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    RNA๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ SAMHD1์˜ HIV-1 ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ์•ˆ๊ด‘์„.AGS๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ•ต์‚ฐ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์งˆํ™˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. AGS์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘์—๋Š” SAMHD1์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. SAMHD1์€ HIV-1 ์–ต์ œ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ, ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ์„ธํฌ, ํœด์ง€์ƒํƒœ์˜ CD4+ T ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ HIV-1์˜ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. SAMHD1์€ dNTP๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ dGTP๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž๋กœ์จ dNTPase ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ SAMHD1์€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด dNTP์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ HIV-1์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, SAMHD1์˜ dNTPase ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด SAMHD1 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ HIV-1์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” SAMHD1์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” SAMHD1์ด RNA ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ํšจ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด HIV-1์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. AGS ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ SAMHD1์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์™€ dGTP๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด SAMHD1์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์†Œ ์ž‘์šฉ ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด HIV-1 ์–ต์ œ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RNA ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” SAMHD1D137N์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” HIV-1๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ dNTPase ํ™œ์„ฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” SAMHD1Q548A๋Š” HIV-1 ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” SAMHD1์˜ RNA ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด HIV-1 ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ SAMHD1์€ HIV-1 ๊ฐ์—ผ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ ‘ HIV-1 ์œ ์ „์ฒด RNA์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ HIV-1 ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ CD4+ T ์„ธํฌ์— SAMHD1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ, HIV-1 ์œ ์ „์ฒด RNA๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 592๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‹Œ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ HIV-1์˜ ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ SAMHD1์˜ HIV-1 ์œ ์ „์ฒด RNA ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” SAMHD1์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ dNTPase๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ RNase ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด HIV-1๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a host cell restriction factor that inhibits HIV-1 replication by impairing reverse transcription in non-cycling cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and resting CD4+ T cells. SAMHD1 has a dGTP-induced dNTPase activity, and therefore was initially proposed to deplete intracellular dNTP level below the levels required for reverse transcription of HIV-1. However, the phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at position T592 regulates its ability to restrict HIV-1 without decreasing cellular dNTP levels, which is not consistent with a role for SAMHD1 dNTPase activity in HIV-1 restriction. Here, I show that SAMHD1 possesses RNase activity and that the RNase but not the dNTPase function is essential for HIV-1 restriction. By enzymatically characterizing Aicardi-Goutiรจres syndrome (AGS)-associated SAMHD1 mutations and mutations in the allosteric dGTP-binding site of SAMHD1 for defects in RNase or dNTPase activity, I identify SAMHD1 point mutants that cause loss of one or both functions. The RNase-positive and dNTPase-negative SAMHD1D137N mutant is able to restrict HIV-1 infection, whereas the RNase-negative and dNTPase-positive SAMHD1Q548A mutant is defective for HIV-1 restriction. SAMHD1 associates with HIV-1 RNA and degrades it during the early phases of cell infection. SAMHD1 silencing in macrophages and CD4+ T cells from healthy donors increases HIV-1 RNA stability, rendering the cells permissive for HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 negatively regulates its RNase activity in cells and consequently the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 infection. My results reveal that the RNase activity of SAMHD1 is responsible for preventing HIV-1 infection by directly binding and degrading the HIV-1 RNA.CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1. Identification of SAMHD1 as an HIV-1 restriction factor 1.1 Structure and enzymatic activities of SAMHD1 2. Mechanisms of SAMHD1-mediated retroviral restriction 2.1 Inhibition retroviral reverse transcription by depleting intracellular dNTP pool 2.2 Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 negatively regulates its HIV-1 restriction ability 2.3 SAMHD1-mediated HIV-1 inhibition may involve its nuclease activity 3. SAMHD1 and Aicardi-Goutiรจres syndrome MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Ethics statement 2. Plasmids 3. Protein expression and purification 4. Preparation of DNA and RNA substrates 5. In vitro nuclease assay 6. dGTP-triphosphohydrolase assay 7. Cells and reagents 8. RNA interference 9. Viruses and VLP production 10. Quantitative real-time PCR 11. RNA-Seq analysis 12. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) 13. Northern blot analysis 14. Cell fractionation RESULTS 1. SAMHD1 is a processive 3สน-5สน exonuclease. 2. Ribonuclease and dNTPase are dual and separate functions of SAMHD1. 3. The ribonuclease function of SAMHD1 is critical or HIV-1 restriction 4. SAMHD1 associates with and induces destabilization of the HIV-1 genomic RNA. 5. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 regulates RNase activity. DISCUSSION REFERENCES ABSTRACT IN KOREANDocto

    A Study on Identifying a User with Multiple Cookies in Online-Market

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๊ถŒํƒœ๊ฒฝ.์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์ (Online market)์€ ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋งค์žฅ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์  ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์— ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ์ฟ ํ‚ค(browser cookie)๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ(Multi-device)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €(Multi-browser)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋™์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํ• ๋‹น๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, IP์ฃผ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์ฟ ํ‚ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, ๋™์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด 9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹ ์„ค๋ช… 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์‹๋ณ„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ณ„ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์ฟ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์‹๋ณ„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 17 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 30 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  32 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 32 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 34 Abstract 35Maste

    Screening of potent inhibitors for protein tyrosine phosphatases.

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK)์™€ protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP)์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. PTP๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ํƒˆ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ knockout์ƒ์ฅ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ PTP๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ PTP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ ํƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ PTP ์ €ํ•ด์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์„ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ(lead compound)๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, PTP ํšจ์†Œ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ž‘์šฉ(end-product inhibition)์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ €ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PTP ํšจ์†Œ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ธ phosphate์™€ ๊ทธ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ vanadate, molybdate ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  tungstate๊ฐ€ PTP-1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B)์™€ SHP-1 (protein tyrosine phosphatase containing two SH2 domains)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 1.3-18 ฮผM ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๊ต์  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด phosphate ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ฮผM๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ๋„ ์ €ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ thiophosphate๊ฐ€ SHP-1์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์ €ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, phosphomolybdate (PM)์™€ phosphotungstate (PT)๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ์ˆ˜ 0.06-1.2 ฮผM์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ PTP์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ์ €ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ PM๊ณผ PT๋Š” Ser/Thr phosphatase์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ฝํ•œ ์ €ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, alkaline phosphatase์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ PM๊ณผ PT๋Š” PTP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ in vitro ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HepG2 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— PM๊ณผ PT๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” in vitro์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” PM๊ณผ PT๊ฐ€ HepG2 ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ PM๊ณผPT๋Š” PTP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute a family of receptor-like and cytoplasmic enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine residues in a variety of receptors and signaling molecules. Together with protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), PTPs are critically involved in regulating many cellular signaling processes. PTPs have been considered to have multiple unrelated cellular substrates, however, recently reported knockout mice deficient of particular PTPs all appear to exhibit unique phenotypes, suggesting that most PTPs would serve unique, non-redundant functions. A role for PTPs in the negative regulation of insulin signaling and a putative involvement in the insulin resistance associated with typre 2 diabetes have been postulated. The recent demonstration that mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphates-1B (PTP-1B) have enhanced insulin sensitivity validates this. Therefore, highly selective PTP inhibitors including PTP-1B could be used as therapeutic agents for diseases and significant progress in developing such agents is being made, though most inhibitors developed so far are potent but less selective. In this study, we initiated screening of diverse compounds for PTP inhibition, focusing on the end product inhibition property of PTPs. By a systematic screening of phosphate analogues and their derivatives for PTP inhibition, we found that vanadate, molybdate, and tungstate effectively inhibited the catalytic activity of both PTP-1B and SHP-1 with Ki values between 1.3-18 ฮผM, while thiophosphate selectively inhibited SHP-1 only. Remarkably, we found that phosphomolybdate (PM) and phosphotungstate (PT) inhibited the PTPs much more strongly than vanadate, a well-known and generally used PTP inhibitor, with Ki values of 0.06-1.2 ฮผM. PM and PT turned out to be potent, competitive inhibitors for PTPs, but they appeared to be relatively poor inhibitors of Ser/Thr phosphatase. Interestingly, PM and PT did not inhibit alkaline phosphatase at all. Therefore, we found that PM and PT are excellent reversible inhibitors of PTP in vitro. In the further study, the efficacy of PM and PT as PTP inhibitors in intact cell was compared with that of vanadate and pervanadate by measuring phosphotyrosine levels in HepG2 cell line treated with these compounds. In contrast to the result of inhibition in vitro, PM and PT were much more ineffective as PTP inhibitors in HepG2 cell line. Therefore, we can suggest that by enhancing the ability of PM and PT to cross the cell membrane, it would be possible to be lead compounds for modulating the function of known therapeutic targets as well as type 2 diabetes.ope

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