아일랜드 공화국은 성 금요일 협정(Good Friday Agreement)을 통해 북아일랜드 분쟁을 끝내기로 합의했다. 이후 영국 정부는 북아일랜드에 평화를 정착시키기 위한 정책을 시행하도록 했다. 그 결과, 2004년부터 북아일랜드 자치정부는 가톨릭 커뮤니티와 개신교 커뮤니티의 화합을 위해 벽화 교체 프로젝트를 시작하면서 무장조직들의 이미지를 벽에서 제거하도록 했다. 벽화를 제작한 주체는 예술위원회 협력단과 이들이 고용한 예술가들로 바뀌었고, 벽화 주제 역시 지역 역사 외에도 실업·건강·범죄와 같은 사회문제에 초점을 맞추면서 정치적 중립성을 지키도록 의도되었다. 그러나 정부의 벽화 교체 프로젝트는 가톨릭 거주민들과 개신교 거주민들의 생각을 반영하고 그들의 정체성을 표현하는 데 한계가 있었다. 무엇보다 정부가 벽화 주제를 통제하면서 벽화에 정부의 정치적 관점이 포함되었다는 비판을 받았다. 정부가 새로 제작한 벽화 도상들은 북아일랜드 사회에 개신교 우월주의가 여전히 존재한다는 것을 드러내고 있다. 분쟁이 완전히 종식되고 아일랜드 통일이 가까워진 브렉시트 이후의 상황에서 북아일랜드 벽화는 역사적 기념물로서의 가치에 더욱 주목할 필요가 있을 것이다.Ⅰ. 서론 1 1. 연구의 목적과 배경 1 2. 선행 연구 6 3. 논문의 구성 10 Ⅱ. 아일랜드 자치법안 통과(1914) 및 아일랜드 분할 이후의 벽화(1922-1980) 12 1. 아일랜드 북부 지역의 벽화의 등장 14 1) 얼스터 개신교 사회의 특징과 벽화의 등장 15 2) 얼스터 개신교 로열리스트의 벽화 제작 목적과 선택된 이미지 21 2. 북아일랜드 트러블(1968-1998)의 시작과 벽화 34 1) 가톨릭 시민권 운동과 공화주의 벽화의 등장 36 2) 개신교 준군사조직들의 창설과 로열리스트 벽화 전통의 쇠퇴 46 3) 노동당 정부 주도의 벽화 프로젝트(1977-1980) 56 Ⅲ. 단식투쟁 이후 정치적 격변기의 벽화(1981-2003) 64 1. 동시대의 정치적 사건과 벽화 주제 상의 변화 65 1) 단식투쟁(1981)과 저항의 표명으로서의 벽화 66 2) 앵글로-아이리시 협정(1985)과 벽화 양상 및 형식의 변화 80 3) 민족주의 신화화와 벽화 87 2. 대중적 주제의 등장과 벽화의 대중화 96 1) IRA와 UVF·UDA의 휴전 선언(1994)과 벽화의 대중화 97 2) 성 금요일 협정(1998)과 그에 대한 입장 표명으로서의 벽화 109 3) 벽화 주제의 확장: 실존 인물을 이용한 서사 118 Ⅳ. 정부 주도의 벽화 제작과 활용(2004- ) 123 1. 정부 주도의 벽화 교체 프로젝트 126 1) 문화유산으로의 벽화와 활용 127 2) 벽화 교체 프로젝트의 성과와 한계 131 2. 브렉시트와 북아일랜드 벽화 138 Ⅴ. 결론 145Docto

고종대 궁궐 내 현왕 어진봉안처의 변화와 ‘규장각’ 계승

King Sukjong(肅宗) was the first king to build the King’s portrait house. After that, the tradition of erecting the King’s portrait house continued with King Gojong(高宗). King Gojong wanted to rule directly against Heungseon Daewongun(興宣大院君). In the process, Geoncheonggung(乾淸宮) was built to enshrine the portraits of the king. Geoncheonggung was a building that advocated the succession of ‘Kyujanggak(奎章閣)’. ‘Kyujanggak’ was a building built by King Jeongjo(正祖) in the backyard of Changdeokgung(昌德宮) Palace to enshrine the records of the previous kings. King Jeongjo enshrined his portrait here. And the Kyujanggakshin(奎章閣臣) took care of them. ‘Kyujanggak’ also served as a king’s library. For this reason, King Jeongjo kept the latest books in Kyujanggak. Since then, Kyujanggak has grown into an organization for the reformation of King Jeongjo. King Gojong continued to build houses with the same characteristics as ‘Kyujanggak’ in Changdeokgung(昌德宮) Palace and Gyeongbokgung(景福宮) Palace. Gwanmungak(觀 文閣) and Jibokjae(集玉齋) were all houses that kept the portraits of the king. Also, these were the libraries that kept the latest books. King Gojong built Gwanmungak, a Western-style building, and Jibokjae, a Chinesestyle building. This showed King Gojong’s will to enlighten. In this way, the foreignstyle building that inherited ‘Kyujanggak’ connected the authority of the previous kings with the political orientation of King Gojong. Built during the Korean Empire(大韓帝國), Suokheon(漱玉軒) was the first Westernstyle building in Gyeongungung(慶運宮) Palace. This was also the building that succeeded ‘Kyujanggak’. Since then, many Western-style buildings have been built within Gyeongungung Palace. In addition, King Gojong enshrined a portrait of the emperor at the Punggyeonggung (豐慶宮) Palace in Pyongyang. The portrait of the emperor, produced in a traditional way, was enshrined in Pyongyang, a space that reveals the uniqueness of Korea through the history of Giza Joseon(箕子朝鮮). Through this, King Gojong wanted to have two capitals just like the modern western countries. In this way, King Gojong accepted the external form of Western civilization based on the tradition represented by the ‘Seonwang(先王)’. In this way, King Gojong wanted to show absolute imperial power. The king’s portrait and the building for the portrait symbolizes the king itself. From the time when King Gojong himself began to rule, he erected a building to enshrine his portraits. Through this, King Gojong showed his will to lead the operation of the state and for enlightenment. Even after the establishment of the Korean Empire, Gojong built the emperor’s portrait house. Through this, it was intended to show that the Korean Empire was equal to the modern Western state. At the same time, the people of the Korean Empire could see the divine emperor. However, fires continued to occur, politics was chaotic, and the international situation was unstable. However, Gojong built new buildings within the palace and built a new palace. Gojong continued to carry out civil works. It is difficult to say that this was an appropriate response to the crisis. Excessive attention and expense for the emperor's status only fueled national chaos in the end.이 논문은 2020년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구(NRF-2020 S1A5B5A17090048)이며, 필자의 박사학위논문(2021 고종대 궁궐 儀禮空間 정비의 지향 , 서울대학교 국사학과)의 2장 내용을 토대로 수정․보완한 것이다