36 research outputs found
ì°šìžë ì¡ì ëì€íë ìŽì© êŽììŒê° ë° ì¹ŒëŒêµ¬í êž°ì ì êŽí ì°êµ¬
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì 공곌ëí ì Ʞ·컎íší°ê³µíë¶, 2017. 8. ìŽì ë.In the past decades, liquid crystal display (LCDs) have been extensively studied for use in flat panel displays (FPDs) because of light weight panel, thin thickness and low power consumption. Due to their high contrast, uniform brightness, and rapid switching times compared to conventional cathode ray tubes, LCDs have achieved a significant position in the FPD industry. However, according to the development of other FPD technologies including organic light-emitting didoes, the enhancement of LCD performances such as wide-viewing angle and vivid coloration has been demanded.
In this thesis, novel image generation technologies for high performance LCD are proposed. At first, for the reduction of the gamma distortion, wide-viewing technology was demonstrated by sophisticated multi-domain configuration in which liquid crystal (LC) molecules are aligned along different polar directions at middle gray scale. In order to realize the multi-domain LC cell, a new alignment layer which can control polar LC alignment properties including the pretilt angle and the anchoring energy was developed. Uncured hydrophobic oligomers in a cross-linked polymer mold were transferred onto a substrate to change the surface wettability of the substrate. The thermal-transfer printing, which is a contact-transfer printing method including an additional heat treatment process, accelerated the molecular diffusion of oligomers from the polymer mold onto the substrate, resulting in the increase of the amount of transferred oligomer. Consequently, the surface energy of the substrate was manipulated according to the heat treatment temperature during the thermal-transfer printing. Then, the LC alignment properties in both azimuthal and polar directions were measured through LC cell fabrication and electro-optical characterization. It was found that the polar pretilt angle and polar anchoring energy were changed in a wide-range, resulting from the adjustment of the substrate surface energy.
Based on the results described above, the reduction of the gamma distortion through the multi-domain configuration in the vertical alignment (VA) mode was demonstrated. The oligomer layer was formed onto a conventional VA alignment layer to control the polar alignment properties. The ultra-violet ozone (UVO) treatment for the enhancement of the oligomer transfer onto hydrophobic substrates was added in the fabrication process. The surface energy and anchoring energy of the stacked alignment layers depending on the UVO treatment was examined. The anchoring disparity, which is the anchoring energy difference between sub-domains as a result of the oligomer layer patterning, induced the threshold voltage difference in the sub-domains and constructed the multi-domain at applied voltages. The experimental measurements for the assessment of the gamma distortion were performed in a conventional patterned VA mode cell and proposed multi-domain cell.
Next, for the expansion of the color space, a new type of coloration technique based on the photo-luminescent emission of the quantum dots (QDs) in an organic polymer matrix was described. Recently, QD patterning technologies based on the polymer matrix have been extensively studied to accurately express the primary color in pixel units, but suffered from the non-uniform light emission owing to uneven distribution of the QDs in the polymer matrix. Reactive mesogen (RM), which is photo-curable, transparent, and soluble in organic solvents, was used for the fabrication of uniformly distributed QDs in the RM matrix. The emission characteristics of QD-RM composites depending on the concentration ratios of QD and RM were examined. In addition, color-separated patterns of QD-RM composites on a single substrate through conventional photo-lithography processes were demonstrated.
Finally, a novel QD emissive LCD based on the color-separated pattern for high color purity was proposed. The proposed LCD consists of modulation part and emission part. LC cells acts as a role of electrically tunable lightwave retarder depending on the applied voltage. The transmitted light through the modulation part emits the photo-luminescent light from the color-separated QD pattern. The color purity and color gamut of the QD emissive LCD was measured in comparison with previous LCDs such as the color filter LCD and QD compensated LCD.
In conclusion, the applicability of proposed image generation technologies to the FPD industry was explored. The new concepts and experimental results will lead to the development of the advanced LCD performance.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Flat Panel Displays 1
1.2 Outline of Thesis 9
Chapter 2 Emerging Technologies of Liquid Crystal Display 13
2.1 Operating Principles of LCD 13
2.1.1 Properties of LCs 14
2.1.2 Main LCD modes 21
2.2 Wide-Viewing Angle Technologies 28
2.2.1 General description of viewing properties 28
2.2.2 Recent technologies for wide-viewing 35
2.3 Coloration Technologies 43
2.3.1 Coloration in flat panel displays 43
2.3.2 Recent technologies for wide color gamut 52
Chapter 3 Enhancement of Viewing Angle of LCD by Multi-Domain 65
3.1 Control of Molecular Alignment by Thermo-Transfer Printing 65
3.1.1 Introduction 66
3.1.2 Thermo-transfer printing for surface modification 67
3.1.3 Fabrication process 69
3.1.4 Experimental results and discussions 72
3.1.5 Summary 83
3.2 Wide-Viewing by Anchoring Disparity 85
3.2.1 Introduction 85
3.2.2 Anchoring disparity by thermo-transfer printing 86
3.2.3 Fabrication of 8-domains 95
3.2.4 Experimental results and discussions 98
3.2.5 Summary 100
Chapter 4 Novel Quantum Dot-Based LCD for High Color Purity 101
4.1 Color-Separated Pattern of QDs 101
4.1.1 Introduction 101
4.1.2 Fabrication of color-separated QD patterns 103
4.1.3 Experimental results and discussions 105
4.2 QD Emissive LCD 109
4.2.1 Device concept 109
4.2.2 Fabrication of QD-based LCD 110
4.2.3 Experimental result and discussions 111
4.2.4 Summary 118
Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks 119
Bibliography 123
Publication 135
êµë¬ž ìŽë¡ 141Docto
Robust Localization and Efficient Path Planning for Mobile Sensor Networks
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ì Ʞ·컎íší°ê³µíë¶, 2016. 2. ì€ì±í.The area of wireless sensor networks has flourished over the past decade
due to advances in micro-electro-mechanical sensors,
low power communication and computing protocols, and embedded microprocessors.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in mobile sensor networks,
along with the development of robotics,
and mobile sensor networks have enabled networked sensing system
to solve the challenging issues of wireless sensor networks by adding mobility into many different applications of wireless sensor networks.
Nonetheless, there are many challenges to be
addressed in mobile sensor networks.
Among these, the estimation for the exact location is perhaps
the most important to obtain high fidelity of the sensory information.
Moreover, planning should be required to send the mobile sensors
to sensing location considering the region of interest, prior to sensor placements.
These are the fundamental problems in realizing mobile sensor networks
which is capable of performing monitoring mission in unstructured and dynamic environment.
In this dissertation, we take an advantage of mobility
which mobile sensor networks possess
and develop localization and path planning algorithms
suitable for mobile sensor networks.
We also design coverage control strategy using resource-constrained mobile sensors
by taking advantages of the proposed path planning method.
The dissertation starts with the localization problem,
one of the fundamental issue in mobile sensor networks.
Although global positioning system (GPS) can perform
relatively accurate localization,
it is not feasible in many situations, especially indoor environment
and costs a tremendous amount in deploying all robots
equipped with GPS sensors.
Thus we develop the indoor localization system suitable
for mobile sensor networks using inexpensive robot platform.
We focus on the technique that relies primarily on the camera sensor.
Since it costs less than other sensors,
all mobile robots can be easily equipped with cameras.
In this dissertation, we demonstrate that the proposed method is
suitable for mobile sensor networks requiring an inexpensive off-the-shelf
robotic platform, by showing that it provides consistently
robust location information for low-cost noisy sensors.
We also focus on another fundamental issue of mobile sensor networks
which is a path planning problem in order to deploy
mobile sensors in specific locations.
Unlike the traditional planning methods,
we present an efficient cost-aware planning method suitable for mobile sensor networks
by considering the given environment,
where it has environmental parameters such as
temperature, humidity, chemical concentration, stealthiness and elevation.
A global stochastic optimization method is used to improve
the efficiency of the sampling based planning algorithm.
This dissertation presents the first approach of
sampling based planning using global tree extension.
Based on the proposed planning method,
we also presents a general framework for modeling a coverage control system
consisting of multiple robots with resource constraints
suitable for mobile sensor networks.
We describe the optimal informative planning methods
which deal with maximization problem with constraints
using global stochastic optimization method.
In addition, we describe how to find trajectories
for multiple robots efficiently to estimate the environmental field
using information obtained from all robots.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Mobile Sensor networks 1
1.1.1 Challenges 3
1.2 Overview of the Dissertation 4
Chapter 2 Background 7
2.1 Localization in MSNs 7
2.2 Path planning in MSNs 10
2.3 Informative path planning in MSNs 12
Chapter 3 Robust Indoor Localization 15
3.1 An Overview of Coordinated Multi-Robot Localization 16
3.2 Multi-Robot Localization using Multi-View Geometry 19
3.2.1 Planar Homography for Robot Localization 20
3.2.2 Image Based Robot Control 21
3.3 Multi-Robot Navigation System 25
3.3.1 Multi-Robot System 26
3.3.2 Multi-Robot Navigation 30
3.4 Experimental Results 32
3.4.1 Coordinated Multi-Robot Localization: Single-Step 32
3.4.2 Coordinated Multi-Robot Localization: Multi-Step 36
3.5 Discussions and Comparison to Leap-Frog 42
3.5.1 Discussions 42
3.5.2 Comparison to Leap-Frog 45
3.6 Summary 51
Chapter 4 Preliminaries to Cost-Aware Path Planning 53
4.1 Related works 54
4.2 Sampling based path planning 56
4.3 Cross entropy method 59
4.3.1 Cross entropy based path planning 63
Chapter 5 Fast Cost-Aware Path Planning using Stochastic Optimization 65
5.1 Problem formulation 66
5.2 Issues with sampling-based path planning for complex terrains or high dimensional spaces 68
5.3 Cost-Aware path planning (CAPP) 73
5.3.1 CE Extend 75
5.4 Analysis of CAPP 81
5.4.1 Probabilistic Completeness 81
5.4.2 Asymptotic optimality 83
5.5 Simulation and experimental results 84
5.5.1 (P1) Cost-Aware Navigation in 2D 85
5.5.2 (P2) Complex Terrain Navigation 88
5.5.3 (P3) Humanoid Motion Planning 96
5.6 Summary 103
Chapter 6 Effcient Informative Path Planning 105
6.1 Problem formulation 106
6.2 Cost-Aware informative path planning (CAIPP) 109
6.2.1 Overall procedure 110
6.2.2 Update Bound 112
6.2.3 CE Estimate 115
6.3 Analysis of CAIPP 118
6.4 Simulation and experimental results 120
6.4.1 Single robot informative path planning 120
6.4.2 Multi robot informative path planning 122
6.5 Summary 125
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Work 129
Appendices 131
Appendix A Proof of Theorem 1 133
Appendix B Proof of Theorem 2 135
Appendix C Proof of Theorem 3 137
Appendix D Proof of Theorem 4 139
Appendix E Dubins' curve 141
Bibliography 147
ìŽ ë¡ 163Docto
Survival and Recurrence Pattern after Curative Resection of Pancreatic Cancer
Background/Aims: The only hope for the cure of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is curative resection. However, the rate of recurrence after curative resection is higher than 50%. The aim, of this study were to analyze survival and the factors influencing survival and to evaluate the recurrence rate and pattern after curative resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods: The records of 250 patients who were diagnosed as pancreatic cancer were reviewed retrospectively. We classified the patients into 3 groups (curative resection, non-curative resection, and conservative treatment) and analyzed the factors influencing survival, recurrence rate, and recurrence pattern after curative resection. Results: Curative resection were performed in 31 (12.4%) of 250 cases. The patients with curative resection was significantly prolonged median survival time than those without non-curative resection or with conservative treatment. The factors influencing survival rate after curative resection were age, lymph node involvement, and disease status. Twenty-five of the 31 cases with curative resection had recurrences after 10 months. Local retroperitoneal recurrence was 69%. Liver metastasis and lymph node metastasis were occurred in 61% and 54%, respectively. Conclusions: The survival time of the patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was prolonged in the cases of curative resection compared with the cases of non-curative resection or conservative treatment. However, most cases after curative resection showed recurrence. Thus, early diagnosis and early treatment should be needed to prolong the survival time of the patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.ope
êŽí ì 첎 ëŽì 구늬 ëìììì ëí ìì íí ê³ì°
Thesis(master`s)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :ì§êµ¬í겜곌íë¶,2007.Maste
ìììµì í ì€ê³ë¬Œì ë³µì¡ë ì¡°ì
Thesis (master`s)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :êž°ê³í공공íë¶,2003.Maste
Causes of chronic cough, assessed by esophageal manometry and 24 hour esophageal pH monitoring
ìí곌/ìì¬[íêž]
3죌 ìŽì ì§ìëë ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ëì€ì¹ë£ì ì ížì ëì§ ìì ì íí ììž ì§ëšê³Œ ì¹ë£ê° íìíë€. ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžì íë¹ë£š, êž°êŽì§ì²ì, ììëìë¥ì§í, ë§ì±êž°êŽì§ìŒì ììŒë¡ ìŽë€ìŽ ì 첎ì 90%ìŽìì ì°šì§íë€. ìŽ ì€ ììëìë¥ì§íì ìž ë²ì§žë¡ íí ììžìŒë¡ ìœ 10-21%륌 ì°šì§íë©° ìŽì ì°êŽë ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ì¹ë£ìšì 80-100%ë¡ ë³Žê³ ëê³ ìë€.
ê·žë¬ë êž°ì¡Žì ì°êµ¬ë€ì íŽë¶íì ì§ëšì²Žê³ì ë°ë¥ž ìì°šì ìž ì§ëšë°©ë²ìŒë¡ ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžì ì¡°ì¬íì¬ ì íí ì¡°ì¬ê° ìŽë£šìŽì¡ë€ê³ 볎Ʞ ìŽë µë€. ëí ë§ì±êž°ì¹šíììì ìëìŽëì¥ì ë ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ì ë¹ëì ìŽë€ì ìí ì ëí ì°êµ¬ë ë§ì§ ìì ì€ì ìŽë€.
ìŽì 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íììì ë³ë ¥ì¡°ì¬, ì 첎ê²ì§ê³Œ ê°ì¢
ê²ì¬ë¥Œ ëìì ì€ìíì¬ ììžë³ ë¹ëì ìŽë€ì ì¹ë£íì ëì íšê³Œë¥Œ ìì볎ìë€. ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íììì ììëìë¥ì§í, ìëìŽëì±ì§í곌 ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ì ë¹ëì ìŽë€ì ìí ì ìì볎ìê³ ììëìë¥ì§í곌 ì°êŽë ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ì§ëšì ììŽì 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬ì ìëëŽìê²ì¬ì ì ì©ì±ì ìì볎ìë€. ëí ììëìë¥ì§íìŽ êž°ì¹šì ììžìž 군곌 ê·ž ìžì ì§íìŽ ììžìž êµ°ê°ì ììì ì°šìŽë¥Œ ë¹êµíìë€.
1998ë
5ìë¶í° 1999ë
7ìê¹ì§ ì°ìžëíêµ ì곌ëí ìžëžëì€ë³ìì ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì 죌ìë¡ ëŽìí íì ì€ ìëëŽìê²ì¬ì 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬ë¥Œ ìíí 36ëª
ì íìë€ì ëììŒë¡ ë³ë ¥ì¡°ì¬ì 묞ì§, ì 첎ê²ì¬, ìë 륎Ʞê²ì¬, ë°©ì¬ì íì ê²ì¬, ìë¶ìì¥êŽëŽì겜ê²ì¬, 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬, ìëëŽìê²ì¬ì ìëì°ì²ìë¥ê²ì¬ë¥Œ ìííìê³ ê°ì ìêž°ì ë¹ì¬ìžì± ííµìŒë¡ ëŽìí 38ëª
ì íìì ìžëì¢
ꎎê°(globushystericus)ìŒë¡ ëŽìí 28ëª
ì íì륌 ëììŒë¡ 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬ì ìëëŽìê²ì¬ë¥Œ ìííìë€.
ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íìì íê· ì°ë ¹ì 46.1±14ìžìê³ ëšë
ë¹ë 1:1.8ìŽìë€. 방묞ì ìŠì êž°ê°ì ì€ê°ê°ì 16죌(13죌-1920죌)ìê³ íê· ì¶ì êŽì°° êž°ê°ì 17.4±6.5죌ìë€. ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžë³ ë¹ëë ì¹ë£ì ì§ëš ì íë¹ë£šê° 55.6%, ììëìë¥ì§íìŽ 44.4%, êž°êŽì§ì²ììŽ 16.8%ë¡ ìŽë€ìŽ ì°šì§íë ë¹ìšìŽ ì 첎ì 77.8%ìê³ ë ê°ì§ ìŽìì ììžìŽ ê°ìŽ ììë 겜ì°ë 33.9%ìë€. ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íììì ìëëŽìê²ì¬ë¡ íê°í ìëìŽëì±ì§íì 27.8%ìê³ ìŽì€ ë¹í¹ìŽì± ìëìŽëì¥ì ê° ê°ì¥ ë§ììŒë©° ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ë 26.9%ìë€. ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íì, ë¹ì¬ìžì±í¥íµ íìì ìžëì¢
êŽŽê° íìì ììëìë¥ì§í곌 ìëìŽëì±ì§íì ë¹ëë ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ììë€. ì¹ë£ì ì§ëšì ë°ë¥ž ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íìì ì¹ë£ ë°ì
ì 88.3%ìê³ ììëìë¥ì§íì ì¹ë£ì 87.6%ì íììì Ʞ칚ì ížì ì 볎ìë€. ì¹ë£ ë°ìì ë°ë¥ž ì¹ë£í ì§ëšì ììžë³ ë¹ëë íë¹ë£šê° 50%, ììëìë¥ì§íìŽ 38.9%, êž°êŽì§ì²ììŽ 16.8%ë¡ ìŽë€ìŽ ì°šì§íë ë¹ìšìŽ 75%ìê³ ë ê°ì§ ìŽìì ììžìŽ ê°ìŽ ììë 겜ì°ë 27.8%ìë€. ì¹ë£í ì§ëšì ë°ë¥ž ì¹ë£ ë°ììšì ì 첎ì ìŒë¡ 94.1%ìê³ ììëìë¥ì§íì ìí ë§ì±êž°ì¹šììë 100%ì ížì ì 볎ìë€. ììëìë¥ì§íì ìí ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ì§ëšì ììŽì 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬ë 87.5%ì 믌ê°ë, 100%ì í¹ìŽë, 100%ì ìì±ììž¡ë, 90.9%ì ìì±ììž¡ëì 94.4%ì ì íë륌 볎ìê³ ìëëŽìê²ì¬ë ì§ëšì ì ì©ì±ìŽ ììë€. ììëìë¥ì§íìŽ ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžìž 군곌 ê·ž ìžì ì§íìŽ í€ìžìž êµ°ê°ì ììì ì°šìŽë¥Œ ë¹êµíŽ 볎멎 ììëìë¥ì§íêµ°ìŽ ê·ž ìžì ì§íìŽ ììžìžêµ°ì ë¹íŽ ëšì±ìŽ ë§ìê³ ëì 첎ì§ëì§ì(body mass index)륌 볎ììŒë êž°ì¹šìŽ ì죌 ë°ìíë ìê°, ììžë ìì¬ìì ì°êŽì±, ì°ë ¹ê³Œ ìŠìì êž°ê° ë±ì ìêµ°ê°ì ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ììë€. ëí ìêµ°ê°ì ìëìŽëì¥ì ì ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ì ë¹ëì ììŽìë ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ììë€.
ìŽìì ê²°ê³Œë¡ ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžì íë¹ë£š, ììëìë¥ì§í, êž°êŽì§ì²ì곌 ë§ì±êž°êŽì§ìŒìŽ ëë¶ë¶ì ì°šì§íë¯ë¡ ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžì ì§ëší ë ìŽë€ì ëí ì¡°ì¬ê° ì íëìŽìŒ íê³ ë ê°ì§ ìŽìì ììžìŽ ê°ìŽ ììë 겜ì°ë ìë¹ì ììŒë¯ë¡ íê°ì§ ì§ëšê³Œ ì¹ë£ì íšê³Œê° ì ê±°ë ìì ë ë€ë¥ž ëë° ììžì ì°Ÿì볎ë ê²ë íìíë€ê³ ìê°íë€. ììëìë¥ì§íì ë¹ëê° íë¹ë£š ë€ììŒë¡ ëì ìŽì ëí ì ê·¹ì ìž ì§ëšê³Œì¹ë£ê° íìíë©° 볎íì±24ìê°ìëì°ëê²ì¬ê° ììëìë¥ì§í곌 ì°êŽëë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ì§ëšíë ê°ì¥ ì ì©í ë°©ë²ìŽë¯ë¡ ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íììì ìŽì ëí ê²ì¬ê° ê³ ë €ëìŽìŒê² ë€. ììëìë¥ì§íì í¬íší ë§ì±êž°ì¹šì ììžë€ì ëì ì¹ë£ ì±ê³µìšì 볎ìë€. ììëìë¥ì§í곌 ìëìŽëì¥ì ìë¹ëë ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íì, ë¹ì¬ìžì±í¥íµ íìì ìžëì¢
êŽŽê° íììì ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ìììŒë í¥í ì ì ë조군곌ì ë¹êµ ì¡°ì¬ê° ììŽìŒê² ë€. ë§ì±êž°ì¹š íììì ìëìŽëì¥ì ì ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ì ë¹ëë ììëìë¥êµ°ê³Œ ê·ž ìžì ì§íìŽ ììžìž êµ°ìì ì ìí ì°šìŽë¥Œ 볎ìŽì§ ìì ììëìë¥ì§í곌 ì°êŽë ë§ì±êž°ì¹šìì ìŽë€ì ìí ì ëª
ííì§ê° ììê³ í¥í ë§ì±êž°ì¹š
íììì ìëìŽëì¥ì ì ìëì°ì²ìë¥ì¥ì ì ìí ì ëí ë³Žë€ ë§ì ì°êµ¬ê° ìŽë£šìŽì žìŒ íë€ê³ ìê°íë€.
[ì묞]
Chronic cough, being defined as the presence of cough for atleast 3 weeks, does not respond to symptomatic treatment, and more accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause and specific treatment are needed. Utilizing a diagnostic protocol based on
the anatomy of the cough reflex, postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD), and chronic bronchitis were common causes of chronic cough, together accounting for more than 90% of cases. GERD is the third common cause of chronic
cough in up to 21% of patients. Therapeutic response rates for chronic cough associated with GERD range from 80% to 100%. There were few studies about the incidence and role of esophageal motility disorder and delayed esophageal acid clearance in chronic cough. So we evaluated the causes of chronic cough and their therapeutic response rates. We also evaluated the incidence and role of GERD, esophageal motility disorder, and delayed esophageal acid clearance among chronic cough patients, as well as the role of 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring and esophageal manometry in the diagnosis of GERD-related chronic cough. 36 patients complaining of chronic cough were enrolled and diagnosis was made by history, physical examination, allergic test, radiologic test, esophagoscopy, 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal manometry, and esophageal acid clearance test. As control groups, 38 patients with noncardiogenic chest pain(NCCP) and 28 patients with globes hystericus received 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring and esophageal manometry. Chronic cough was due to one condition in 72,2% and two or more in 27.8%. The spectrum and frequency of chronic cough were found to be postnasal drip (50%), GERD (38.9%), asthma (16.7%), and together accounting for 75% of causes. Therapeutic response rate was 94.1% overall and 100% in GERD-related cough. The frequencies of esophageal motility disorder and delayed
esophageal acid clearance were 27.8% and 26.9%, respectively. The frequencies of GERD and esophageal motility disorder in chronic cough, NCCP, and globus hystericus were not different significantly. 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring had good sensitivity (87.5%), specificity(100%), positive predictive value (100%), negative predictive value(90.9%), and accuracy (94.4%) in identifying GERD-related cough.
GERD-related cough revealed significantly higher proportion of males and higher BMI than other causes of cough, but there were no significant differences between two groups for the timing of cough, cough-related posture, the association of cough
with meal, age, and the duration of symptom. In conclusion, chronic cough was most commonly caused by postnasal drip, followed by GERD, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, so these causes should be evaluated first. Because chronic cough was caused by multiple disorders in some patients, when certain patients show no response or partial response with single diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to find other possible causes. Because the frequency of GERD was the second most common cause, next to postnasal drip, active diagnosis and management of GERD are
required. 24 hour ambulatory pH monitoring should be considered for chronic cough patient, since it was the most efficient method to diagnose GERD in them, Even though there were no differences of the frequency of GERD and esophageal motility disorder among the patients with chronic cough, non-cardiogenic chest pain, and
globus hystericus, further studies comparing chronic cough patients with normal control should be carried out. In patients with chronic cough, the frequency of esohphageal motility disorder and esophageal acid clearance disorder were not different among GERD group and other etiology groups, and the role of these disorders were not clear The role of esophageal motility disorder and delayed esophageal acid clearance in chronic cough should be studied further more.ope
ê³ ë¶ì ì íŽì§ë§ ì°ë£ì ì§ ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ìŽë°©ì±ì ë°ë¥ž ì±ë¥ ë° ìŽíí¹ì±ì êŽí ì°êµ¬
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : êž°ê³í공공íë¶, 2013. 8. ê¹ë¯Œì.ê³ ë¶ì ì íŽì§ ë§ ì°ë£ì ì§ìì ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ìŽë§€ìžµìŒë¡ì ë°ìê°ì€ ìŽì¡, ì ìì ì ë, ìŽë§€ìžµìì ìì±ë í¬íì¡ì ìíí ë°°ì¶, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì°ë£ì ì§ êµ¬ì±íì 첎결ì êž°ê³ì ìŒë¡ ë§ì ê·¹ ì í©ì²Žë¥Œ êž°ê³ì ìŒë¡ ì§ì§íŽì£Œë ìí ì íë€. ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ì ìí ëì ê·ž í¹ì±ì êž°ê³ì íë©ŽìŽë°©ì±ì ê°ì§ë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ì°ë£ì ì§ ì£Œ ì ë¡ì íííê² ë°°ì¹íì¬ ì¡°ëŠœëë 겜ì°ë¥Œ 0ë, ë°ëë¡ ìì§íê² ë°°ì¹íì¬ ì¡°ëŠœëë 겜ì°ë¥Œ 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµìŒë¡ ê°ê° ì íìë€. ì°ë£ì ì§ê° 조늜ë ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ë³í í¹ì ì ë¡ìž¡ìŒë¡ì í¬ê³Œë ìŒìŽë ì ë°ì ìë íììŒë¡ ìŽë¬í ë³í ë° í¬ê³Œì±ì ìµìí íë ê²ìŽ ì°ë£ì ì§ ì±ë¥ì í¥ììí€ë ì€ìí ììžìŽ ëë€. ë°ëŒì, ê°ì€íì°ìžµì íë©Ž ìŽë°©ì±ì ë°ë¥ž êž°ê³ì ê°ì±ì ì°šìŽê° ì°ë£ì ì§ ì²Žê²°ìì ë°ìíë ë³í ë° í¬ê³Œì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ë¶ìíê³ ìµì¢
ì ìŒë¡ ì±ë¥ ë° ëŽêµ¬ì±ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ì€í ë° ëªšëžì íµíŽ ë¶ìíìë€. 뚌ì ê°ì€ íì°ìžµì íë©ŽìŽë°©ì±ì ë°ë¥ž ì°ë£ì ì§ ì±ë¥ ë° ë¶ëŠ¬íì êž°í구조ì ë°ë¥ž 겜í¥ì ë¶ìíêž° ìíì¬ ì ë¡ì ì±ëë¶ì ëëë¶ì ë¹ì ë°ëŒì, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì±ëë¶ì ê¹ìŽì ë°ëŒ ê°ê° 3ê°ì©ì ë¶ëŠ¬íì ì ìíìë€. 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ì¬ì©íë ì°ë£ì ì§ê° 0ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ì¬ì©íë 겜ì°ë³Žë€ 몚ë 조걎ìì ì±ë¥ìŽ ëê² ëììŒë©° ìŽë ì°ë£ì ì§ ì²Žê²°ì 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ëì êž°ê³ì ê°ëì ë°ë¥ž ê²ìŒë¡ ë¶ìëìë€. ëí, ë¶ëŠ¬íì ì±ë/ëëë¶ì ë¹ê° ê°ìí ìë¡ 90ëì 0ë륌 ì¬ì©íë ì°ë£ì ì§ì ì±ë¥ê³Œ ê³ ì£Œíì íì ì°šê° ë í¬ê² ëíë¬ìŒë©° ìŽë ëëë¶ì ë¹ê° ê°ìí ìë¡ ê°ì€íì°ìžµìŽ ë³í ë° ì¹ší¬ëë 겜í¥ìŽ ê°íê² ëíëêž° ë묞ìŒë¡ ë¶ìëë€. ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì ë¡ì ê¹ìŽì ìŠê°ì ë°ëŒìë 공Ʞì ìë ¥ì íê° ì ë¡ ê¹ìŽì ìŠê°ë¡ ìžíì¬ ê°ìíë¯ë¡ ì ë°ì ìŒë¡ ì±ë¥ìŽ ìŠê°íìë€. ë€ììŒë¡ ì°ë£ì ì§ ì ë¡ì ëëë¶ ìë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ë°ìê°ì€ì í¬ê³Œì±ìŽ ì±ë¥ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ë¶ìíêž° ìí íŽìì ìííìë€. ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ìŽë°©ì±ì 몚ì¬íêž° ìíì¬ ê°ì€ í¬ê³Œë륌 ìž¡ì íë ì¥ì¹ë¥Œ ì ìíì¬ 90ëì 0ëì ê°ì€ í¬ê³Œë륌 ìž¡ì íìë€. ê·ž 결곌 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì í¬ê³Œëê° 0ëì 겜ì°ë³Žë€ ëê² ëììŒë©° ìž¡ì ë ê°ì 몚ëžì ì ì©íìë€. 몚ëžì ìíí 결곌, 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ê²œì° ì ë¡ì ëëë¶ ìëìì ë³Žë€ ëì í¬ê³Œê° ë°ìíììŒë©° ê³ ì ë¥ë°ëìì ëì± ê·ž ì°šìŽê° ëê² ëíë¬ë€. ë§ì§ë§ìŒë¡ ê³ ë¶ì ì íŽì§ ë§ì ë°ë³µì ìž íœì°œê³Œ ìì¶ìŒë¡ ìží ë§ì ê·¹ ì í©ì²Ž ë° ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ëŽêµ¬ì±ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ë¶ìíêž° ìíì¬ ìµ/걎조 공Ʞ륌 ë°ë³µì ìŒë¡ 죌ì
íë ê°ìí ì€íì ìííìë€. 3000í ë°ë³µ ì€í 결곌 0ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ì¬ì©í ì°ë£ì ì§ì ì±ë¥ìŽ 90ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ì¬ì©í 겜ì°ì ë¹íŽ ì±ë¥ ê°ìê° ëì±íì°í ëíë¬ë€. ëí ê³ ì£Œí ì í ë° í¬ë¡ì€ì€ë²ììë 0ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì ê²œì° ê·ž ìŠê°ìšìŽ ëê² ëíë¬ë€. ìŽë 죌ì¬í ì ìí믞겜ì ì¬ì©íì¬ ìŽ¬ìë ìŽë¯žì§ë¥Œ íµíŽ ê²ìŠëìë€. ìŽë¬í ë¶ì결곌ë ê°ì€íì°ìžµì íë©ŽìŽë°©ì±ì ì ì© ë° ë¶ëŠ¬íì ìµì ì€ê³ë¥Œ íµíì¬ ì±ë¥ì ë³Žë€ í¥ì ìí¬ ì ìì ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ, ëŽêµ¬ì±ì í¥ìì íµíì¬ ì°ë£ì ì§ ìì€í
ì ìì©í륌 ìë¹êž°êž° ìí íµì¬ ìë£ë¡ìš íì© ë ì ìì ê²ìŒë¡ êž°ëíë€.Gas diffusion layers (GDLs) play important roles that include reactant gas transportation, electron conduction, liquid water management and structural supporting of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The macro-porous layer has anisotropic characteristics by preferential direction of mechanical properties. The in-plane anisotropy of GDL has both fiber directions that is perpendicular (designated by 90° GDL) and parallel (designated by 0° GDL) to the major flow when fuel cell components are assembled. Deformation and intrusion into the cell channel of GDL are inevitable during the cell assembly. Mechanical bending stiffness direction by the in-plane anisotropy can influence on the GDL deformation/intrusion and accordingly, the cell performance and durability. For analyzing clearly the effects of the GDL in-plane anisotropy, experimental and numerical studies are conducted.
Firstly, the effects of GDL in-plane anisotropy on cell performance were investigated experimentally. For analyzing correlation between anisotropic bending stiffness of a GDL and geometries of bipolar plates, 6 bipolar plates having 3 different channel/land width ratios and 3 different channel depths are prepared. I-V performance of the fuel cells with 90° GDL are generally higher than those with 90° GDL. On the contrary, high-frequency resistance (HFR) of the fuel cells with 90° GDL is lower than those with 0° GDL due to the higher resistance to force of bipolar plates during fuel cell assembly. In experimental results by different channel/land width ratios, the differences of I-V performances and HFR values between 90° and 0° GDL cells gradually decrease with increasing land/channel width ratio. It is because that anisotropic stiffness effect of the GDLs with wider land is reduced due to the better support. Therefore, less deformation and intrusion into channel of fuel cells with 90° GDL can improve the fuel cell performance. Air pressure drop of all the fuel cells with 90° GDLs was similar to those with 0° GDLs because air flow in channel at sufficient wide channel height of 0.6 mm. The cross-sectional images of GDLs upon compression pressure support the results by 90° GDLs have less deformation. In experimental results by different channel depths, the differences of air pressure drop values between the 90° and 0° GDL cells were appeared. In shallowest channel, the air pressure drop values of the 0° GDL cells were clearly higher than those of the 90° GDL cells due to more intrusion of 0° GDL into the channel. However, other channels except the shallowest channel appear no significant difference presumably due to the exceptional increase in the air pressure may cause more deformation and poor contact status of the GDLs in the fuel cell.
In dead-end mode, the peak voltage of the 0° GDL cell was also higher than 90° GDL indicating the higher contact resistance in 0° GDL cell. Also, the purge interval of the fuel cell with 0° GDL was also longer than that of the fuel cell with 90° GDL implying the difference of GDL porosity reduction between both to 90° and 0° GDL cells at same cell assembly pressure. The averaged voltages of 90° GDL cell were higher than those of 0° GDL cell and the difference is more obvious at higher current density owing to the higher contact resistance in the higher current density.
Numerical model using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was conducted for analyzing the effect of anisotropic GDLs on cell performance by gas permeation through the cell channel. Permeability of anisotropic GDLs for applying to model simulation was measured. Afterwards, same geometry as single cell used in chapter 3 was applied in this model. The voltage difference in high current density over 0.9 A/cm2 was relatively distinct, whereas the voltage difference in low current density below 0.9 A/cm2 was negligible. The simulation results show that the higher performance was induced by gas permeation through the cell channels. By the result, it is identified that not only contact resistance by GDL deformation but also gas permeation through the cell channel influence on the cell performance.
Lastly, the effect of in-plane anisotropic characteristics on the mechanical degradation of an MEA was investigated using an AST. The wet/dry cycling method was adopted to cause mechanical degradation of the MEA. IâV performances and HFRs of the 90° GDL cell and 0° GDL cell were measured every 500 cycles and hydrogen crossover rates were measured every 1000 cycles. IâV performance and HRF drop of the 0° GDL fuel cell according to wet/dry cycles was higher because the 0° GDL had lower resistance to stress by repetitive membrane swelling/shrinkage than the 90° GDL. The increase in the hydrogen crossover rate of the 0° GDL fuel cell was higher than that of the 90° GDL fuel cell because of mechanical degradation of the MEA. Through SEM, it was shown that the MEA deformation of 0° GDL fuel cells was more severe than that of the 90° GDL fuel cell after wet/dry cycles. No spatial gap due to deformation of the 90° GDL under compression was detectedhowever, a gap for the 0° GDL was observed. These results support our assumptions that a higher resistance of the GDL to repetitive membrane swelling/shrinkage by wet/dry cycles increases the performance and durability of the fuel cell.
It was identified that cell performance can be improved by simple adjustment of GDL arrangement during cell assembly. The results about the effects by geometry of bipolar plates can be helpful for optimum designs of fuel cell components. Also, this effort to minimize the GDL deformation and degradation will bring forward the commercialization of PEMFC.Abstract ii
Contents vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xvii
Nomenclature xviii
Chapter 1. Introduction 14
1.1 Background of the study 14
1.2 Literature survey 17
1.3 Objectives and scopes 23
Chapter 2. Experimental apparatus and method 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Single fuel cell 25
2.3 Experimental apparatus and test conditions 27
Chapter 3. Cell performances by GDL anisotropic characteristic 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Performance tests in open mode fuel cell 35
3.2.1 I-V performances 35
3.2.2 High frequency resistance 41
3.2.3 Pressure differences 52
3.2.4 Electrical resistances of bipolar plates 59
3.3 Performance test in cathodic dead-end mode fuel cell 63
3.3.1 Methods for experiments 64
3.3.2 Purge characteristics by GDL anisotropy 66
3.4 Summary 74
Chapter 4. Theoretical analysis on GDL anistropic characteristics 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Experiment for measuring the GDL permeability 78
4.2.1 Experiment setup 78
4.2.2 Measurement or permeability 84
4.3 Mesh generation and model coditions 89
4.3.1 Model assumptions 89
4.3.2 Governing equations 90
4.4 Results and discussion 98
4.5 Summary 101
Chapter 5. Effects of GDL anisotropy on fuel cell degradation 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Accelerated stresses test method 107
5.2.1 Experimental setup 107
5.2.2 Accelerated stress test method 109
5.3 Differences of mechanical degradation by GDL anisotropy during wet/dry cycles 110
5.3.1 I-V performances 111
5.3.2 HFR measurements 113
5.3.3 Hydrogen crossover rate through the membrane 119
5.3.4 Morphology of MEA 120
5.4 Summary 125
Chapter 6. Concluding remarks 128
References 133
Abstract (in Korean) 143Docto
Comparison of MRCP and ERCP in evaluating the pathology of pancreaticobiliary system
ìí곌/ìì¬[íêž]
ERCP(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)ê° 1968ë
ì²ì ëì
ë ìŽí ì·ëŽëì§íì ì§ëšì ììŽ ë늬 ìŽì©ëê³ ììŒë ìì ìì ì êž°ì ìì¡Žì ìŽìŽì ì·ëŽëëŽë¡ì ìœêŽì€íš ë° íì ìë¶ì ì¡°ìì ìŽë €ììŽ ìê³ , 칚ìµì ìž ê²ì¬ë²ìŒë¡ í©ë³ìŠì ì ë°í ì ìë€. ìµê·Œ ë¹ì¹šìµì ìž ë°©ë²ìŒë¡ ì·ëŽëì ììì ì»ì ì ìë MRCP(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography)ê° ëì
ëìŽ ììì ìž ìŽì©ìŽ ëê³ ìë€. MRCPë ìêž°ê³µëª
ììì ìë¡ìŽ ì ì©ë¶ìŒë¡ì ì·ëŽë 죌ë³êµ¬ì¡°ì ëšë©Žë¿ ìëëŒ ì·ëŽëì í¬ì¬ììì ì»ì ì ììŽ ì¡°ìì ì í¬ì¬ììŽ ì§ì ëŽë ì¡°ìì 곌 ì ì¬í ììì ì»ì ì ìë€. ëí ìì ì€ í©ë³ìŠìŽ ê±°ì ìê³ ìì ìì ìì¡Žì ìŽì§ ììŒë©° íì ììž¡ì êŽêµ¬ì¡°ë¥Œ ì¡°ìí ì ìê³ ì¬ë¬ ëšë©Žììì ëìì ì»ì ì ìë ì¥ì ìŽ ìë€. ìêž°ê³µëª
ìì êž°ì ì ë°ë¬ë¡ íŽìëê° í¥ìëê³ ììŽ ëŽêŽê²°ììŽë ì·ëŽë íìì§íììì ì íëê° ëê² ë³Žê³ ëê³ ììŒë í¥í ì íµì ìž ì·ëŽëê³ì ììë°©ë²ì ëì í ì ììì§ ìëë©Ž 볎조ì ìž ì§ëšë°©ë²ìŒì§ë ìì§ ë°íì§ì§ ììë€.
ìŽì 볞 ì°êµ¬ìë ì·ëŽëì§íì ì§ëšì ììŽì MRCPì ERCPì ììì ì°šìŽ ë° MRCPì ì§ëšì ì íëì ììì ì ì©ì±ì íê°íêž°ìíŽ ì°ìžìë£ììì ê°ìžëŽêŽì, ì·ì¥ì¢
ì, ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì ì§ëšë°ì íìì€ MRCPì ERCP륌 몚ë ìíë°ì 57ëª
ì íì륌 ëììŒë¡ íí¥ì ì¡°ì¬ë¥Œ ìííìë€. ê°ìžëŽêŽìì 1995ë
7ìë¶í° 1997ë
6ëê¹ì§ 2ë
ê° 17ì, ì·ì¥ì¢
ì곌 ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì 1997ë
3ëë¶í° 12ìê¹ì§ 10ê°ìê° ê°ê° 16ì, 24ìë¡ íìë€. ê°ìžëŽêŽìì ëŽêŽíìì ììžë¶ì, ë³ë³ë¶ì ìì¹ ë° ê²œê³, íììë¶ ë° íë¶ëŽêŽì ì¡°ìì 묎 ë±ì ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ ë¹êµíìê³ , ì·ì¥ì¢
ìììë MRPì ERPì ìììì ì·êŽì ëë¶, 첎ë¶, 믞ë¶ìì ê° êµ¬ì¡°ì ëª
íë륌 5ëšê³(0-4ì )ë¡ ëëìŽ ì·êŽì¡°ìì ëª
íë륌 íê°íê³ , ëí ê²°ì ì ìž ì§ëšì ì 볎륌 ì»ììë륌 4ì , ì§ëšì ì 볎륌 ì£Œì§ ëª»í ë륌 0ì ìŒë¡ 죌êŽì ìŒë¡ ì ì륌 ì£ŒìŽ ì§ëšì ì 뢰ë륌 íê°íìë€. ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì ê²°ìì ë¬Žê° íìžë 24ììì MRCPì ERCPì ì§ëšì ì íëì 믌ê°ë륌 ìì볎ìê³ , MRCPìì ë³ë³ìŽ íìž
ë 20ìììë ê° ëšë©Žì ë°ëŒ ê²°ìíìžì ì©ìŽì±ì 3ëšê³(0-2ì )ìŒë¡ ëëìŽ íê°íììŒë©° ëí ê²°ìì ìêž°ê³µëª
ììì í¹ì±ì íì
íì¬ ë€ì곌 ê°ì 결곌륌 ì»ìë€.
1. ê°ìž ëŽêŽì
ê°. 17ëª
ì ëì íìì íê· ì°ë ¹ì 62ìž(43-75)ìê³ ëšë
ë¹ë 1.8:1ìŽìë€. ìµì¢
ì§ëšì 12ìììë ìì ë¡, ëëšžì§ 5ìë ììì ì견, ë°©ì¬ì íì ì견, ìží¬ì§ ê²ì¬ ë±ìŒë¡ íì§íìëë° Klatskinì¢
ì 2ì, ìŽê°êŽì 6ì, ê·ŒììŽìëŽêŽì 4ì, ì€ê° ìŽìëŽêŽì 2ì, ìì ìŽìëŽêŽì 3ììë€.
ë. ê°ìžëŽêŽìì ì§ëšì ììŽì ERCPì MRCPì 믌ê°ëë ë³ë³ì ìì¹ë¶ììì 100%ì 94%, ìì±ê³Œ ì
ì±ì 구ë¶ë± ëŽêŽíìì ììžë¶ìììë 100%ì 88%, ë³ë³ì ìë¶ê²œê³ì íìžì 47%ì 82%, ë³ë³ì íë¶ê²œê³ì íìžì 100%ì 82%, íì ìë¶ëŽêŽì ì¡°ìì 47%ì
100%ìê³ , íì íë¶ëŽêŽì ì¡°ìì ìì ìŽìëŽêŽì 3ì륌 ì ìží 14ììì ë¹êµíìëë° ê°ê° 100%ì 93%ìì íìží ì ììë€.
ë€. ë³ë³ì ìë¶ê²œê³ì íìž ë° íì ìë¶ëŽêŽì ì¡°ìììë íµê³íì ìŒë¡ ì ììê² MRCPìì ì°ìíìë€.
ëŒ. MRCPì§ëšì ì€ë¥ê° 2ììì ììëë° ëŽë곌 ê·Œì ìŽìëŽêŽì ìììŽ ê²¹ì³ ë³ë³êŽì°°ìŽ ìŽë €ì ë 겜ì°ì ìì ìŽìëŽêŽì ëì¹ì ìž íì°©ì ë³Žì¬ ìì±ë³ë³ê³Œ ê°ë³ìŽ ìŽë €ìŽ 겜ì°ê° ê°ê° 1ìì© ììë€.
2. ì·ì¥ì¢
ì
ê°. ëì íìë 16ëª
ìŽìê³ íê· ì°ë ¹ì 61ìž(42-80)ììŒë©° ëšë
ë¹ë 1.7:1ìŽìë€. ìµì¢
ì§ëšì 9ììì ìì ìŽë ì¡°ì§íì ê²ì¬ë¡, 8ìììë ììì ì¶ì êŽì°° ë° ë°©ì¬ì ì견 ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì¢
ìíì§ìì ìì¹ë±ìŒë¡ íìë€. ì§ëšì ì·ì¥ì 8ì(ëë¶ 6ì, ì²Žë¶ 1ì, ë¯žë¶ 1ì), ì ì¡ë¶ë¹ì± ì ëì ë³ë³ 6ì, ì¥ì¡ì± ëì ì¢
2ììë€.
ë. ì·êŽì¡°ìì ëª
íë íê°ì ììŽì ERPì MRPì íê· ì ìë ëë¶ìì ê°ê° 3.44ë 2.88, 첎ë¶ë 2.19ë 3.06, 믞ë¶ë 1.38ë 3.06ìŒë¡ íì ê·Œìë¶ì·êŽì ì¡°ììŽ MRPìì ì ììê² ëìë€.
ë€. ë³ë³ì ìíŽ ì·êŽì ìì íìê° ììë 8ì(50%)ììë MRPë íì ììž¡ì·êŽì 몚ë íìží ì ììëë° ë°íŽ ERPë íì ììë¶ì·êŽë§ì ì¡°ìíìë€.
ëŒ. ì§ëšì ì 뢰ë íê°ì ììŽ ERPë 2.81, MRPë 3.94ë¡ MRPìì ì ììê² ëìë€.
ë§. 2ìì ì¥ì¡ì± ëì ì¢
ììë ERPë ì§ëšì ì 볎륌 ì ê³µíì§ ëª»íë° ë°íŽ MRPë ë³ë³ì ì íí ì§ëšíìë€.
3. ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ì
ê°. 24ëª
ì íì륌 ëììŒë¡ íìê³ íê· ì°ë ¹ì 59ìž(40-74)ììŒë©° ëšë
ë¹ë 1.2:1ìŽìë€. ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ì ì 묎ë ëŽì겜ì ì ê±°ì ì íµíŽ ê²°ìì ì§ì íìžíê±°ë ìì ë¡ì íìžíìëë° ìŽì€ 2ì륌 ì ìží 22ììì ê²°ììŽ ììê³ ìŽë¬í ì견ì ìµì êž°ì€ìŒë¡ íìë€.
ë. ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì ì§ëšìì 믌ê°ë ë° ì§ëšì ì íëë ERCPë 86%(22ìì€ 19ì), 88%(24ìì€ 21ì)ìê³ , MRCPììë ê°ê° 86%(22ìì€ 19ì), 79%(24ìì€ 19ì)ë¡ íµê³íì ìž ì°šìŽê° ììë€.
ë€. MRCPììì ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì ììí¹ì±ì 20ììì ë¶ìíìëë° ê²°ìíìž ì©ìŽëì íê· ì ìë í¡ëšë©Ž 1.6, êŽìë©Ž 1.55 ê·žëŠ¬ê³ í¬ì¬ìì 1.8ë¡ í¬ì¬ìììŽ í¡ëšë©ŽìŽë êŽìë©Žë³Žë€ ê²°ìì íìžìŽ ì©ìŽíììŒë íµê³íì ì°šìŽë ììë€.
ëŒ. T2 ê°ì¡°ìììì ê²°ìì 60%(20ìì€ 12ì)ìì ì ížìì€, 40%(20ìì€ 8ì)ìì ì ì ížê°ëë¡ êŽì°°ëìê³ , ê²°ìì ê³ ì ížê°ëì ëŽë¶êµ¬ì±ë¬Œì 볎ìë 겜ì°ë 57%(20ìì€ 10ì)ìë€.
ë§. T1 ê°ì¡°ìììŒë¡ë 쎬ìí ìë 9ììê³ ìŽì€ ê²°ìì íìží ì ììë 6ìì€ 4ìë ê³ ì ížê°ë, 2ìììë ì ì ížê°ëë¡ êŽì°°ëìë€.
ìŽìì ê²°ê³Œë¡ ê°ìžëŽêŽììŽë ì·ì¥ì¢
ììì MRCPë ERCPì ì ì¬íê±°ë ì°ìí ì§ëšì ì íë륌 볎ìê³ , íì ììë¶ ë° ê·Œìë¶ ì·ëŽë륌 몚ë ì¡°ìí ë¿ìëëŒ ì¢
ìì ì íí ìì¹ ë° ì¹šë²ì ë륌 íê°í ì ììë€. ëí ê°ìžëŽêŽê²°ìì ì§ëšìì MRCPë ERCPì 견ì€ë§í ì§ëšì ê°ì¹ê° ììŽ ì§ëšìŽ ë¶íì€í ë ERCPì ì MRCP륌 ì°ì ìííŽ ë³Œ ì ìê² ë€. ë°ëŒì ì·ëŽëì§íìŽ ìì¬ëë íììì ERCPì ì MRCP륌 ìííìŒë¡ìš 칚ìµì ìž ê²ì¬ë¥Œ ì€ìŽê³ í¥í ì¹ë£ê³íì ìžì°ëë° ëììŽ ë ì ìì ê²ìŒë¡ êž°ëëë€. ê·žë¬ë MRCPì ë¹ì©íšê³Œ ìž¡ë©ŽìŽ ê³ ë €ëìŽìŒ íë©° í¥í ì ìì§íì ëí ì°êµ¬ê° ë íìí ê²ìŒë¡ ìê°ëë€.
[ì묞]
Although ERCP has been the gold standard, having the highest sensitivity and specificity for evaluating diseases of the pancreaticobiliary system, the procedure is associated with complications such as cholangitis and pancreatitis. In contrast, MRCP is a noninvasive imaging modality capable of producing high-quality images of the pancreaticobiliary system. To determine the efficacy of MRCP in diagnosing diseases of the pancreatic and biliary duct, we correlated the image of MRCP with ERCP findings, and then evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of MRCP and compared the difference between the images of MRCP and ERCP. Fifty-seven patients (extrahepatic bile duct cancer, n=17; pancreatic tumors, n=16; extrahepatic bile duct stones, n=24) underwent ERCP and MRCP simultaneously, The MR cholangiograms were acquired with a fast spin-echo (n = 10) or a single shot fast spin-echo (n =47).
The Results were as follows:
1. Extrahepatic bile duct
(1) Seventeen patients(11 males and 6 females) were analyzed retrospectively during a period of 2 years(July 1995 to June 1997). The mean age was 62 years. The MR cholangiopancreatograms were performed with a fast spin-echo(n = 10) or single shot fast spin-echo(n= 7).
(2) Malignant obstruction was confirmed in 12 patients by surgical findings and in 5 patients by clinical follow-up and imaging findings. The final diagnoses were as follows: Klatskin tumor(n = 2), CHD cancer(n = 6), proximal CBD cancer(n = 4), mid CBD cancer(n = 2), distal CBD cancer(n = 3).
(3) ERCP and MRCP showed sensitivities of 100% and 94% for location of bile duct obstruction, 100% and 88% for causes of obstruction, 47% and 82% for recognition of the upper margin of lesion, 100% and 82% for recognition of the lower margin of lesion, 47% and 100% for visualization of the bile duct proximal to obstruction, and 100% and 93% for visualization of the bile duct distal to obstruction, respecitively.
(4) MRCP was superior to ERCP in recognition of the upper margin of lesion and visualization of the bile duct proximal to obstruction(p < 0.05).
2. Pancreatic tumors
(1) Sixteen patients(10 male and 6 female, mean age 61 years) underwent MRP and ERP between March 1997 and December 1997. MRP was performed with single shot fast spin-echo sequence on a 1.5T system.
(2) The final diagnosis established by surgical findings(n = 9) or imaging findings and clinical follow-up(n = 7) were as follows: pancreatic cancer(n = 8), mucinous ductal ectasia(n = 6), serous cystadenoma(n =2).
(3) MRP and ERP were compared for visualization of the head, body, and tail portion of the pancreatic duct separately and scored as excellent(4), good(3), fair(2), poor(1), and no visualization(0). The overall diagnostic confidence of both modalities also was graded subjectively from non-diagnostic image(0) to definite information(4).
(4) Mean score of visualization of the pancreatic duct by MRP and ERP were 2.88 and 3.44 in the pancreatic head(p = NS), 3.06 and 2.19 in the pancreatic body(p = NS), and 3.06 and 1.38 in the pancreatic tail(p < 0.01). Mean score of the diagnostic confidence was 3.94 in MRP and 2.81 in ERP, which had a statistically significant difference(P < 0.05).
(5) In 8 patients with obstruction of pancreatic duct due to malignant lesions, MRP demonstrated both the proximal and distal site of obstruction in the pancreatic duct while ERP only visualized the distal site of obstruction. In two cases of serous cystadenoma with lack of communication between the pancreatic duct and cystic neoplasm, MRP characterized the lesion precisely whereas ERP showed no information.
(6) MRP was superior in defining the extent of tumor because of the visualization of the surrounding pancreatic parenchyma and the relationship of the ducts,
3. Extrahepatic bile duct stone
(1) Twenty-four patients(13 male and 11 female, mean age 59 years) with suspected choledocholithiasis underwent MRCP and ERCP between March 1997 and December 1997. MRCP was performed with single shot fast spin-echo sequence.
(2) Twenty-two patients with choledocholithiais and two patients without choledocholithiais were confirmed by surgical findings(n = 8) or stone extraction by sphincterotomy(n = 16).
(3) Diagnostic accuracy of MRCP and ERCP in the diagnosis of
choledocholithiasis(n = 24) were 79% and 88%, sensitivity were 86% and 86% respectively.
(4) Reliance in detection of calculi on each image were evaluated by scoring as definite(2), suspicious(1), no visualization(0) in twenty patients with choledocholithisis on MRCP. Although there was no statistical significance, the calculi was better shown on the projecional in ages(1.8) than axial(1.6) and coronal images(1.55).
(5) The typical meniscus sign created by the high signal intensity of bile that was partially surrounding the hypointense stone was better visualized on projectional and axial images(90% respectively) than coronal views(70%).
(6) Choledocholithiasis were dipicted as foci of intraluminal signal void in 12(60%) of the 20 patients and foci of intraluminal low intenity signal in 8(40%) of the 20 patients on heavily T2-weighted images.
(7) In 10(50%) of the 20 patients, the calculi had internal hyperintense constituents.
In conclusion, MRCP has a diagnostic accuracy, similar or superior to ERCP and also demostrate the pancreaticobiliary ducts proximal and distal to the site of obstruction in extrahepatic bile duct cancer and pancreatic tumors. In addition, MRCP can evaluate the exact location of obstuction and extent of tumors. Thus MRCP can be used as a primary diagnostic tool before ERCP when therapeutic intervention for drainage of bile duct is not needed and also provide a means of planning appropriate therapeutic measures. In the diagnosis of choledocholithiais, MRCP has a high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy, and can characterize stone structure and composition. Thus MRCP may beneficial in patients with high risk of complications from ERCP or a low to moderate clinical suspicion for common bile duct stones, and may play a role in the selection of patients for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Although MRCP may substitute for diagnostic ERCP, further prospective studies is needed to better assess the cost-effectiveness of the technique and define the optimal role of MRCP.restrictio
Scar quality and hand function after Moist Exposed Burn Ointment and skin graft treatment in full
ìí곌/ìì¬[íêž]
íì ì¬íì¹ë£ìì íì íìì íŒë¶ ë³ë³ì ì¬ê°í ì¥ì ììë¡ ìì©íë€. í¹í ì€ìŠ íìì ê²œì° êŽì ë¶ì ìì§ìì ì í, ììê°, ë§ìŽ ì 겜 ë³ë³ ë±ì ì ë°í ì ììŽ ìŽë¬í íŒë¶ ë³ë³ì ëí êŽëŠ¬ê° íìí ì€ì ìŽë€. ì€ìŠ íìì ìì ì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ííì§ ëª»íë ê²œì° MEBO ì¹ë£ê° íì ìµì± ì¹ë£ë²ìŒë¡ ì°œìì í겜ì ì늬 ìµì€íê² ì ì§ìí€ê³ íì ë¶ë¹ ìíŒìží¬, íŒíì¡°ì§ìží¬ì ì±ì¥ê³Œ ë¶í륌 ìŽì§ìí€ë ìë¡ìŽ íŒë¶ ì¡°ì§ìŽ íì±ëëë¡ íë ì¹ë£ë²ìŒë¡ ì¬ì©ëê³ ìë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ì€ìŠ ìë¶ íì íììì êž°ì¡Žì íŒë¶ ìŽìì ì¹ë£ì MEBO ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ë¹êµíì ë íì íŒë¶ íí° ìíì ìêž°ë¥ì ìíì ì°šìŽê° ìëì§ë¥Œ ììë³Žê³ ì íìë€.íì ìŒí°ì ëŽìí ìë¶ì ì€ìŠ íì íì륌 ëììŒë¡ êž°ì¡Žì íŒë¶ ìŽì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ë°ì íì군곌 MEBO ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ë°ì íìêµ°ìŒë¡ ëëìŽ íìí ë¹íì± ë°íì ì ë륌 íê°íìë€. 뚌ì ë°Žì¿ ë² íì íí° ì²ë(Vancouver scar scale)륌 íê° íìê³ , íì íŒë¶ìíì ê°êŽì ìž ì§íë¡ íŒë¶íë ¥ë, ìì칚착ì ë, ìë¶ìŠë°ë, 믞ìžíë¥ë, íì íí°ì ëê»ë¥Œ ìž¡ì íìë€. ìì êž°ë¥íê°ë¥Œ ìíŽ ë¥ëì ìê°ëœ êŽì ìŽë ë²ìì ì ìš ìêž°ë¥ íê°(Jebsen hand function test) ë° ë¯žìê° ìêž°ë¥ íê°(Michigan Hand Function Questionnaire)륌 ì€ìíì¬ ë€ì곌 ê°ì 결곌륌 ì»ê² ëìë€.1. ë°Žì¿ ë² íí° ìž¡ì ê²ì¬ì íë ¥ì§ìë íŒë¶ìŽì ì¹ë£êµ°ì ë¹íŽ MEBO ì¹ë£êµ°ìì ë®ì ì§ì륌 볎ìê³ , íì íí°ì ëê»ì§ìë MEBO ì¹ë£êµ°ìì íì í 6ê°ì ìì ì ì§ìê° 1ê°ì ëì ë¹íŽ ìŠê°ë ìì¹ë¥Œ ëíëë€..2. ê°êŽì ìž íì íŒë¶ ìíë êž°ì¡Žì íŒë¶ìŽì ì¹ë£êµ°ì 겜ì°ë³Žë€ MEBO ì¹ë£êµ°ìì íŒë¶ íë ¥ëì ìŠê°, ìì 칚착ì ê°ì, 겜ííŒ ìë¶ ìŠë°ëì ìŠê°ë¥Œ 볎ìë€.3. íí°ì ëê»ë ìì ìŽêž° 1ê°ì 겜곌ì íŒë¶ ìŽì ì¹ë£êµ°ì ë¹íŽ MEBO ì¹ë£êµ°ìŽ ê°ìë ìíìì§ë§, 6ê°ì 겜곌ì íŒë¶ìŽì ì¹ë£êµ°ë³Žë€ ìŠê°ëìë€.4. ì ìš ìêž°ë¥ íê° ë° ë¯žìê° ìêž°ë¥ íê°ìì ë êµ°ê°ì ì믞ìë ì°šìŽë¥Œ 볎ìŽì§ ììë€.ê²°ë¡ ì ìŒë¡ ì€ìŠ ìë¶ íìì ì¹ë£ ë°©ë²ìŒë¡ ìì ì ì¹ë£ìžì MEBO ì¹ë£ë¥Œ íëì ëììŒë¡ ê³ ë €í ì ìì ê²ìŒë¡ ì¬ë£ëë©° í¥í 6ê°ì ìŽìì ë§ì±ì ìž íŒë¶ ìíì ëí ê³ ì°°ìŽ íìí ê²ìŽë€.
[ì묞]There is a evidence of improved healing of full thickness wounds in wet and moist environment. The objectives of this study were to determine the pattern of scar formation and hand function after full thickness hand burn and to compare the effect between MEBO treatment and skin graft. Scars of full thickness burn wound from hand dorsum were estimated in a prospective comparative study between two types of treatment, MEBO and skin graft wound. Scar on hand dorsum was assessed both clinically(Vancouver scar scale) and basically with serial objective measurement of pigmentation, erythema, pliability, transepideramal water loss, thickness and perfusion. Hand function was evaluated by Jebsen hand function test and Michigan Hand Function Questionnaire. Vancouver Scar scales were significantly better in the MEBO group than skin graft group. Scar thickness, transepidermal loss were increased whereas pigmentation value was decreased in MEBO treatment group. There was no significant difference in hand function between two groups. MEBO application could be an alternative treatment to conventional treatment in full thickness hand burn wound. Nevertheless, more studies are yet to come for evaluating how MEBO treatment affect skin condition of burn inury.ope