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    ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋ฌธ์ผ๊ฒฝ.There is increasing interest in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in various fields of the industry, starting from the surveillance to the logistics. After introducing the smart city, there are attempts to utilize UAVs in the public service sector by connecting individual components of the system with both information and physical goods. In this dissertation, the UAV operation problems in the public service sector is modeled in the set covering approach. There is a vast literature on the facility location and set covering problems. However, when operating UAVs in the system, the plan has to make the most of the flexibility of the UAV, but also has to consider its physical limitation. We noticed a gap between the related, existing approaches and the technologies required in the field. That is, the new characteristics of the UAV hinder the existing solution algorithms, or a brand-new approach is required. In this dissertation, two operation problems to construct an emergency wireless network in a disaster situation by UAV and one location-allocation problem of the UAV emergency medical service (EMS) facility are proposed. The reformulation to the extended formulation and the corresponding branch-and-price algorithm can overcome the limitations and improve the continuous or LP relaxation bounds, which are induced by the UAV operation. A brief explanation of the UAV operation on public service, the related literature, and the brief explanation of the large-scale optimization techniques are introduced in Chapter 1, along with the research motivations and contributions, and the outline of the dissertations. In Chapter 2, the UAV set covering problem is defined. Because the UAV can be located without predefined candidate positions, more efficient operation becomes feasible, but the continuous relaxation bound of the standard formulation is weakened. The large-scale optimization techniques, including the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition and the branch-and-price algorithm, could improve the continuous relaxation bound and reduce the symmetries of the branching tree and solve the realistic-scaled problems within practical computation time. To avoid numerical instability, two approximation models are proposed, and their approximation ratios are analyzed. In Chapter 3, UAV variable radius set covering problem is proposed with an extra decision on the coverage radius. While implementing the branch-and-price algorithm to the problem, a solvable equivalent formulation of the pricing subproblem is proposed. A heuristic based on the USCP is designed, and the proposed algorithm outperformed the benchmark genetic algorithm proposed in the literature. In Chapter 4, the facility location-allocation problem for UAV EMS is defined. The quadratic variable coverage constraint is reformulated to the linear equivalent formulation, and the nonlinear problem induced by the robust optimization approach is linearized. While implementing the large-scale optimization techniques, the structure of the subproblem is analyzed, and two solution approaches for the pricing subproblem are proposed, along with a heuristic. The results of the research can be utilized when implementing in the real applications sharing the similar characteristics of UAVs, but also can be used in its abstract formulation.ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๊นŒ์ง€, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์˜ ์‘์šฉ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์˜์—ญ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ, ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋ฌผ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์šด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„์œ„์น˜๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฌธ์ œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜„์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’€๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜น์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋‚œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธด๊ธ‰๋ฌด์„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ํ• ๋‹น๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณต์‹ํ™”์™€ ๋ถ„์ง€ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„ํ™”ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์šด์˜, ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ 1์žฅ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜ ์—†์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, ์•ฝํ•œ ์™„ํ™”ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Dantzig-Wolfe ๋ถ„ํ•ด์™€ ๋ถ„์ง€ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™„ํ™”ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ทผ์‚ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ง€ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ’€์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํฌ ์œ ์ „ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ํ• ๋‹น๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฒ”์œ„์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์„ ํ˜•์˜ ๋™์น˜์ธ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ•๊ฑด์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ’€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents vii List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Unmanned aerial vehicle operation on public services 1 1.2 Facility location problems 3 1.3 Large-scale optimization techniques 4 1.4 Research motivations and contributions 6 1.5 Outline of the dissertation 12 Chapter 2 Unmanned aerial vehicle set covering problem considering fixed-radius coverage constraint 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Problem definition 20 2.2.1 Problem description 22 2.2.2 Mathematical formulation 23 2.2.3 Discrete approximation model 26 2.3 Branch-and-price approach for the USCP 28 2.3.1 An extended formulation of the USCP 29 2.3.2 Branching strategies 34 2.3.3 Pairwise-conflict constraint approximation model based on Jung's theorem 35 2.3.4 Comparison of the approximation models 40 2.3.5 Framework of the solution algorithm for the PCBP model 42 2.4 Computational experiments 44 2.4.1 Datasets used in the experiments 44 2.4.2 Algorithmic performances 46 2.5 Solutions and related problems of the USCP 61 2.6 Summary 64 Chapter 3 Unmanned aerial vehicle variable radius set covering problem 66 3.1 Introduction 66 3.2 Problem definition 70 3.2.1 Mathematical model 72 3.3 Branch-and-price approach to the UVCP 76 3.4 Minimum covering circle-based approach 79 3.4.1 Formulation of the pricing subproblem II 79 3.4.2 Equivalence of the subproblem 82 3.5 Fixed-radius heuristic 84 3.6 Computational experiments 86 3.6.1 Datasets used in the experiments 88 3.6.2 Solution algorithms 91 3.6.3 Algorithmic performances 94 3.7 Summary 107 Chapter 4 Facility location-allocation problem for unmanned aerial vehicle emergency medical service 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Related literature 114 4.3 Location-allocation model for UEMS facility 117 4.3.1 Problem definition 118 4.3.2 Mathematical formulation 120 4.3.3 Linearization of the quadratic variable coverage distance function 124 4.3.4 Linear reformulation of standard formulation 125 4.4 Solution algorithms 126 4.4.1 An extended formulation of the ULAP 126 4.4.2 Branching strategy 129 4.4.3 Robust disjunctively constrained integer knapsack problem 131 4.4.4 MILP reformulation approach 132 4.4.5 Decomposed DP approach 133 4.4.6 Restricted master heuristic 136 4.5 Computational experiments 137 4.5.1 Datasets used in the experiments 137 4.5.2 Algorithmic performances 140 4.5.3 Analysis of the branching strategy and the solution approach of the pricing subproblem 150 4.6 Summary 157 Chapter 5 Conclusions and future research 160 5.1 Summary 160 5.2 Future research 163 Appendices 165 A Comparison of the computation times and objective value of the proposed algorithms 166 Bibliography 171 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 188 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 190Docto

    Influence on the meridian electrical potential for ground connection and insulation in acupuncture practice

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    ์˜๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์นจ์ˆ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ „๊ธฐํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ์ ‘์ง€๋‚˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ ‘์ง€์™€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ด ์นจ ์ž๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฝ์˜ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ •๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 20๋Œ€(26์„ธ ยฑ 5.3) ๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 15๋ช…์”ฉ 30๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผ์ธ์ด ์‹œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๊ฑฐํ—ˆ(S39)์™€ ์ƒ๊ฑฐํ—ˆ(S37)์— ์ž์นจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฑฐํ—ˆ์— (+)์ „๊ทน์„, ํ•˜๊ฑฐํ—ˆ์— (-)์ „๊ทน์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฑ์‚ผ๋ฆฌ(S36)๋ฅผ ํƒ€์นจ ์ž๊ทนํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‘ ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋น„์ ˆ์—ฐ ์ž์นจ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์ ‘์ง€, ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž ์ ‘์ง€, ํ™˜์ž ์ ‘์ง€, ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ‘์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์œ„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์ž์นจ์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ธก์ •๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„์ ˆ์—ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์ ‘์ง€๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์œ„ 44.6ยฑ19.2ใŽถ๋กœ ์–‘(+)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นจ์„ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค ๋†“๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” peak๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„๋Š” 181.4ยฑ59.7ใŽถ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž๋งŒ ์ ‘์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์œ„ 2.9ยฑ1.3ใŽถ, peak๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„๋Š” 16.4ยฑ11.9ใŽถ๋กœ ์นจ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์œ„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž๋งŒ ์ ‘์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์œ„๋Š” -51.1ยฑ9.3ใŽถ๋กœ ์Œ(-)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , peak๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„๋Š” 367.4ยฑ27.8ใŽถ๋กœ ์นจ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ „์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ‘์ง€๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ „์œ„ 1.6ยฑ0.7ใŽถ, peak๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„๋Š” 3.3ยฑ1.9ใŽถ๋กœ ์ „์œ„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์ž์นจ์‹œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์œ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. peak๊ฐ„ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์ ‘์ง€์‹œ 7.8ยฑ2.6ใŽถ, ํ”ผ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ 4.7ยฑ2.2ใŽถ, ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ 8.4ยฑ2.5ใŽถ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ‘์ง€์‹œ 3.4ยฑ1.4ใŽถ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์นจ์ˆ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ ‘์ง€์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ”ผ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ฝ์ „์œ„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ์นจ์ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์งยท๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž์™€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ง€์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ž์นจ์€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ž์™€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ, ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฝ์ „์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Background: When a patient is positioned at insulated bed and practitioner is positioned at insulated floor, that condition could be a cause of lessening effect in acupuncture practice. We investigated how Ground connection and Insulation could influence on the electrical meridian potential between practitioner and patient during acupuncture practice.Method: We treated 30 normal healthy subjects with acupuncture and measured changes in the electrical potential between the stomach meridian points ST-39 and ST-37 in response to light touch after insertion of a needle at ST-36. At first, we stimulated non-insulated needle and measured electrical potentials for non ground, patient ground only, practitioner ground only, all ground, respectively. Then we used insulated needles and measured same as above.Result: Non-insulated all ground subject elicited positive mean potential 44.6ยฑ19.2ใŽถ and showed 181.4ยฑ59.7ใŽถ peak to peak potential. Practitioner ground only showed negative mean potential of -51.5ยฑ9.3ใŽถ and 367.4ยฑ27.8ใŽถ of peak to peak potential. Patient ground only revealed no mean potential of 2.9ยฑ1.3ใŽถ, 16.4ยฑ11.9ใŽถ of peak to peak potential. All ground showed no mean potential of 1.6ยฑ0.7ใŽถ, 3.3ยฑ1.9ใŽถ of peak to peak potential. In case of Insulated condition, there elicited no mean potential. Non ground and Practitioner only showed weak value of peak to peak potential as 7.8ยฑ2.6ใŽถ and 8.4ยฑ2.5ใŽถ each. But patient only and all ground showed no potential as 4.7ยฑ2.2ใŽถ, 3.4ยฑ1.4ใŽถ, respectively.Conclusion: Ground connection modulate the energy transfer course between practitioner and patient. Insulation block energy transfer but static electrical impulse between practitioner and patient.ope

    ๊ฒฝ์ธ๊ต์œก๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์œ ํœด๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์„ฑ์ข…์ƒ.๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์™„ ๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์‡ ํ‡ดยทํ์‡„๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œยทํ™˜๊ฒฝยท ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์€ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ใ€Œ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ4์žฅ 39์กฐ1)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›์ƒ ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์›์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ํ‰๋ฌผ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์› ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ์ฒœ์•„ํŠธ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„ ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ด์˜€๋˜ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ๊ด€๊ด‘๋ช…์†Œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ์„ฑ์— ํฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์–‘์‹œ ์„์ˆ˜๋™์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ์“ฐ์ผ ์ž๊ฐˆ์„ ๊ณต ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1979๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1995๋…„ ์ฑ„์„์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ ์— ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฑ„์„์žฅ ๋ถ€์ง€์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ธ๊ต์œก๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์œ ํœด๋ถ€ ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฑ„์„ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ด์Šˆ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž ์ฆ‰ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์€ ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…์œ ์‚ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ– ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์‚ด ํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋ž˜์™€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ์„์ˆ˜๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ, ์—ฐ ๋ น, ์ง์—…๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ž์„  ์ฃผ์š”๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์‹๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์›์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ํ›„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด์Šˆ๋“ค ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ์„์ˆ˜๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง์—… ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ์ž…์ง€์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜ ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋งŒํผ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ผ๋Œ€์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฉด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ. ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์›์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์กฐ ์„ฑ, ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์ƒ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋งˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฑ„์„ํ™œ ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™ฉํํ™”๋œ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์› ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ํ›„ ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ ๋‹ค.The quarry that occurred during the modernization process contributed to the development of the national industry, but after the development was completed, it was intended to find a solution to solve the urban, environmental and social problems that appear in the state of decline and closure. The quarry where the mining is completed shall be restored to its original state in accordance with Act 4 of the Mountainous Districts Management Act. However, even if proper restoration is done in the restoration method, it is difficult to restore it to its original state, which brings huge recovery costs. Therefore, most quarry is not properly restored and is neglected. Left unattended scars degrade the function ofthe surrounding landscape and hinder its development. However, there are cases where parks and cultural spaces are being created using recently neglected quarry. A typical example is Pocheon Art Valley, which is a great help to revitalize the local economy by using quarry, which was a negative in the past, as a tourist attraction. The target area of this study located in Seoksu-dong, Anyang-si started development in 1979 to airlift gravel to be used for apartment construction. In 1995, the quarrying work was completed and the restoration work was carried out. In 2005, Gyeongin National University of Education was established on the existing quarry site, and various environmental problems occurred during the construction process. However, in order to improve these problems, the school has made constant efforts and now remains an improved abandoned site. Therefore, this study was a space of environmental issues as a quarrying activity in the past, but at this point, it was judged that it is necessary to use it as a major space and to change the awareness. Prior to the study, previous studies were conducted to understand the quarry in general. Previous studies have investigated the utilization plan of quarry and similar concept space in a large category, and focused on the survey of users, citizens, and the survey of the perception. The theoretical consideration was to examine the concept of 'the necessity of using waste quarries' and the concept of quarries in industrial heritage in the category of preserving and utilizing them. The laws and related regulations that must be observed in the utilization of waste quarry were examined, and the design andconstruction process were considered based on domestic literature. In order to understand the object in earnest, the overall understanding of the concept of large scale was made, and major events that occurred in the periphery of the object were examined through the origin and transition process. The population status, age, occupation, etc. were investigated through the analysis of population status. Based on the main contents, the validity of the park was established based on the survey and interview on the perceptions of local subjects, and opinions on 'what direction should be used' were heard. After the analysis of the target area, the social issues of the target area were examined through the origin of the target area and the process of modern change in order to grasp the problems and utilization direction of the target area. The age and occupation of the citizens were examined through the analysis of the population status of Seoksu-dong, Manan-gu, where the target area belongs. Through the analysis of the target site, the locational elements of the target site were identified in macroscopic contexts, and the main current status and problems of the target site were derived through detailed analysis. In addition, as it is not a space that acts as an independent element, it has derived the elements that can be linked to the creation of the target area by examining the related plans that are being carried out in the surrounding area. Based on the above analysis, the design goal of this study was set up, and a plan to strengthen the connectivity of the cut-out surface was proposed. The purpose of this study was to create a park that functions์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 2. ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ์ • 5 3์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 4์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 10 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 1์ ˆ. ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์ดํ•ด 11 1. ์‚ฐ์—…์œ ์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 11 2. ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์›๊ณผ์ • 14 3. ํ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์˜ ๋ณต์› ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต 18 2์ ˆ. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 23 ์ œ 3์žฅ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ 1์ ˆ. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ์ดํ•ด 31 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” 31 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜์™€ ๋ณ€์ฒœ๊ณผ์ • 32 3. ์ธ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ 39 2์ ˆ. ๊ณต์›ํ™”์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜๊ฒฌ 42 1. ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ณต์›์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ 42 2. ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์˜๊ฒฌ 44 3์ ˆ. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ 49 1. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 49 2. ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ 55 4์ ˆ. ๊ด€๋ จ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒ€ํ†  72 5์ ˆ. ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„ 75 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ƒ 1์ ˆ. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 79 1. ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋„์ž… 79 2. ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 81 3. ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด 82 2์ ˆ. ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 82 3์ ˆ. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ 84 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ 1์ ˆ. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš 87 1. ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš๋„ 87 2. ๋™์„ ๊ณ„ํš 88 3. ํฌ์žฅ๊ณ„ํš 89 4. ์‹์žฌ๊ณ„ํš 89 5. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณ„ํš 94 2์ ˆ. ์„ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์„ค๊ณ„ 96 1. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํƒ€์›Œ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ €์„ผํ„ฐ 95 2. ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์•™๋ณดํ–‰๋กœ 97 3. ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์‰ผํ„ฐ 99 4. ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์ •์› ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์‹œ์„ค 100 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  [์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ] 104 [Abstract] 106Maste

    Current Status of Home Visit Programs: Activities and Barriers of Home Care Nursing Services

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    PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the current status of home care nursing services provided by community health nurses and to identify barriers to the services. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with three types of community health care nurses. Participants were 257 nurses, 46 of whom were hospital based home care nurses, 176 were community based visiting nurses, and 35 were long term care insurance based visiting nurses. A structured questionnaire on 7 domains of home care nursing services with a 4-point Likert scale was used to measure activities and barriers to care. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: Hospital based home care nurses showed a high level of service performance activity in the domain of clinical laboratory tests, medications and injections, therapeutic nursing, and education. Community based visiting nurses had a high level of service performance in the reference domain. Long term care insurance based visiting nurses showed a high level of performance in the service domains of fundamental nursing and counseling. CONCLUSION: The results show that although health care service provided by the three types of community health nurse overlapped, the focus of the service is differentiated. Therefore, these results suggest that existing home care services will need to be utilized efficiently in the development of a new nursing care service for patients living in the community after hospital discharge.ope

    The Effect of Self-Expanding Metallic Stent Insertion for the Treatment ofMalignant Colorectal Obstruction

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    BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of the use of stent insertion for malignant colorectal obstruction as compared with performing emergency surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 201 patients. Malignant colorectal obstructions caused by a resectable tumor were treated with preoperative stenting followed by surgery (group A, n=55) or emergency surgery (group B, n=59). Malignant obstructions caused by an unresectable cancer were treated with palliative stenting (group C, n=58) or palliative emergency surgery (group D, n=29). RESULTS: The one-staged radical resection rate was significantly higher in group A patients than in group B patients (87.3% vs. 52.5%, p<0.05). Post-operative complications were more frequent in group A patients than in group B patients (9.1% vs. 32.2%, p<0.05). The admission period was significantly shorter for group A patients than for group B patients (25.0 days vs. 33.7 days, p<0.05). The medical cost was not different for group A and group B patients. Life-long stoma formation was necessary for 15.5% of group C patients and 69% of group D patients, respectively. The admission period was significantly shorter for group C patients than group D patients (10.5 days vs. 22.7 days, p<0.05). The medical cost was not different for group C and D patients. CONCLUSIONS: Stent insertion was an effective treatment modality for malignant colorectal obstruction.ope

    Changes of Ascites Nitric Oxide According to the Treatment Course in Cirrhotic Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

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    Background/Aims: Nitricoxide (NO) is a molecule involved in vascular dilatation and pathogen suppression. It also has immunologic and regulatory functions. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by an increased risk for bacterial infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The role of NO in SBP which develops in cirrhosis has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NO in the pathogenesis of SBP and its clinical usefulness for prediction of disease prognosis. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the changes of ascites NO in the course of treatment. Nitricoxide metabolite (nitrites+nitrates [NO x]) was measured by chemilum inescence in 84 ascites samples obtained from 84 cirrhotic patients. Among them , the 38 patients with SBP were treated with cefotaxim e 2.0 g, q 12hr for 7 days. In 24 of SBP patients, ascites was obtained consecutively before treatment (day 0),during treatment (day 2),and after treatment (day 7). Results: Ascites NO levels in the patients w ith SBP (n=38; 82.3 14.4 ฮผM ) were not different from those in patients with sterile ascites (n=46; 54.6 13.0 ฮผM ). There was no significant change of NO levels in sequential ascites samples during antibiotic treatment. A scites NO level before treatment was significantly higher in SBP patients who responded to antibiotics (n=26; 101.86 ฮผM/L) than that in SBP patients who did not respond to antibiotics (n=12; 40.03 ฮผM/L, P =0.044). A significant direct correlation was found between ascites and serum NO levels before treatment (Pearson correlation,r2=0.86,P =0.001). Among the SBP patients, treatment response rate to antibiotics were significantly higher in those patients with pretreatment NO levelโ‰ฅ80 ฮผM/L in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Ascites NO level was not different between ascites from SBP patients and ascites from cirrhotic patients with sterile ascites. There were no changes of ascites NO in SBP patients during treatment. Therefore ascites NO was not useful to predict the progress of SBP. Ascites NO levels reflect serum NO levels, and the patients with higher NO level may have better response to antibiotics.ope

    Survival and Recurrence Pattern after Curative Resection of Pancreatic Cancer

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    Background/Aims: The only hope for the cure of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is curative resection. However, the rate of recurrence after curative resection is higher than 50%. The aim, of this study were to analyze survival and the factors influencing survival and to evaluate the recurrence rate and pattern after curative resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods: The records of 250 patients who were diagnosed as pancreatic cancer were reviewed retrospectively. We classified the patients into 3 groups (curative resection, non-curative resection, and conservative treatment) and analyzed the factors influencing survival, recurrence rate, and recurrence pattern after curative resection. Results: Curative resection were performed in 31 (12.4%) of 250 cases. The patients with curative resection was significantly prolonged median survival time than those without non-curative resection or with conservative treatment. The factors influencing survival rate after curative resection were age, lymph node involvement, and disease status. Twenty-five of the 31 cases with curative resection had recurrences after 10 months. Local retroperitoneal recurrence was 69%. Liver metastasis and lymph node metastasis were occurred in 61% and 54%, respectively. Conclusions: The survival time of the patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was prolonged in the cases of curative resection compared with the cases of non-curative resection or conservative treatment. However, most cases after curative resection showed recurrence. Thus, early diagnosis and early treatment should be needed to prolong the survival time of the patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.ope

    Expression of CD99 in human plasma cells and its biologic implication

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ (๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Docto

    Changes of ascites nitric oxide according to the treatment course in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial perito

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Nitric Oxide๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ™•์žฅ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ NO๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ธ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ NO๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ NO๋Š” ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ „์‹ ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์‹  ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—์„œ NO๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—์„œ NO์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์•„์ง ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ NO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌด๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ NO์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด์˜ NO์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ NO์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2002๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹ ์ดŒ ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 84๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ์€ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ดฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ด๋‹จ๋ฐฑ, ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ ๋ฐ NO [NOx = nitrite(NO2) + nitrate(NO3)] ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ง์ดˆ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 53.5ยฑ9.7 ์„ธ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์ฆ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์ด 68 ๋ช…, Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์ด 4๋ช…, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—ผ์ด 5 ๋ช…, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 7 ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ Child-Pugh Class A๋Š” 1 ๋ช…, B๋Š” 28 ๋ช…, C๋Š” 54 ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ NO๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ๊ตฐ(mean, 82.6 mmole/L ยฑ 14.4)์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(mean, 54.6 mmole/L ยฑ 13.0)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ 36๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 7์ผ ํ›„์— ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋‚ด์— ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 250๊ฐœ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๊ตฐ(n=26)๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋‚ด์— ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 250๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์–‘ ๊ตฐ(n=12) ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž…์› ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ NO ๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ NO์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p-value=0.044). ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 10๋ช…์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ NO๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” NO ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ NO ๊ฐ’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์„ฑ์ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ๊ฐ„์•”, ์ž…์› ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ NO์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ NO๊ฐ€ 80 mmole/L ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ NO ๊ฐ’์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์•ก NO๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ NO๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule involved in vascular dilatation and pathogen suppression. It also has immunologic and regulatory function. Cirrhosis is characterized by an increased risk for infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The role of NO in SBP which develops in cirrhosis has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NO in the treatment of SBP and its clinical usefulness. This study was designed to investigate the changes of ascites NO in the course of treatment. NO is an extremely unstable molecule and is rapidly converted to in vivo to nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3). Therefore nitric oxide metabolite (nitrites + nitrates [NOx]) was measured by chemoiluminescence in 84 ascites samples obtained from 84 cirrhotic patients. Among them 38 patients with SBP were treated with cefotaxime 2.0g, q12hr for 7 days. In 24 of SBP patients ascites was obtained consecutively before treatment (day 0), during treatment (day 2), and after treament (day 7). Ascites NO levels were not significantly different between patients with SBP (n=38; mean, 82.3 mM ยฑ 14.4) and patients with sterile ascites (n=46; mean, 54.6 mM ยฑ 13.0). And the change of ascites during treatment was not significant. In SBP patients ascites NOx from patients responded to antibiotics (n=26; mean 101.86 mM) was significantly higher compared with ascites from non-responded patients (n=12; mean, 40.03 mM) before treatment (p=0.044). A very significant direct correlation was found ascites and serum NOx levels before treatment (Pearson correlation, r2=0.86, P-value=0.001). Among SBP patients with SBP, treatment response rate to antibiotics was significant higher in those with NO levels ยณ 80 mM in multivariate analysis.In conclusion, ascites NO was not different between ascites from SBP patients and ascites from cirrhotic patients with sterile ascites. There was no change of ascites NOx in SBP patients during the course of treatment. Therefore ascites NO was not useful to determine the progress of SBP. However, ascites NO levels reflect serum NO levels, and patients with higher NO level before treatment may have better response to antibiotics.ope
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