英祖의 大報壇 증수와 明 三皇의 享社

During the late Chosun dynasty period, the Daebo-dan(大報壇) Altar was the symbol of the Chosun public's sense of Superiority (not replacing but) succeeding the rightful Chinese dynasties(朝鮮中華主義). The Daebo-dan altar was first constructed in 1704 during the reign of King Sukjong, in order to enshrine and honor the Ming emperor Shinjong(神宗) who dispatched troops to help the Chosun dynasty which was embroiled in a conflict with the Japanese who invaded Chosun in 1592. Then the altar was renovated during King Yeongjo's reign, and in 1749, the altar was enlarged to make room for additional enshrinements of other Ming emperors such as the dynasty founder Taejo(太祖) and the last emperor Euijong(毅宗). The royal seats and chairs(神座‧神榻) were also newly designed with a feature abiding by appropriate royal codes for the Emperors and the Empire. The enlargement of the altar and the enshrinements of Ming emperors were met by rather severe criticism launched by the vassals. But King Yeongjo himself was intent on solidifying his role as the legitimate successor of Chinese Superiority through arranging memorial services for the three Ming emperors. He wanted to become an embodiment of a loyal citizen, abiding by moral obligations toward the great Ming dynasty. The concept of loyalty toward the grand Ming was realized through several governmental policies, such as King Hyojong's declaration of vengeance and the creation of the Mandong-myo(萬東廟) shrine, or the construction of the Daebo-dan altar during King Sukjong's reign. The concept also served as the backbone of a primary ideology shared by the Noron(老論) faction members in their securing a superior position inside the political arena. Yet then, through renovating the Daebo-dan altar, King Yeongjo was trying to seize an opportunity to newly define the leading authority of the King as the leader of such loyal mentality which was firmly maintained during the reigns of Kings Hyojong and Sukjong. He was trying to turn the tides among political parties, taking an offensive position for the first time against the Noron faction members, who had seized the government and led the said mentality long since the era of Song Shi Yeol

Law and the Body in Joseon Korea: Statecraft and the Negotiation of Ideology

Once considered almost exclusively to be the domain of legal scholars, Joseon dynasty criminal law is recently attracting increasing attention from social, political and intellectual historians of Korea. Despite often reaching opposing conclusions on the characteristics of Joseon legal culture, historians and legal scholars share a strong focus on the dominating role of Confucian ideology. While acknowledging the importance of Confucianism for Joseon statecraft, this paper argues that in actual statecraft and the application of the law, this ideology was negotiated with the perceived needs of the state. The focus of analysis is the relationship between the judicial process—investigation, interrogation and punishment—and cosmological, ideological and cultural notions related to the body. The purpose is to show the tension between the state need to maintain the system and uphold social order (as defined by the state) and the need for the state itself to adhere to the basic principles of the ideology that underpinned this system. Addressing the role of law and punishment in statecraft, the analysis is based on a theoretical framework that combines a conflict-based understanding of society with one that is consensus-based. While on the one hand the violation of notions related to the body was the purport of punishment when dealing with the most severe crimes against the state and its ideology, we can also see how such notions influenced the discourses on penal benevolence, torture and exhumation, whilst partly constituting the reason why some forms of torture were prohibited

Estimating causal associations of atopic dermatitis with depression using the propensity score method: an analysis of Korea Community Health Survey data, 2010-2013

OBJECTIVES Numerous studies have reported associations between atopic dermatitis (AD) and depression, but the causal relationship between the 2 diseases has not been established. Therefore, this study used the propensity score method to investigate whether there was a positive causal effect of AD on depression in 16 regions (cities and provinces) in Korea. METHODS The study analyzed 16 regions (cities and provinces) in Korea, using data obtained from the Korea Community Health Survey for the years 2010-2013. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the causal influence of AD on depression in Korea. RESULTS After propensity score matching, the standardized difference for each covariate among the 16 regions (cities and provinces) was less than 1, indicating a balance between the case and control groups. At the national level, those diagnosed with AD had a 2.31 times higher risk for being diagnosed with depression than those who had not been diagnosed with AD. In particular, the risk was highest in North Jeolla Province (odds ratio [OR], 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28 to 10.43) and lowest in Gwangju (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.87 to 3.79), and the OR for Seoul was 2.23 (95% CI, 1.66 to 2.99). CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into how causal inferences can be derived from observational studies, through an analysis of Korea Community Health Survey data. Furthermore, the study results have implications for region-specific guidelines for preventive health policies targeting depression

Temperature as a risk factor of emergency department visits for acute kidney injury: a case-crossover study in Seoul, South Korea

Background Previous studies show that escalations in ambient temperature are among the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI). However, it has not been adequately studied in our location, Seoul, South Korea. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between ambient temperatures and AKI morbidity using emergency department (ED) visit data. Methods We obtained data on ED visits from the National Emergency Medical Center for 21,656 reported cases of AKI from 2010 to 2014. Time-stratified case-crossover design analysis based on conditional logistic regression was used to analyze short-term effects of ambient temperature on AKI after controlling for relevant covariates. The shape of the exposure–response curve, effect modification by individual demographic characteristics, season, and comorbidities, as well as lag effects, were investigated. Results The odds ratio (OR) per 1 °C increase at lag 0 was 1.0087 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0041–1.0134). Risks were higher during the warm season (OR = 1.0149; 95% CI: 1.0065–1.0234) than during the cool season (OR = 1.0059; 95% CI: 1.0003–1.0116) and even higher above 22.3 °C (OR = 1.0235; 95% CI: 1.0230–1.0239). Conclusions This study provides evidence that ED visits for AKI were associated with ambient temperature. Early detection and treatment of patients at risk is important in both clinical and economic concerns related to AKI.This research was supported by the Climate Change Adaptation Research Program of National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan (NIES), the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan [S-14-5], the Climate Change Correspondence Program of the Ministry of Environment of Republic of Korea [2014001310010], the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Republic of Korea [MSIP, No.2017R1C1B2002663], and the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea [NRF-2018R1D1A1B07049034]. The funding source had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication

How urban characteristics affect vulnerability to heat and cold: a multi-country analysis.

BACKGROUND: The health burden associated with temperature is expected to increase due to a warming climate. Populations living in cities are likely to be particularly at risk, but the role of urban characteristics in modifying the direct effects of temperature on health is still unclear. In this contribution, we used a multi-country dataset to study effect modification of temperature-mortality relationships by a range of city-specific indicators. METHODS: We collected ambient temperature and mortality daily time-series data for 340 cities in 22 countries, in periods between 1985 and 2014. Standardized measures of demographic, socio-economic, infrastructural and environmental indicators were derived from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Regional and Metropolitan Database. We used distributed lag non-linear and multivariate meta-regression models to estimate fractions of mortality attributable to heat and cold (AF%) in each city, and to evaluate the effect modification of each indicator across cities. RESULTS: Heat- and cold-related deaths amounted to 0.54% (95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 0.58%) and 6.05% (5.59 to 6.36%) of total deaths, respectively. Several city indicators modify the effect of heat, with a higher mortality impact associated with increases in population density, fine particles (PM2.5), gross domestic product (GDP) and Gini index (a measure of income inequality), whereas higher levels of green spaces were linked with a decreased effect of heat. CONCLUSIONS: This represents the largest study to date assessing the effect modification of temperature-mortality relationships. Evidence from this study can inform public-health interventions and urban planning under various climate-change and urban-development scenarios

Longer-term impact of high and low temperature on mortality: An international study to clarify length of mortality displacement

BACKGROUND: In many places, daily mortality has been shown to increase after days with particularly high or low temperatures, but such daily timeseries studies cannot identify whether such increases reflect substantial life shortening or short-term displacement of deaths (harvesting). OBJECTIVES: To clarify this issue, we estimated the association between annual mortality and annual summaries of heat and cold in 278 locations from 12 countries. METHODS: Indices of annual heat and cold were used as predictors in regressions of annual mortality in each location, allowing for trends over time and clustering of annual count anomalies by country and pooling estimates using meta-regression. We used two indices of annual heat and cold based on preliminary standard daily analyses: a) mean annual degrees above/below minimum mortality temperature (MMT), and b) estimated fractions of deaths attributed to heat and cold. The first index was simpler and matched previous related research; the second was added because it allowed the interpretation that coefficients equal to 0 and 1 are consistent with none (0) or all (1) of the deaths attributable in daily analyses being displaced by at least 1 y. RESULTS: On average, regression coefficients of annual mortality on heat and cold mean degrees were 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3, 3.1] and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6, 1.6) per degree, respectively, and daily attributable fractions were 0.8 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.3) and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9, 1.4). The proximity of the latter coefficients to 1.0 provides evidence that most deaths found attributable to heat and cold in daily analyses were brought forward by at least 1 y. Estimates were broadly robust to alternative model assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide strong evidence that most deaths associated in daily analyses with heat and cold are displaced by at least 1

Mortality burden of diurnal temperature range and its temporal changes: A multi-country study.

Although diurnal temperature range (DTR) is a key index of climate change, few studies have reported the health burden of DTR and its temporal changes at a multi-country scale. Therefore, we assessed the attributable risk fraction of DTR on mortality and its temporal variations in a multi-country data set. We collected time-series data covering mortality and weather variables from 308 cities in 10 countries from 1972 to 2013. The temporal change in DTR-related mortality was estimated for each city with a time-varying distributed lag model. Estimates for each city were pooled using a multivariate meta-analysis. The results showed that the attributable fraction of total mortality to DTR was 2.5% (95% eCI: 2.3-2.7%) over the entire study period. In all countries, the attributable fraction increased from 2.4% (2.1-2.7%) to 2.7% (2.4-2.9%) between the first and last study years. This study found that DTR has significantly contributed to mortality in all the countries studied, and this attributable fraction has significantly increased over time in the USA, the UK, Spain, and South Korea. Therefore, because the health burden of DTR is not likely to reduce in the near future, countermeasures are needed to alleviate its impact on human health

A Study on Outlier Detection Method of Automatic Water Quality Monitoring Data

물 환경과 관련된 정보는 다양할 뿐만 아니라 그 규모가 방대하기 때문에 사용자가 정보를 이용하기 위해서는 적절한 처리가 필요하다. 특히 수질자동측정망의 이상데이터는 측정장비 이상, 전원 문제, 부정확한 보정, 데이터처리상의 오류등에 의해 나타난다. 이러한 데이터를 이용하여 계산된 통계량은 실제값과 편차를 가지게 되며 따라서 수질자동측정망의 신뢰도 향상을 위한 장비개선과 더불어 데이터를 스크리닝하고 검증할 수 있는 방안이 필요하다. 본 연구는 수질자동측정자료 검증에 적절한 국소회귀모형(LOESS)을 이용한 이상치 선별 방안을 제안하고자 한다.Water quality related informations are various and the amount of it is also huge, It requires the proper processing to provide information for users. Specially, The outlier in the AWQMS (Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System) might be originated from the inner mal-function, power problem, in-accurate calibration, etc. These in-correct data with embodied error leads the bias between the real value and the calculated value. Therefore techniques are required to screen and validate the data as well as to improve the reliability of AWQMS by equipment enhancement. In this study, we use LOESS (Local regression) model to detect outlier, so we propose the new technology for outlier detection method and treatment of water quality data.본 연구는 2011-2012년도 창원대학교 교내연구비의 지원을 받아 수행되었습니 다.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201200409RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A001370CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:보건학과EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:

16세기 후반 17세기초 의관 허준의 생애 재고

허준에 대한 역사학자들의 논의는 20세기 초반 이능화에서 비롯되었다. 일제 시대에 한국사와 한국 문화를 정력적으로 연구하였던 이능화는 1939년에 출간되었던 에서 다음과 같이 간단하게 허준을 소개하였다. 허준 선생은 본시 조선의 世族이었다. 선조대왕 시에 內局醫官이 되어 의술에 정통하였다. 25년 임진에 왕의 西駕에 호종하였다가 공훈을 세워 벼슬이 양평군에 이르렀다. (중략) 동의보감은 전의 三種 醫書(향약집성방, 의방류취, 의림촬요)에 비하여 매우 진보된 것이다. 이렇게 시작된 허준 연구는 이후 많은 성과를 내면서 허준에 대한 역사적 지식을 만들어갔다. 특히 노정우는 허준에 관한 사료가 많지 않은 점을 고려하여, 스스로가 직접 장시간 고증 답사한 결과라면서 허준의 출생지와 스승에 대한 다음과 같은 자신의 설명에 신뢰성을 더했다

Socialization of Local, a Public Hospital, Jonaewon Established by Sangjus Literati and Literati-physician Song-rams Activity

본고에서 필자는 16~17세기 조선에서 나타난 향당의 공공화 현상에 주목하고, 이를 주도했던 사족들의 활동을 상주의 존애원을 통해 살펴보려 했다. 기왕의 연구들은 존애원의 정체성을 사설 혹은 사립 의국(醫局)으로 규정해 왔다. 때문에 존애원을공국으로 표현했던 읍지의 편찬자들이나 존애원 운용에 참여했던 상주 사족들의 공공의 실천을 제대로 평가하지 못하고 말았다. 16세기 이래 지속되었던 성리학자들의 도학(道學) 실천은 수신제가 이후 치국의 실천이, 중앙의 관료가 아닌 향촌 내 공공의 실천 을 도모함으로써도 가능하다는 생각을 만들었다. 전직 관료는 물론 다수의 초시(初試) 합격자들이 향촌에 남아 공공의 활동에 종사했다. 이들의 적극적인 유향소 참여나 서원및 향교에서의 활동은 사문(斯文) 의식의 확장과 지식인의 정체성에 대한 느리지만 뚜렷한 변화를 동반했다. 이는 향촌을 사적 이익의 갈등장이 아닌 공공의 장으로 변화시키려는 의지의 결과였다. 필자는 향촌 사족의 존재와 활동을 국가나 관에 대립시키거나 혹은 서원과 향약 등의 교육에 국한시켰던 기왕의 연구동향을 비판하고, 국가와 사족의 관계를 관·민의 협응이라는 관점에서 새롭게 정의하고, 의국을 중심으로 한 사족의 활동을발굴함으로써, 16~17세기 조선의 공공(social)의 구축이라는 역사적 현상과 그 의미를적극적으로 평가하고자 했다.N