285 research outputs found

    Diagnosing thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance cytology with the deep convolutional neural network

    Get PDF
    To compare the diagnostic performances of physicians and a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) predicting malignancy with ultrasonography images of thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS)/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) results on fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This study included 202 patients with 202 nodules β‰₯ 1 cm AUS/FLUS on FNA, and underwent surgery in one of 3 different institutions. Diagnostic performances were compared between 8 physicians (4 radiologists, 4 endocrinologists) with varying experience levels and CNN, and AUS/FLUS subgroups were analyzed. Interobserver variability was assessed among the 8 physicians. Of the 202 nodules, 158 were AUS, and 44 were FLUS; 86 were benign, and 116 were malignant. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the 8 physicians and CNN were 0.680-0.722 and 0.666, without significant differences (P > 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, the AUCs for the 8 physicians and CNN were 0.657-0.768 and 0.652 for AUS, 0.469-0.674 and 0.622 for FLUS. Interobserver agreements were moderate (k = 0.543), substantial (k = 0.652), and moderate (k = 0.455) among the 8 physicians, 4 radiologists, and 4 endocrinologists. For thyroid nodules with AUS/FLUS cytology, the diagnostic performance of CNN to differentiate malignancy with US images was comparable to that of physicians with variable experience levels.ope

    Three-dimensional radiomics of triple-negative breast cancer: Prediction of systemic recurrence

    Get PDF
    This paper evaluated 3-dimensional radiomics features of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as prognostic factors for predicting systemic recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and validated the results with a different MRI scanner. The Rad score was generated from 3-dimensional radiomic features of MRI for 231 TNBCs (training set (GE scanner), n = 182; validation set (Philips scanner), n = 49). The Clinical and Rad models to predict systemic recurrence were built up and the models were externally validated. In the training set, the Rad score was significantly higher in the group with systemic recurrence (median, -8.430) than the group without (median, -9.873, P < 0.001). The C-index of the Rad model to predict systemic recurrence in the training set was 0.97, which was significantly higher than in the Clinical model (0.879; P = 0.009). When the models were externally validated, the C-index of the Rad model was 0.848, lower than the 0.939 of the Clinical model, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.100). The Rad model for predicting systemic recurrence in TNBC showed a significantly higher C-index than the Clinical model. However, external validation with a different MRI scanner did not show the Rad model to be superior over the Clinical model.ope

    Annual Trends in Ultrasonography-Guided 14-Gauge Core Needle Biopsy for Breast Lesions

    Get PDF
    OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in ultrasonography (US)-guided 14-gauge core needle biopsy (CNB) for breast lesions based on the lesion size, Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category, and pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive US-guided 14-gauge CNBs performed from January 2005 to December 2016 at our institution. A total of 22,297 breast lesions were included. The total number of biopsies, tumor size (≀ 10 mm to > 40 mm), BI-RADS category (1 to 5), and pathologic findings (benign, high risk, ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS], invasive cancer) were examined annually, and the malignancy rate was analyzed based on the BI-RADS category. RESULTS: Both the total number of US scans and US-guided CNBs increased while the proportion of US-guided CNBs to the total number of US scans decreased significantly. The number of biopsies classified based on the tumor size, BI-RADS category, and pathologic findings all increased over time, except for BI-RADS categories 1 or 2 and category 3 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.951 per year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.902, 1.002 and odds ratio = 0.979, 95% CI: 0.970, 0.988, respectively). Both the unadjusted and adjusted total malignancy rates and the DCIS rate increased significantly over time. BI-RADS categories 4a, 4b, and 4c showed a significant increasing trend in the total malignancy rate and DCIS rate. CONCLUSION: The malignancy rate in the results of US-guided 14-gauge CNB for breast lesions increased as the total number of biopsies increased from 2005 to 2016. This trend persisted after adjusting for the BI-RADS category.ope

    Radiomics in predicting mutation status for thyroid cancer: A preliminary study using radiomics features for predicting BRAFV600E mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma

    Get PDF
    PURPOSE: To evaluate whether if ultrasonography (US)-based radiomics enables prediction of the presence of BRAFV600E mutations among patients diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcninoma (PTC). METHODS: From December 2015 to May 2017, 527 patients who had been treated surgically for PTC were included (training: 387, validation: 140). All patients had BRAFV600E mutation analysis performed on surgical specimen. Feature extraction was performed using preoperative US images of the 527 patients (mean size of PTC: 16.4mmΒ±7.9, range, 10-85 mm). A Radiomics Score was generated by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. Univariable/multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors including Radiomics Score in predicting BRAFV600E mutation. Subgroup analysis including conventional PTC <20-mm (n = 389) was performed (training: 280, validation: 109). RESULTS: Of the 527 patients diagnosed with PTC, 428 (81.2%) were positive and 99 (18.8%) were negative for BRAFV600E mutation. In both total 527 cancers and 389 conventional PTC<20-mm, Radiomics Score was the single factor showing significant association to the presence of BRAFV600E mutation on multivariable analysis (all P<0.05). C-statistics for the validation set in the total cancers and the conventional PTCs<20-mm were lower than that of the training set: 0.629 (95% CI: 0.516-0.742) to 0.718 (95% CI: 0.650-0.786), and 0.567 (95% CI: 0.434-0.699) to 0.729 (95% CI: 0.632-0.826), respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiomics features extracted from US has limited value as a non-invasive biomarker for predicting the presence of BRAFV600E mutation status of PTC regardless of size.ope

    The Influences of Individualized Learning Adapted to Students Conception and Small Group Learning Using Smart Devices in Secondary Chemistry Classes

    Get PDF
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ κ³Όν•™κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό, 2017. 8. λ…Ένƒœν¬.슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ— ν™œμš©ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‹œλ„κ°€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ 이루어지고 μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ³Όν•™ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ꡐ수 νš¨κ³Όμ™€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 학생듀 κ°„μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ β… μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό κ°œλ… 이해도, κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€, ν•™μ—… 성취도, ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ˜ ν•œ 남녀 곡학 쀑학ꡐ 1ν•™λ…„ 4개 ν•™κΈ‰(112λͺ…)을 ν†΅μ œ 집단과 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜κ³ , 7μ°¨μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ λΆ„μžμ˜ μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이원 κ³΅λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ κ°œλ… 검사, κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€ 검사, κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기 검사, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움 κ²€μ‚¬μ˜ μ μˆ˜κ°€ ν†΅μ œ 집단에 λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€(p<.01). ν•™μ—… 성취도 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ μ μˆ˜κ°€ ν†΅μ œ 집단보닀 λ†’μ•˜μœΌλ‚˜ κ·Έ 차이가 ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식도 긍정적인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 연ꡬ β…‘μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ 고등학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ μš©ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ 효과λ₯Ό ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν•™μ—… 성취도, κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ— μ†Œμž¬ν•œ 남녀 곡학 고등학ꡐ 2ν•™λ…„ 4개 ν•™κΈ‰(133λͺ…)을 ν†΅μ œ 집단과 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ 무선 λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ 방법은 ν˜‘λ ₯적 ν™œλ™μ§€ μž‘μ„±μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜μ—… μ²˜μΉ˜λŠ” μ‚°κ³Ό 염기와 쀑화 λ°˜μ‘μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 6μ°¨μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜μ—… 처치 ν›„, ν•™μ—… 성취도 검사, ν•™μŠ΅ 동기 검사, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„ 검사, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 검사λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이원 κ³΅λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, ν•™μ—… 성취도 검사 μ μˆ˜μ—μ„œ 사전 ν™”ν•™ μ„±μ·¨λ„μ™€μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€(p<.05). 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀이 μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 도움을 받을 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ Έμ„œ 성취도가 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆμ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€. ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„μ—μ„œ 처치 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ ꡐ정 평균이 ν†΅μ œ 집단에 λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€(p<.01). 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식도 긍정적인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이와 같은 연ꡬ β…‘μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— 따라 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯이 닀름을 보여주고, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 학생듀 κ°„μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 쑰사할 ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. 이에 연ꡬ β…’μ—μ„œλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 학생 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© μœ ν˜•μ„ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κ³ , 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 양상을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œμ˜ ν•œ 남녀 곡학 κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 이질적으둜 κ΅¬μ„±λœ 4개의 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨(고등학ꡐ 2ν•™λ…„ 16λͺ…)이 연ꡬ에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ λ…ΉμŒ 및 λ…Ήν™”ν•˜κ³  기둝 원고λ₯Ό μž‘μ„±ν•œ λ’€ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 학생듀 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ κ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ‹¨μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ 학생 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ€ 과제 κ΄€λ ¨ μ§„μˆ μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’μ•˜λŠ”λ°, 특히 정보 μ„€λͺ…, 정보 질문, κΈ°μ€€ λ°˜μ„±μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. λ°©ν–₯ μ„€λͺ…, κΈ°μ€€ λ°˜μ„± μ§„ν–‰μ—μ„œλŠ” 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€ μƒμœ„ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ§„μˆ  λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ , λ°©ν–₯ 질문, 정보 μ„€λͺ…μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ§„μˆ  λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©λ‹¨μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 지식 ꡬ성 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 쀑 λŒ€μΉ­μ  정ꡐ화 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ λΉˆλ„κ°€ κ°€μž₯ λ†’μ•˜λŠ”λ°, 특히 λˆ„μ ν˜•κ³Ό ν‰κ°€ν˜•μ΄ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 결둠적으둜 쀑등 ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 정보와 μ§€μ‹μ˜ 곡유λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ€ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인지적, μ •μ˜μ  츑면에 긍정적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀은 ν•™μŠ΅ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ κ²€ν•˜λŠ” 언어적 행동을 주둜 λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , 기쑴의 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀이 ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ£Όλ„ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” 달리 ν•˜μœ„ μˆ˜μ€€ 학생듀도 슀슀둜 정보λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³  μ œκ³΅ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 과제 해결에 적극적으둜 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ΄ μ‹€μ œ κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 효과적인 κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©λ²•μž„μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€.제 1 μž₯. μ„œ λ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 1 2. 연ꡬ 문제 7 3. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œμ  9 4. μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ˜ 11 제 2 μž₯. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½κ³Ό μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 12 1. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅ 12 1.1 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 12 (1) μ •λ³΄ν†΅μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ˜ λ°œμ „μ— λ”°λ₯Έ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©λ²•μ˜ λ³€ν™” 12 (2) λͺ¨λ°”일 λŸ¬λ‹κ³Ό 슀마트 λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ κ°œλ… 14 (3) 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό μœ ν˜• 20 (4) 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 26 1.2 κ³Όν•™ ꡐ윑과 슀마트 기기의 ν™œμš© 34 (1) κ³Όν•™ κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 34 (2) κ³Όν•™ κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš©μ˜ 효과적인 λ°©μ•ˆ 37 2. κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© 방법 40 2.1 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 40 2.2 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 46 3. μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ° ν™œμš© 방법 51 3.1 μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 51 3.2 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 52 제 3 μž₯. 쀑학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과 (연ꡬ β… ) 58 1. μ„œλ‘  58 2. 연ꡬ 방법 60 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 60 2.2 연ꡬ 단원 61 2.3 연ꡬ 섀계와 연ꡬ 절차 61 2.4 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ°œλ… 적응적 κ°œλ³„ν™” ν•™μŠ΅ 방법 64 2.5 검사 도ꡬ 72 2.6 뢄석 방법 74 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 74 3.1 톡계 뢄석을 μœ„ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ κ°€μ • κ²€ν†  74 3.2 κ°œλ… 이해도 및 κ°œλ… νŒŒμ§€μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 76 3.3 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 77 3.4 κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 78 3.5 κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 즐거움에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 80 3.6 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식 81 4. κ²°λ‘  82 제 4 μž₯. 고등학ꡐ ν™”ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 효과(연ꡬ β…‘) 84 1. μ„œλ‘  84 2. 연ꡬ 방법 86 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 86 2.2 연ꡬ 단원 87 2.3 연ꡬ 섀계와 연ꡬ 절차 87 2.4 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅ 방법 90 2.5 검사 도ꡬ 92 2.6 뢄석 방법 94 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 95 3.1 톡계 뢄석을 μœ„ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ κ°€μ • κ²€ν†  95 3.2 ν•™μ—… 성취도에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 97 3.3 κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅ 동기에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 99 3.4 κ³Όν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ νƒœλ„μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 효과 101 3.5 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 인식 102 4. κ²°λ‘  103 제 5 μž₯. 슀마트 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ κ³Όν•™ ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ ν•™μƒμ˜ 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© 뢄석(연ꡬ β…’) 105 1. μ„œλ‘  105 2. 연ꡬ 방법 107 2.1 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 107 2.2 연ꡬ 상황 108 2.3 연ꡬ 절차 109 2.4 뢄석 방법 112 (1) 언어적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ 뢄석 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 뢄석틀 112 (2) 자료 뢄석 방법 121 3. 연ꡬ 결과와 λ…Όμ˜ 122 3.1 κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ μ˜ 일반적 양상 122 3.2 사전 μ„±μ·¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ κ°œλ³„ μ§„μˆ μ˜ 양상 비ꡐ 124 3.3 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 양상 127 4. κ²°λ‘  129 제 6 μž₯. κ²°λ‘ κ³Ό μ œμ–Έ 131 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μš”μ•½ 131 2. κ²°λ‘ κ³Ό μ œμ–Έ 134 3. μΆ”ν›„ 연ꡬ 과제 135 μ°Έκ³  λ¬Έν—Œ 138 λΆ€ 둝 157 ABSTRACT 176Docto

    Diagnostic Value of CYFRA 21-1 Measurement in Fine-Needle Aspiration Washouts for Detection of Axillary Recurrence in Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients

    Get PDF
    Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value and threshold levels of cytokeratin fragment 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) washouts for detection of lymph node (LN) recurrence in postoperative breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods FNA cytological assessments and CYFRA 21-1 measurement in FNA washouts were performed for 64 axillary LNs suspicious for recurrence in 64 post-operative breast cancer patients. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of FNA cytology and follow-up data over at least 2 years. The concentration of CYFRA 21-1 was compared between recurrent LNs and benign LNs. Diagnostic performance and cut-off value were evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Regardless of the non-diagnostic results, the median concentration of CYFRA 21-1 in recurrent LNs was significantly higher than that in benign LNs (p < 0.001). The optimal diagnostic cut-off value was 1.6 ng/mL. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of CYFRA 21-1 for LN recurrence were 90.9%, 100%, 100%, 98.1%, and 98.4%, respectively. Conclusion Measurement of CYFRA 21-1 concentration from ultrasound-guided FNA biopsy aspirates showed excellent diagnostic performance with a cut-off value of 1.6 ng/mL. These results indicate that measurement of CYFRA 21-1 concentration in FNA washouts is useful for the diagnosis of axillary LN recurrence in post-operative breast cancer patients.ope

    Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules: Performance of a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network Model vs. Radiologists

    Get PDF
    Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems hold potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid ultrasound (US). We aimed to develop a deep learning-based US CAD system (dCAD) for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules and compare its performance with those of a support vector machine (SVM)-based US CAD system (sCAD) and radiologists. dCAD was developed by using US images of 4919 thyroid nodules from three institutions. Its diagnostic performance was prospectively evaluated between June 2016 and February 2017 in 286 nodules, and was compared with those of sCAD and radiologists, using logistic regression with the generalized estimating equation. Subgroup analyses were performed according to experience level and separately for small thyroid nodules 1-2 cm. There was no difference in overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and accuracy (all p > 0.05) between radiologists and dCAD. Radiologists and dCAD showed higher specificity, PPV, and accuracy than sCAD (all p < 0.001). In small nodules, experienced radiologists showed higher specificity, PPV and accuracy than sCAD (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, dCAD showed overall comparable diagnostic performance with radiologists and assessed thyroid nodules more effectively than sCAD, without loss of sensitivity.ope

    Associations between Bethesda categories and tumor characteristics of conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma

    Get PDF
    PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of Bethesda categories III, V, and VI with the clinical and pathological features of thyroid nodules surgically confirmed as conventional papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). METHODS: We analyzed 1,990 consecutive patients diagnosed with conventional PTC at surgery with preoperative Bethesda categories III, V, or VI. We determined the odds ratio (ORs) of the clinical and pathological variables associated with categories III and V, using category VI as the reference. RESULTS: Category III and V PTCs had a smaller pathological tumor size (OR, 0.934 and OR, 0.969, respectively) and less frequently had central lymph node metastasis (OR, 0.487 and OR, 0.780, respectively) than category VI PTCs. Category III PTCs less frequently showed suspicious ultrasonographic features (OR, 0.296) than category VI PTCs, and category V PTCs less frequently had gross extrathyroidal extension, with borderline significance (OR, 0.643; P=0.059). CONCLUSION: Conventional PTCs with a preoperative Bethesda category of III or V may less frequently exhibit poor prognostic factors than those with malignant cytology.ope

    2020 Imaging Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology

    Get PDF
    Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and characterization of thyroid diseases, and the information provided by imaging studies is essential for management planning. A referral guideline for imaging studies may help physicians make reasonable decisions and minimize the number of unnecessary examinations. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) developed imaging guidelines for thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer using an adaptation process through a collaboration between the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency and the working group of KSThR, which is composed of radiologists specializing in thyroid imaging. When evidence is either insufficient or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence for recommending imaging. Therefore, we suggest rating the appropriateness of imaging for specific clinical situations in this guideline.ope

    μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆμ˜ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ  μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ μ „λž΅

    Get PDF
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ μ •μΉ˜μ™Έκ΅ν•™λΆ€(외ꡐ학전곡), 2019. 2. 김상배.21μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ€ νŽΈλ¦¬ν•œ μ΄ˆμ—°κ²° μ‚¬νšŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κΈ°λŒ€μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ˜ 도전에 λŒ€ν•œ 우렀λ₯Ό μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이듀 μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ€ ꡭ경을 μ΄ˆμ›”ν•œ μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μž κ°„μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 예츑 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ°©ν–₯으둜 흐λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°, λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬μ Β·μ •μΉ˜μ  폭발λ ₯을 가진 μž¬λ‚œμœΌλ‘œ κ·€κ²°λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ 전염병, ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μ¦˜, κΈ°ν›„λ³€ν™” λ“±μ—μ„œ 보듯이 졜근 인λ₯˜κ°€ λ§žμ΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ€ 일ꡭ μ°¨μ›μ˜ λŒ€μ‘μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 해결이 μ–΄λ €μš΄ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ λ‚΄ν¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 전톡적인 μ•ˆλ³΄ 관점을 λ„˜μ–΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκ°μ—μ„œ 이듀을 바라볼 것을 μš”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ λ³Έκ³ λŠ” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄(emerging security) κ°œλ…μ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  접근을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ λ‚΄ λ―Έμ‹œμ  μœ„ν—˜ μš”μ†Œκ°€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 μ–‘μ γƒ»μ§ˆμ  λ³€ν™”μ˜ μž„κ³„μ μ„ λ„˜μ„ λ•Œ, κ΅­κ°€μ•ˆλ³΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μ‚¬μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ³΄λŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ„ κ΅­μ œμ •μΉ˜ν•™μ˜ μ‹œκ°μ—μ„œ μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , μ μ ˆν•œ λŒ€μ‘ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ°Ύκ³ μžν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‹œλ„λŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 주둜 전톡 μ•ˆλ³΄μ™€ κ΅¬λ³„λ˜λŠ” 비전톡 μ•ˆλ³΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ°œλ…μ  차이와 νŠΉμ§•, 그리고 그것이 λ°œν˜„λœ νŠΉμ • μ§€μ—­μ˜ 사둀 뢄석을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 21μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 볡합적인 μ•ˆλ³΄ ν™˜κ²½ 도전에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄κ°€ 가진 본질적인 속성과 이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ 진화 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•  ν•„μš”μ„±μ΄ μ œκΈ°λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ κ°–λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ€ 무엇이며, 이에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ– ν•œ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹΅ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έκ³ λŠ” 크게 μ„Έ 가지 λ…Όμ˜μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ˜λ‹€. 첫째, νƒˆκ·ΌλŒ€ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μœ ν˜•ν™”ν•  수 있으며 각각의 νŠΉμ§•μ€ 무엇인지λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ¨Όμ € 기쑴의 전톡적 μ•ˆλ³΄ κ°œλ…κ³Ό κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ μž‘λ™λ°©μ‹μ„ λ„˜μ–΄ λ°œν˜„μ†λ„μ™€ νŒŒκΈ‰λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό μΆ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜ μœ ν˜•μ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  뢄석틀을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 뢄석틀을 톡해 λ„μΆœλœ λ„€ 가지 μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜ μœ ν˜•μ— μ‘°μ‘ν•˜λŠ” κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λŒ€μ‘μ˜ 핡심 주체와 ν˜‘λ ₯의 방식 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μ ν•©ν•œ λŒ€μ‘λͺ¨λΈλ‘œμ˜ μœ μ—°ν•œ μ „ν™˜μ„ κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ν•˜λŠ” κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜κ³Ό 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μ „λž΅μ— μ£Όλͺ©ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 뢄석틀을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 각 μœ ν˜•λ³„λ‘œ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μ£Όμš” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ‘ 사둀에 μ μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, 이둠적 적싀성을 κ²€ν† ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄μ˜ 도전은 μ•žμ„œ νƒˆκ·ΌλŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ„œκ΅¬μ—μ„œ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·ΌλŒ€μ  μœ μ‚°μ΄ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°•κ³ ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λŒ€ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ, λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ  μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μ΄μŠˆλ“€μ΄ κΈ‰μ¦ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ³΅κ°„μ΄λ©΄μ„œ λ™μ‹œμ— μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆλ°©μ‹(ASEAN Way)'μ΄λΌλŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ κ·ΌλŒ€μ  μ£ΌκΆŒμ›μΉ™μ΄ μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 곳이기도 ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έκ³ λŠ” μ‹€μ œ 2000λ…„λŒ€ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λ₯Ό μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°•νƒ€ν–ˆλ˜ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ  μ΄μŠˆμ˜€λ˜ μ‚¬μŠ€(SARS), μ“°λ‚˜λ―Έ, 연무(haze), ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬μ˜ ν™•μ‚° 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆ λ°©μ‹μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 μ œμ•½μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ³  μ—­λ‚΄μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ°¨μ›μ˜ 곡쑰체제λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”λ° 주도적인 역할을 ν–ˆλ˜ 싱가포λ₯΄μ— μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 싱가포λ₯΄λŠ” μ“°λ‚˜λ―ΈλΌλŠ” 지역 μ°¨μ›μ˜ 돌발/ν•œμ •ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ— μ§λ©΄ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ—­λ‚΄ μ •λΆ€ μ£Όλ„ν˜• 접근을 μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ°¨μ›μ˜ 돌발/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μΈ ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ—­μ™Έ κ°•λŒ€κ΅­μ„ ν¬κ΄„ν•˜λŠ” μ—­μ™Έ μ •λΆ€ κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ λŒ€μ‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 지역 μ°¨μ›μ˜ 점증/ν•œμ •ν˜• μœ„ν—˜ 이슈인 연무에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ—­λ‚΄ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μ „λž΅μ„, λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ°¨μ›μ˜ 점증/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ μ‚¬μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• μ „λž΅μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μ’…ν•©ν•˜λ©΄, λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ  μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ— μ§λ©΄ν•˜μ—¬ 싱가포λ₯΄λŠ” 섀사 μžκ΅­μ— 직접적인 ν”Όν•΄λ‘œ 이어지지 μ•Šλ”λΌλ„ 지역 및 κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ•ˆλ³΄μ  μ‚¬μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ˜μ œν™”ν•˜κ³  효과적인 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ ꡬ좕을 μœ„ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό νŽΌμ³€λ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μ „λž΅μ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μœ μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Ό 방식을 μ „ν™˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€, 그리고 κΆŒν•œμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 효과적으둜 κ³΅μœ Β·μœ„μž„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 사둀라 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. 특히, 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ λŒ€μ‘ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도전에 λŒ€ν•œ 쀑견ꡭ μ—­ν• μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œλ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”κ°€ 크닀.The 21st century environment, marked by globalization and the advent of the information age, is posing new kinds of threats. These risks flow in unpredictable directions through cross-border stakeholder interactions, sometimes resulting in catastrophic physical and political explosions. As seen in the cases of global epidemics, terrorism and climate change, the risks that humanity faces in recent years have features that are difficult to solve with national responses. These changes lead us to look beyond the traditional view on security issues. In this context, this paper proposes an alternative approach based on the concept of emerging security. Emerging security is a concept that suggests that when micro-risk components in a system cross the threshold of quantitative and qualitative change through interaction, they can be converted into serious issues that threaten national security. However, attempts to systematically examine emerging security risks from the perspective of international politics and seek appropriate mechanisms of response governance have been lacking. This is because the existing literature on the topic limited itself to highlighting the differences between emerging and traditional security and to case analysis of specific regions in which an emerging security issue transpired. In order to cope with the challenges of the 21st centurys complex security environment, it is necessary to explore the essential nature of such emerging security and the evolution of governance that takes this into consideration. Therefore, this study addresses what features characterize emerging security risks and what governance mechanisms are needed to cope with them. To that end, this article focuses largely on three discussions. First, I examine how emerging security risks in the postmodern era can be categorized and what their characteristics are. In doing so, I propose an alternative framework for analyzing emerging security risks that goes beyond conventional traditional security concepts and governance mechanisms and focuses on the speed of a risks emergence and the geographic coverage of a risk as the two main analytic dimensions. Second, the characteristics of the governance models that correspond to the four types of emerging security risks derived from the analytical framework are categorized in terms of the core subjects and cooperation methods. Third, I focus on governance mechanisms and network strategies that enable a flexible transition to appropriate response models. Based on this analytic framework, this study examines the theoretical adequacy of the the governance models by applying each type of response to major emerging security risk issues in Southeast Asia. Emerging security issues are frequently observed not only in the Western world, which has already transitioned to a postmodern society in many respects, but also in other regions where the heritage of modern political order prevails. In Southeast Asia, for example, various supranational security problems are rapidly increasing, while the emphasis on the unique modern sovereignty principle called 'ASEAN Way' remains in place. This paper explores the changes in various forms of governance in the proliferation of SARS, tsunami, haze, and bombing terrorism, which are all transnational issue that have continuously hit Southeast Asia in the 2000s. In this process, I focus on Singapore, which overcame the structural constraints of the ASEAN Way and played a leading role in establishing a global as well as a regional cooperation system. Singapore tried the regional government-led approach in the face of the sudden/limited risk of a tsunami, and responded to bombing terrorismβ€”a sudden/expanding risk at the global levelβ€”by resorting to the cross-regional cooperation model encompassing the great powers. In addition, the regional multilateral actor participation strategy was applied to the haze, which was a incremental/limited risk issue at the regional level, and the global multilateral actor cooperation strategy was adopted for the SARS, an incremental/expanding risk at the global level. In sum, in the face of transnational emerging security risks, Singapore has made a variety of attempts to set regional and global security agendas and build effective governance models, even when the risks do not directly cause damage to the country. Singapore's network strategy that emerged during this process could be a meaningful example of how the state can flexibly shift its approach to dealing with complex emerging security risks and how to effectively share and delegate authority. Furthermore, Singapore's case is also worth noting in terms of 'middle power diplomacy' in response to emerging security challenges.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. 문제 제기 1 2. μ£Όμš” κ΅­μ œμ •μΉ˜μ΄λ‘ μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ μ„€λͺ…κ³Ό ν•œκ³„μ  4 1) ν˜„μ‹€μ£Όμ˜μ  관점 5 2) μžμœ μ£Όμ˜Β·μ œλ„μ£Όμ˜μ  관점 8 3) κ΅¬μ„±μ£Όμ˜μ  관점 14 4) μ‹œμ‚¬μ κ³Ό λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ ‘κ·Όμ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 18 3. 연ꡬ 방법 21 1) μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 초점 21 2) 연ꡬ μ‚¬λ‘€μ˜ μ„ μ • 22 3) 연ꡬ 뢄석틀 24 4. λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ ꡬ성 27 β…‘. 이둠적 뢄석틀 31 1. μœ„ν—˜ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 31 1) νƒˆκ·ΌλŒ€ μœ„ν—˜μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ λ„λž˜ 31 2) μœ„ν—˜μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  ꡬ성과 μ†Œν†΅ 35 2. κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ˜ 이둠적 κ³ μ°° 39 1) μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ  κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ λŒ€λ‘ 39 2) κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ μž‘λ™ κΈ°μ œλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ±°λ²„λ©˜νƒ€λ¦¬ν‹°(governmentality) 42 3. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ 이슈의 뢀상과 λŒ€μ‘ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ 44 1) λ―Έμ‹œμ  μœ„ν—˜μ—μ„œ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ 이슈둜의 μ „ν™˜ 44 2) 적합 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€λ‘œμ˜ μ „ν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μ „λž΅ 47 4. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ™€ 지역적 λ³€μˆ˜ 49 1) μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ™€ 지역 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ 문제 49 2) λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄μ˜ 지정학적 λ³€μˆ˜ 51 5. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜ μœ ν˜•κ³Ό 적합 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ™€ 뢄석틀 53 1) μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  뢄석틀 53 2) μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜ μœ ν˜•λ³„ 적합 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ λͺ¨λΈ 58 β…’. μ“°λ‚˜λ―Έμ™€ 돌발/ν•œμ •ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ „λž΅ 62 1. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆλ‘œμ„œ μ“°λ‚˜λ―Έμ˜ νŠΉμ§• 62 1) 2004λ…„ 인도양 μ“°λ‚˜λ―Έμ˜ λ°œμƒκ³Ό νŒŒκΈ‰λ ₯ 62 2) λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„ κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ 피해와 참사 원인 65 2. 초기 λŒ€μ‘ 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 문제점 69 1) κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ 관심과 κ΅­μ œμ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 지원 쇄도 69 2) κ΅­μ œμ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 인도적 지원 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€ 73 3) 지역 μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ„ μœ„ν•œ 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ μ „ν™˜ μ‹œλ„ 79 3. 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ μ—­λ‚΄ μ •λΆ€ μ£Όλ„ν˜• λŒ€μ‘ μ „λž΅ 86 1) μ •λΆ€μ£Όλ„μ˜ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 지원과 μΈν”„λΌμ˜ 재건 86 2) ν”Όν•΄κ΅­κ³Ό μ—­μ™Έ μ •λΆ€β€€NGOμ™€μ˜ μ€‘μž¬ μ—­ν•  88 3) 지역적 규λͺ¨μ˜ μž¬λ‚œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ²΄κ³„ κ°•ν™” λ…Έλ ₯ 91 4. μ†Œκ²° 100 β…£. ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬μ™€ 돌발/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ „λž΅ 103 1. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆλ‘œμ„œ ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 103 1) ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬κ°€ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ•ˆλ³΄ν™˜κ²½μ— κ°–λŠ” 의미 103 2) μœ„ν˜‘μ˜ λŒ€μ‘λ°©μ‹μ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 지역적 μ œμ•½ μš”μ†Œ 105 2. 초기 λŒ€μ‘ 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 문제점 106 1) ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆμ˜ 인식 106 2) 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ λŒ€λ‚΄μ™Έμ  μœ„κΈ°μΈμ‹κ³Ό κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ μ „ν™˜ 107 3. 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ μ—­μ™Έ μ •λΆ€ κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• μ „λž΅ 110 1) 폭탄 ν…ŒλŸ¬μ˜ μ§€μ—­μ•ˆλ³΄ μŸμ ν™” 110 2) μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆ λ‚΄ 적극적 λŒ€μ‘κ·Έλ£Ήμ˜ 뢄리 115 3) μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆ 및 μ—­μ™Έμ˜ ν–‰μœ„μž 포섭 μ „λž΅ 118 4) μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆμ˜ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ ν…ŒλŸ¬λ°©μ§€ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ μ€‘κ°œμžλ‘œ 123 4. μ†Œκ²° 126 β…€. 연무와 점증/ν•œμ •ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ „λž΅ 129 1. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆλ‘œμ„œ μ—°λ¬΄μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 129 1) μΈλ„λ„€μ‹œμ•„ μ—°λ¬΄μ˜ 피해와 λ°œμƒ 원인 130 2) 연무 문제λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ‚œκ΄€λ“€ 133 2. 초기 λŒ€μ‘ 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 문제점 135 1) 싱가포λ₯΄-μΈλ„λ„€μ‹œμ•„ μ •λΆ€ κ°„ μ–‘μž ν˜‘μƒμ˜ 문제 135 2) μ—­λ‚΄ μ •λΆ€ 및 κ΅­μ œκΈ°κ΅¬μ™€μ˜ 곡쑰 μ‹œλ„ 138 3. 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ μ—­λ‚΄ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž μ°Έμ—¬ μ „λž΅ 141 1) NGOμ™€μ˜ μ „λž΅μ  연계 141 2) κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ 팜였일 기업에 λŒ€ν•œ μ••λ°•κ³Ό 섀득 145 3) ν˜„μ§€ 곡동체 및 μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒμ™€μ˜ μ—°λŒ€ 147 4. μ†Œκ²° 150 β…₯. μ‚¬μŠ€μ™€ 점증/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆμ˜ λŒ€μ‘μ „λž΅ 152 1. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ„ν—˜μ΄μŠˆλ‘œμ„œ μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ νŠΉμ§• 153 1) 21μ„ΈκΈ° 졜초의 κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ³΄κ±΄μ•ˆλ³΄ 이슈 μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ 좩격 153 2) 쀑ꡭ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 은폐와 지ꡬ적 ν™•μ‚° κ³Όμ • 156 3) μ‚¬μŠ€μ™€ μ•„μ„Έμ•ˆ λ³΄κ±΄μ•ˆλ³΄μ˜ μœ„κΈ° λ„λž˜ 159 2. 초기 λŒ€μ‘ 과정에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 문제점 162 1) 쀑ꡭ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 정보 ν†΅μ œμ™€ λ…μžμ  λŒ€μ‘λ°©μ‹μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 162 2) λŒ€λ§Œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 고립적 λŒ€μ‘κ³Ό ν•œκ³„ 166 3) 홍콩 μ •λΆ€μ˜ 쀑ꡭ 의쑴과 ν•œκ³„ 170 3. 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• λŒ€μ‘μ „λž΅ 175 1) μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ ν™•μ‚°κ³Ό 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ ꡭ내적 μ•ˆλ³΄ μ˜μ œν™” 175 2) μ–‘μž-지역 μ°¨μ›μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯ μ‹œλ„ 181 3) ASEAN+3λ₯Ό ν¬κ΄„ν•˜λŠ” κ΄‘μ—­ 곡쑰체제 마련 184 4) WHO-κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μžμ™€μ˜ 적극적 연계 188 4. μ†Œκ²° 192 β…¦. κ²°λ‘  194 1. μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μœ ν˜•κ³Ό 적합 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€ 194 1) 돌발/ν•œμ •ν˜• μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μ΄μŠˆμ™€ μ—­λ‚΄ μ •λΆ€ μ£Όλ„ν˜• μ „λž΅ 194 2) 돌발/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μ΄μŠˆμ™€ μ—­μ™Έ μ •λΆ€ κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• μ „λž΅ 195 3) 점증/ν•œμ •ν˜• μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μ΄μŠˆμ™€ μ—­λ‚΄ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μ „λž΅ 196 4) 점증/μ—°κ³„ν˜• μ‹ ν₯μ•ˆλ³΄ μ΄μŠˆμ™€ κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ λ‹€μž ν–‰μœ„μž κ³΅μ‘°ν˜• μ „λž΅ 197 2. 적합 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜κ³Ό 싱가포λ₯΄μ˜ μ „ν™˜ μ—­λŸ‰ 199 3. λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ μ™Έκ΅μ „λž΅μ˜ ν•¨μ˜ 204 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 207 Abstract 228 뢀둝 231Docto
    • …
    corecore