A Study on the Flow Characteristics of the Nozzle for Marine Ship Fuel Oil Scrubber by CFD and Experiment

Regulation of the pollution emissions from the marine ships and strengthening the development of the related technologies are rapidly taking place. Of those emissions released significantly from the cargo tanks is VOC emission. Tankers that will not emit vapors into the atmosphere without machine that has recovery equipment and related technologies have already been developed. Vapors emitted from tankers to recovery machine is used as fuel in the ships that helps cut down the significant portion of the shipping costs needed for the fuel. With recovery facility, the scrubber includes the number of facilities that collects suspended particles in the gas by a high particulate collection device which sprays the liquid through the nozzle which is typically water. For the development of high-efficient design technique for F.O scrubber, nozzle performance analysis and internal flow characteristics through the PIV experiments were studied.제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구배경 1 1.2 연구동향 2 1.3 연구목적 3 제 2 장 CFD를 이용한 노즐 유동해석 4 2.1 수치해석 기법 4 2.1.1 지배방정식 5 2.1.2 이산화 방법 6 2.1.3 난류모델링 10 2.2 노즐형상과 분사조건 11 2.3 계산격자와 경계조건 14 2.4 결과 및 고찰 17 2.4.1 Hollow cone 노즐의 속도 분포 17 2.4.2 Full cone 노즐의 속도 분포 28 제 3 장 연료유 스크러버 노즐의 성능 실험 39 3.1 실험장치 39 3.1.1 순환펌프 40 3.1.2 송풍장치 41 3.2 계측장비 42 3.2.1 유량측정 42 3.2.2 압력측정 43 3.2.3 스크러버모델 44 3.3 PIV시스템 46 3.3.1 PIV개요 47 3.3.2 조명 및 추적입자 49 3.3.3 영상입력 및 저장장치 50 3.3.4 동일입자 추적 51 3.4 실험조건 52 3.5 실험결과 및 고찰 53 3.5.1 노즐의 분무각도 53 3.5.2 PIV를 이용한 유동가시화 55 3.5.3 PIV실험과 CFD해석의 속도 비교 60 제 4 장 결론 68 참고문헌 6

Effect of UV irradiation on Energy Homeostasis of Hairless Rats and Mice

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의과학과 의과학 전공, 2013. 2. 정진호.Ultraviolet (UV) light is an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranged from 200 nm~400 nm, and human skin is continuously exposed to UV light. Previous studies suggest that lipid metabolism in human subcutaneous (SC) fat tissues can be regulated by UV. In particular, UV radiation significantly reduces the lipids synthesis and lipolysis in the human SC fat tissues. Accordingly, this excess of energy derived from reduced SC fat is supposed to move to other organs instead of being accumulated in SC fat tissues. In this study, changes in energy homeostasis induced by UV irradiation were examined in major organs which participate in energy homeostasis of hairless rats and mice in vivo. Fifteen week-old rats (Rattus rattus) were separated into two groups, and 6 week-old mice (Mus musculus) were divided into two groups as well. One group was irradiated with UV light, and the other group was sham-irradiated for 8 weeks (3 times / week), (UV dose200~600 mJ/cm2, total amount of UV radiation6000~8000 mJ/cm2). After 8-week UV irradiation, serum, dorsal and abdominal skin including SC fat tissue, visceral fat, liver, and muscle tissues were obtained from seventeen rats and twenty mice. Although, there was no significant difference in food intake between two groups, the average body weight at 8 weeks was slightly decreased in the UV-irradiated group in rats [1]. There was no significant difference in food intake and body weight between two groups in mice. To investigate changes of lipid contents in major organs, we determined levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, and glucose by fluorescent enzymatic assay. Besides to identify their regulation factors, the expression of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulated element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and (SREBP)-2 were quantified. Moreover, expressions of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), a glucose metabolism gene, Fas receptor (TNF- α receptor), and suppressor of cytokine signal (SOCS)-3, which are known to mediate inflammation and insulin resistance, were also examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Western blot analysis. Overall, this study demonstrated that UV irradiation affects impaired SC fat storage ability. The UV-irradiated rats showed a decreased tendency of SC fat accumulation in back and abdomen skin. In contrast, other energy metabolism in visceral fat and liver tissues tended to be enhanced in UV-irradiated group as compared to sham-irradiated one. Similarly, whereas SC fat from abdominal skin of UV-irradiated mice tended to decrease, their visceral fat increased after exposure to UV. In conclusion, this study suggests that excess energy which could not be stored in SC fat tissues due to UV-induced impairment of SC fat storage could be stored in other organs, such as visceral fat or liver, probably through dynamic regulation of enzymes and transcription factors associated with glucose and lipids metabolism in those organs.Contents ABSTRACT.……………………………………………………………………1 CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………….5 LIST OF TABLE ………………………………………………………..……...6 LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………..……7 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………9 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………12 1. Animals and UV irradiation……………………………………………………………….12 2. Determination of TG, total cholesterol, glucose, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol contents….. ………………………………………………………………………………….13 3. Messenger RNA expression level analysis……………………………………………......14 4. Western blot analysis……………………………………………………………………...14 5. Statistics…………………………………………………………………………………...15 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………...17 Part1. UV irradiation affects lipids and glucose contents of hairless rats and mice………....17 Part2. UV irradiation affects expression of genes related to lipogenesis and inflammation in hairless rats and mice…………………………………………………………………………35 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………….………52 REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………..56Maste

액정 디스플레이 컬러필터용 퍼릴렌 유도체의 형광 거동과 용해도에 대한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 재료공학부, 2017. 8. 김재필.Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have captured a larger portion of the display market than other types of displays. The LCD module consists of a backlight unit that radiates white light and a liquid crystal panel for producing imagery. One of the most essential component of LCD modules is the color filter, which converts the white backlight into red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colored lights. The LCDs operate by using liquid crystals and polarizers to control and assemble these colored lights into the correct patterns to produce images. Numerous studies have reported improvements to the performance of LCDs by enhancing the optical properties of the color filters. Traditional color filters use pigments which lead to light scatting and cause a small amount of light to leak into the full-black state due to their large particle size. This problem can be resolved by using dyes of smaller particle size. In general, dyes with smaller particle sizes have superior color purity and transmittance. Dyes to be used in LCD color filters should have sufficient thermal stability to withstand the color filter manufacturing process, be soluble in the relevant organic industrial solvents, and possess superior spectral properties. In this study, several substituents were introduced at terminal- and bay-positions of the perylene molecule to develop red dyes that can be used as colorants in LCD color filters. The feasibility of the newly synthesized dyes for use in LCD color filters was evaluated based on the spectral properties, thermal stability, and solubility of dyes. In addition, the relationship between the chemical structure of the dyes and their properties was analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Perylene-based dyes generally exhibit strong fluorescence. Fluorescence of the dyes increases both the maximum and the minimum brightness of color filters, although the latter is more affected. Therefore, color filters containing highly fluorescent dyes exhibit a lower contrast ratio than those with dyes that are less fluorescent. The fluorescence properties of the color filters fabricated with the synthesized dyes showed same results. The fluorescence increased the minimum brightness of the color filters, and as a result, their contrast ratio decreased. To resolve this low-contrast ratio problem, new perylene-based dyes with high solubility and low fluorescence were developed. Accordingly, the color filters fabricated with these low-fluorescence dyes exhibited lower minimum brightness levels and improved contrast ratios compared to the color filters made with high-fluorescence dyes. Perylene-based dyes with methoxy groups at various positions and orientations were synthesized to understand the effect of methoxy groups on dye fluorescence. It was found that methoxy groups of terminal-substituents had a lesser effect on fluorescence quenching than methoxy groups of bay-substituents. Moreover, only the methoxy groups at the para-position of the bay-substituents showed fluorescence quenching ability. These results are interpreted to show that fluorescence quenching is greatly influenced when the methoxy groups are involved in the main conjugation systems, which are majorly attributed by the main body of the perylene molecule. The relationship between the positions and orientations of the methoxy groups and the molecular conjugation systems were further analyzed by molecular orbital modeling obtained by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) simulations, and the substituents containing methoxy groups are presumed to inhibit the fluorescence of dyes due to their the electron-donating effect.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Basis for LCDs and LCD color filters 1 1.2 Dye-based LCD color filters 3 1.3 Perylene derivatives for dye-based color filters 5 1.4 Previous researches and research purpose 8 1.5 References 9 Chapter 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Perylene Dyes with New Substituents at Terminal-position as Colorants for LCD Color Filter 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Experimental 14 2.2.1 Materials and instrumentations 14 2.2.2 Synthesis 15 2.2.2.1 1,(7)-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (1,2) : Bromination 15 2.2.2.2 N,N-Bis(R1)-1,(7)-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (3,4) : Terminal-position Substitution 16 2.2.2.3 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(o-allylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-AP) : Bay-position Substitution 17 2.2.2.4 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-TMP) 18 2.2.2.5 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(p-tert-octylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-S2) 19 2.2.2.6 N,N-Bis(2-methoxy-642-methylphenyl)-1,7-bis(o-allylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PM-AP) 20 2.2.2.7 N,N-Bis(2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-1,7-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PM-TMP) 21 2.2.2.8 N,N-Bis(2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-1,7-bis(p-tert-octylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PM-S2) 22 2.2.3 Preparation of dye-based inks and color filters 23 2.2.4 Geometry optimization of the synthesized dyes 23 2.2.5 Investigation of solubility 24 2.2.6 Measurement of spectral and chromatic properties 24 2.2.7 Measurement of thermal stability 25 2.3 Results and Discussion 26 2.3.1 Design and synthesis of dyes 26 2.3.2 Determination of optimized geometries of the dyes 29 2.3.3 Properties of the synthesized dyes 33 2.3.4 Properties of the fabricated color filters 39 2.4 Conclusion 43 2.5 References 44 Chapter 3. The Effect of Fluorescence of Perylene Red Dyes on the Contrast Ratio of LCD Color Filters 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Experimental 49 3.2.1 Materials and instrumentations 49 3.2.2 Synthesis 50 3.2.2.1 1,(7)-(di)bromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (1,2) : Bromination 50 3.2.2.2 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,(7)-(di)bromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (3,4) : Terminal-position Substitution 51 3.2.2.3 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(o-allylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-AP) : Bay-position Substitution 52 3.2.2.4 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-TMP) 53 3.2.2.5 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-bis(p-tert-octylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI2-S2) 54 3.2.2.6 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-o-allylphenoxy-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI1-AP) 55 3.2.2.7 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI1-TMP) 56 3.2.2.8 N,N-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-p-tert-octylphenoxy-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PI1-S2) 57 3.2.3 Fabrication of dye-based color filters 58 3.2.4 Fabrication of pigment-dye hybrid color filters 59 3.3 Results and discussion 60 3.3.1 Design concept and synthesis of the dyes 60 3.3.2 Spectral properties of the synthesized dyes 63 3.3.3 Optical properties of the fabricated dye-based color filters 66 3.3.4 Optical properties of the fabricated pigment-dye hybrid color filters 70 3.4 Conclusion 77 3.5 References 77 Chapter 4. Synthesis of High-soluble and Non-fluorescent Perylene Derivatives and Their Effect on the Contrast Ratio of LCD Color Filters 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Experimental 83 4.2.1 Materials and instrumentation 84 4.2.2 Syntheses of the dyes 85 4.2.2.1 1,7-Dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Bromination 85 4.2.2.2 N,N-bis(R1)-1,7-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Terminal-position substitution 86 4.2.2.3 N,N-Bis(R1)-1,7-bis(R2)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Bay-position substitution 87 4.2.2.4 Structural analysis 88 4.2.3 Geometry optimization of the dyes 90 4.2.4 Preparation of dye-based inks and color filters 91 4.3 Results and discussion 91 4.3.1 Design concept of the synthesized dyes 91 4.3.2 Spectral and fluorescence properties of synthesized dyes. 97 4.3.3 Time-resolved fluorescence properties of synthesized dyes 103 4.3.4 Optical properties of fabricated dye-based color filters 107 4.4 Conclusions 113 4.5 References 114 Chapter 5. A Study on the Fluorescence Property of the Perylene Derivatives with Methoxy Groups 122 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Experimental 124 5.2.1 Materials and instrumentation 124 5.2.2 Syntheses of the dyes 125 5.2.2.1 1,7-Dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Bromination 126 5.2.2.2 N,N-bis(R1)-1,7-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Terminal-position substitution 127 5.2.2.3 N,N-Bis(R1)-1,7-bis(R2)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide : Bay-position substitution 128 5.2.2.4 Structural analysis 128 5.2.3 Geometry optimization of the dyes 131 5.3 Results and discussion 132 5.3.1 Design concept of the synthesized dyes 132 5.3.2 Geometry optimization of the synthesized dyes 135 5.3.3 Absorption properties of the synthesized dyes 139 5.3.4 Fluorescence properties of the synthesized dyes 141 5.3.5 Molecular orbital modeling of the synthesized dyes 145 5.4 Conclusion 151 5.5 Reference 152 Summary 157 Korean Abstract 160 List of Publications 164Docto

원자력 납품 체계: 한국 원자력 발전소의 부정 부품

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 에너지시스템공학부, 2015. 2. 황일순.In May 2013, it turned out that a few items were supplied to NPPs with fraudulent certificate. The documents were the reports of verification - Quality Verification Document (QVD), Equipment qualification (EQ), and Commercial Grade Items Dedication (CGID) - which are required to submit when suppliers deliver the items to the operator. The fraudulent documents were the result of collusion between suppliers and certificate authorities. As the unqualified items were detected, operators had to halt the operation and delay the construction of NPPs for the replacement of fraudulent items and inspection on overall facilities. As the result, power reserve level dropped significantly and rolling blackouts were conducted, which led to economic loss of industry. In addition, the disclosure of fraudulent items acted as the catalyst for the public negativity which has been grown since Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. These unqualified items are dealt with the concept of Counterfeit, Fraudulent, and Sub-standard Items (CFSIs). CFSIs are detected in various components of NPPs, and these could be direct factors of accidents, such as reactor shutdown, unanticipated release of radioactive materials, and damage of fuel. CFSIs also have the potential to degrade the performance of safety functions and safety-related system. Since 1980s, regulations on CFSIs were first developed in USA, and currently adopted globally. However, in Korea, the CFSIs had not been considered as a significant issue, and meanwhile, CFSIs occurred. The purpose of research is to define the root cause of CFSIs and suggest policy recommendations as solutions. For the comprehensive research of nuclear procurement system, three different methodologies were appliedthe analysis on Korean laws and regulations, interviews on the subjects of nuclear procurement, and statistical analysis on contracts between suppliers and operators. According to Nuclear Safety Law, regulatory authority has a duty to inspect on operators, suppliers, and certificate authorities, regarding to quality assurance. The laws and regulations were well-organized to prevent the CFSIs. Therefore, interviews were conducted to figure out the inherent issues, and following problems were pointed outshortage of manpower for verification and independence of certificate authorities. In addition, statistical analysis on bidding and contract procedures were conducted to understand the issues. First of all, it was recognized that bidding processes were delayed up to 5 weeks, without extending the deadlines for supply, as the compensation of delay. Moreover, in a few bidding processes, procedures were ignored at all. Based on the analysis on the laws and regulations, interviews, and statistical analysis, nuclear procurement system was modeled. System dynamics was taken as the methodology to find out the interrelation between various factors. In the early of NPPs operation, the investment had been concentrated on safety issues, and as the result, the operating hours were increased consistently. However, when the operation of NPPs became stable with barely no safety issues, the operator has decreased planned maintenance period for stable power generation. The reduced period was a burden to suppliers, because the deadlines for supply are cut down. Accordingly, it caused the CFSIs in NPPs. Another aspect shown in the nuclear procurement system is the concern on quality control. If there are a number of safety issues, quality control is conducted intensively, which lead to reduction of CFSIs. However, because the safety-related issues barely occurred since 1990s, the control on CFSIs couldnt be conducted properly. The requirement of registration for suppliers is another factor of CFSIs. During the bidding, open tendering with the lowest price is performed for the profit of operators. Thus the fewer suppliers apply, the more income they get. To keep other competitors from applying, suppliers pushed operator to maintain the high requirement and the small number of suppliers was preserved. But it induced the delay on bidding process. It caused suppliers not to have enough time for verification and became the reason for the CFSIs. In addition, the confined pool of suppliers made operators to involve vendors and foreign countries into the supply chain. The extension of supply chain disturbed quality control, which led to CFSIs. Finally, the number of certificate authorities could be the reason of CFSIs. In the case of QVD, since the private authorities could be qualified to conduct verification, the number of authorities have increased up to 2500. The competition among them became fierce, so that suppliers could exert power over certificate authorities. It undermined the independence of certificate authorities and led to the corruption during the verification procedure. On the other hand, in the case of CGID, there is only one domestic certificate authority. It made the time for verification to be extended, which also induced the CFSIs. As the solutions to the four mentioned problems, policy recommendations were suggested in the aspect of operator, supplier, regulatory authority, and certificate authorities. First of all, operators need to adopt a storage inventory management. Foreign operators have developed various researches for inventory management. However, Korean operator doesnt have such program because of insufficient budget. If the inventory management could be conducted properly, operators could guarantee the deadlines for supply, and quality assurance also could be conducted in comprehensive way. Operator should alleviate the standard for suppliers, and allow more suppliers to register. It reduce the period of bidding procedure. In addition, government should support the control of CFSIs by supplementing manpower for certificate authorities, reinforcing specialty, and establishing institution for verification. Certificate authorities for QVD should secure their independence and perform verification procedure properly by reducing the number of authorities through the reinforcement of standard for themselves. In case of CGID, the establishment of domestic certificate authorities should be promoted. It will decrease the time for verification and CFSIs also will be reduced.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Objective 8 Chapter 2 Review of the State of the Art 10 2.1 Example of CFSIs 10 2.2 CFSIs impact on safety 26 2.3 Integrated management system requirements 28 2.4 Procurement scenarios 37 2.5 Establish quotations or bids 40 Chapter 3 Research Design 46 3.1 Research questions 46 3.2 Methodology 49 3.3 Case selection 57 Chapter 4 Analysis of Nuclear Procurement System in Republic of Korea 61 4.1 Laws and regulations on nuclear procurement 61 4.2 Interview on subjects of nuclear procurement 65 4.3 Statistical analysis on nuclear procurement system 67 Chapter 5 Nuclear Procurement Model 76 5.1 Safety improving feedback 76 5.2 Planned maintenance feedback 80 5.3 CFSIs manufacturing feedback 84 5.4 Quality control feedback 86 5.5 Lowest bidding feedback 88 5.6 Certificate authority feedback 90 Chapter 6 Policy Recommendation on Nuclear Procurement system in Republic of Korea 93 6.1 Operator 93 6.2 Supplier 98 6.3 Regulatory Authority 98 6.4 Certificate Authority 99 Chapter 7 Conclusion 102 7.1 Summary and findings 102 7.2 Future work of dissertation 105 Appendix 107 Bibliography 117 초 록 124Maste

폴리프로필렌의 상분리를 이용한 비불소계 초소수성 직물 개발

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의류학과, 2017. 2. 박정희.일반적으로 초소수성 소재는 마이크로/나노 수준의 표면 거칠기를 형성하고 표면에너지를 낮춤으로써 구현이 가능하다. 그런데 최근 들어 표면 에너지를 낮추기 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 불소계 화합물의 인체 및 환경 유해성에 대한 논란이 계속되고 있어, fluorine-free한 초소수성 의류소재의 개발이 요구되는 바이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 본질적으로 낮은 표면에너지를 가지는 폴리프로필렌 수지를 이용하여 별도의 불소계 화합물 처리과정 없이 인체친화성이 향상된 초소수성 직물을 개발하고자 하였다. 이 때 최적의 용매/비용매 혼합비율과 처리조건을 찾는데 목표를 두었다. 초소수성 가공은 총 2단계로, 1단계에서는 용매 단독 처리시 농도와 건조온도를 달리하여 최적 조건을 선정하였고, 2단계에서는 용매와 비용매의 혼합비율을 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4로 달리해 보았다. 결론적으로 isotactic 폴리프로필렌은 건조온도 70℃, 농도 30mg/ml, 용매/비용매 혼합비율 6:4일 때 173°의 접촉각과 4°의 기울기각을, amorphous 폴리프로필렌은 건조온도 30℃, 농도 40mg/ml, 용매/비용매 혼합비율 8:2일 때 163°의 접촉각과 9°의 기울기각을 가지는 최적조건을 형성하여 두 종류의 폴리프로필렌 수지 모두에서 초소수성 직물이 구현됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 불소계 화합물을 사용하지 않고 초소수성 직물을 구현했으며, 동시에 낮은 독성을 띠는 용매와 비용매 조합을 찾았다는 점에서 기존방법 대비 인체친화성이 향상되었다고 사료된다.Ⅰ. 서 론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 이론적 배경 3 2.1. 초소수성 표면 3 2.1.1. 고체의 젖음성 3 2.1.2. 상분리를 이용한 표면거칠기 구현 7 2.2. 폴리프로필렌 14 2.2.1. 입체규칙성 14 2.2.2. 용해도 파라미터 17 2.2.3. 비용매 유도 상분리법 20 Ⅱ. 실 험 23 1. 시료 및 시약 23 2. 실험 방법 25 2.1. 실험 장치 25 2.2. 초소수성 가공 26 2.2.1. 용매 단독 처리 26 2.2.2. 용매/비용매 혼합 처리 27 3. 시료 특성 분석 및 평가 29 3.1. 표면형태 29 3.2. 표면 젖음성 29 3.3. 투과성능 31 Ⅲ. 결과 및 고찰 33 1. 단독 용매의 농도와 건조온도에 따른 특성 변화 33 1.1. 표면형태 33 1.2. 표면 젖음성 42 2. 용매/비용매 혼합비율에 따른 특성 변화 47 2.1. 표면형태 47 2.2. 표면 젖음성 58 3. 투과성능 63 Ⅳ. 결론 66 참고문헌 68 Abstract 76Maste

Changes in Strain Pattern and Exercise Capacity after Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects

Background and Objectives: Assessment of left ventricle (LV) function by using strain and strain rate is popular in the clinical setting. However, the use of these echocardiographic tools in assessing right ventricle (RV) failure, and the manner in which they both reflect the functional capacity of the patient, remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the change in exercise capacity and strain between before and (1 month) after the transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs). Subjects and Methods: Thirty patients who underwent transcatheter closure of ASD between May 2014 and June 2015 at the Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, were enrolled. We compared and analyzed the results of the following examinations, before and (1 month) after the procedure: echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide level. Results: There were no mortalities, and the male-to-female ratio was 1:2. The mean defect size was 22.3±4.9 mm; the mean ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow, 2.1±0.5; and the mean device size, 22.3±4.9 mm. Changes in global RV longitudinal (GRVL) strain and LV torsion were measured echocardiographically. Exercise capacity improved from 7.7±1.2 to 8.7±1.8 metabolic equivalents (p=0.001). These findings correlated to the change in GRVL strain (p=0.03). Conclusion: The average exercise capacity increased after device closure of ASD. The change in strain was evident on echocardiography, especially for GRVL strain and LV torsion. Further studies comparing CPET and strain in various patients may show increased exercise capacity in patients with improved RV function.ope

The association of fat intake with sinusitis in Korean adults

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 보건대학원 보건학과(보건학전공), 2020. 8. 정효지.서론 : 부비동염은 부비동 점막의 염증성 질환을 통칭한 것으로 비루, 비폐색, 재채기, 안면통, 발열 등의 증상을 나타낸다. 세계적으로 5~15%의 유병률을 보이며 호흡기 증상뿐만 아니라 삶의 질에도 영향을 미치며 사회적으로 큰 부담을 야기한다. 또한 부비동염은 천식, 수면장애, 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증, 뇌졸중, 정신건강에 악영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 적극적인 관리가 필요하다. 부비동염의 위험요인으로 비용종, 알레르기 질환, 흡연, 연령, 직업, 주거환경, 소득수준이 알려져 있으며, 지방을 포함한 여러 가지 식이요인도 보고되고 있다. 고지방 식이의 식후 염증반응과 오메가-6 지방산의 전 염증성 매개체 생산 증가는 부비동 점막에 염증반응을 일으킬 수 있다. 오메가-3는 항염증 효과가 있어 부비동염과의 관계가 보고되었으며, 특히 에이코사펜타엔산에 의한 기도의 염증 반응을 감소시키는 메커니즘이 보고되었다. 하지만 지방 섭취와 부비동염간의 관계를 확인할만한 충분한 근거수준을 가진 연구가 부족하며, 현재까지 한국에서는 관련 연구가 없는 실정이다. 연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 한국 성인의 지방 섭취와 부비동염과의 관련성을 파악하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 국민건강영양조사 6, 7기 (2013~2018) 자료의 만 19세 이상 성인 중, 부비동염 유병 그룹 1,242명, 부비동염 비유병 그룹 18,072명을 포함한 총 19,314명을 대상자로 선정하였다. 지방은 총 지방, 포화지방산, 단일불포화지방산, 다가불포화지방산, 오메가-3 지방산, 오메가-6 지방산 섭취량을 포함하였으며, 국민건강영양조사에서 24시간 회상법으로 조사한 식품섭취량에 각 식품의 지방산 함량에 대한 식품성분표를 적용하여 추정된 지방 섭취량 자료를 사용하였다. 부비동염 진단은 국민건강영양조사 건강설문 이환 항목 중 부비동염 조사 항목에서 부비동염 의사진단 여부 문항의 답변을 사용하였으며, 있음에 답변한 응답자를 부비동염으로 구분하였다. 부비동염 이환경험 유무에 따른 대상자의 일반적 특성의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 범주형 변수는 카이제곱 검정, 연속형 변수는 회귀모형을 사용하였다. 지방 섭취량은 에너지 섭취 기여율을 계산하였으며, 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 3분위로 나누었다. 지방 섭취량과 부비동염과의 관련성은 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 오즈비와 95% 신뢰구간을 계산하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 모델에서 보정변수는 성, 연령, 교육수준, 소득수준, 음주상태, 흡연상태, 체질량지수, 운동을 사용하였다. 또한 부비동염과 관련이 있는 일반적 변수의 영향을 확인하기 위해 대상자를 성별, 연령, 흡연상태, 음주상태, 소득수준에 따라 층화하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 모든 통계적 유의수준은 α=0.05를 기준으로 하였다. 결과 : 부비동염 유병 그룹에서 총 지방, 포화지방산, 단일불포화지방산, 다가불포화지방산, 오메가-6 지방산의 섭취량이 유의하게 높았다 (P<0.05). 대상자 전체 자료를 사용하여 지방산 섭취와 부비동염 사이의 연관성 분석 결과 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 관찰되지 않았으나 음주상태, 소득수준에 따라 대상자를 층화하였을 때는 유의한 연관성이 관찰되었다. 지난 1년간 음주빈도가 주 2회 이상으로 높은 대상자에서, 총 지방 (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.08~2.41, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.05~2.46, P for trend=0.0379), 단일불포화지방산 (T3 vs. T1: OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.01~2.30, P for trend=0.0464), 오메가-6 지방산 (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.02~2.40, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.08~2.52, P for trend=0.0415) 섭취량이 많을수록 부비동염 유병률이 높았다. 소득수준이 중상 이상 대상자에서, 총 지방 (T3 vs. T1: OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.004~1.58, P for trend=0.0469), 오메가-6 지방산 (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10~1.72, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.01~1.59, P for trend=0.0969) 섭취량이 많은 그룹의 부비동염 유병률이 섭취량이 적은 그룹보다 높았다. 성별, 연령, 흡연상태에 따라 대상자를 층화하여 분석하였을 때, 지방산 섭취와 부비동염 사이에 유의한 연관성이 관찰되지 않았다. 결론 : 한국 성인 중 지난 1년간 음주빈도가 높은 대상자에서, 총 지방, 단일불포화지방산, 오메가-6 지방산 섭취량 증가에 따라 부비동염 유병률이 높았고, 소득수준 중상 이상 대상자에서, 총 지방, 오메가-6 지방산 섭취량이 많을수록 부비동염 유병률이 높았다.Introduction : Sinusitis refers to the inflammatory state of sinus mucosa, which causes symptoms such as rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, cough, facial pain, and fever. It has a prevalence rate of 5~15% in worldwide population and affects not only respiratory systems but also the quality of life, as well as the high social burden. Sinusitis can be a risk factor to other disease such as asthma, sleep disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, stroke and mental health, which can increase the burden of disease. The risk factors for sinusitis are known to be nasal polyps, allergic diseases, smoking, age, occupation, residential environment and income levels. Various dietary factors including fat related to sinusitis were reported. Post-prandial inflammatory reactions of high fat diets and inflammatory effects through increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators of omega-6 fatty acids can cause inflammatory reactions to sinus mucosa tissues. There is an anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 and its relation to sinusitis has been reported, especially through mechanisms to reduce inflammatory reactions in airway by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, research lacks with a level of evidence to confirm the relationship between fat intake with sinusitis. There was no related study in Korea so far. Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the association between the fat intake with sinusitis in Korean adults. Methods : Among adults in the 6, 7th phase (2013~2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 19,314 (with sinusitis: 1,242, without sinusitis: 18,072) were selected as subjects. Intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids were estimated with food intake from 24-hour recall data and food composition table for commonly consumed food among Koreans. The sinusitis was defined as subjects who answered 'Yes' in the health questionnaire asking whether or not have been diagnosed with sinusitis from doctors. The percentages contribution of energy from fat (%E) to the total energy intake were calculated, and divided into three groups as tertile according to %E. To examine the association of fat intake with sinusitis, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by logistic regression analysis with adjusting sex, age, education level, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index, and physical activity. To examine the effect of general characteristics and lifestyles to association between fat intakes and sinusitis, subjects were stratified by sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and household income for the analysis. All statistical significance levels were based on α=0.05. Results : The average intakes and %E of total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and omega-6 fatty acid (P<0.05) were significantly higher in the group with sinusitis than those without sinusitis. There were no significant association between fat intake and sinusitis, but significant associations were found when stratified by alcohol consumption and household income. In those who consume alcohol frequently (≥twice a week), the prevalence of sinusitis in the high tertile group of %E of total fat (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.08~2.41, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.05~2.46, P for trend=0.0379), MUFA (T3 vs. T1: OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.01~2.30, P for trend=0.0464), and omega-6 (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.02~2.40, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.08~2.52, P for trend=0.0415) were greater than those of lowest tertile group. Among those with middle-high and high household income, the prevalence of sinusitis in the high tertile group of %E of total fat (T3 vs. T1: OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.004~1.58, P for trend=0.0469), omega-6 (T2 vs. T1: OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10~1.72, T3 vs. T1: OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.01~1.59, P for trend=0.0969) were greater than those of lowest tertile group. There were no significant associations when stratified by sex, age, and smoking status. Conclusion : Among Korean adult population who consumed alcohol frequently for the past one year, high intakes of total fat, MUFA, and omega-6 increased the prevalence of sinusitis, and those who have middle-high and high household income, high intakes of total fat and omega-6 increased the prevalence of sinusitis.제1장 서론 1 1. 연구 배경 및 필요성 1 1) 부비동염과 질병부담 1 2) 부비동염의 위험요인 4 3) 부비동염의 식이요인 6 2. 연구 목적 9 제2장 연구방법 10 1. 연구대상자 10 2. 지방 섭취량 산출 11 3. 부비동염 진단 11 4. 통계분석 12 제3장 결과 14 1. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성 14 2. 연구대상자의 지방 섭취량 16 3. 지방 섭취량과 부비동염과의 관련성 19 제4장 고찰 27 참고문헌 35 Abstract 46Maste

Clinical implication of exhaled breath temperature measurement in pediatric asthma

Purpose: Exhaled breath temperature (EBT) has been suggested as a noninvasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. The aim of this study was to determine its clinical implication in children with asthma. Methods: A total of 233 children were enrolled in this study. Among them, 116 were asthmatic children and 117 were healthy children. Spirometry, bronchodilator response (BDR) test, methacholine challenge test, and skin prick test were performed. EBT, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), blood eosinophils, and total IgE levels were measured. EBT was measured by using X-halo. Results: EBT was significantly higher in the asthma group than in the control group (median [interquartile range], 32.1°C [30.0°C– 33.9°C] vs. 29.7°C [29.0°C–31.3°C], P<0.001). EBT was significantly higher in poorly or partly controlled asthmatic children than wellcontrolled asthmatic children (33.5°C [31.0°C–34.4°C] vs. 30.3°C [29.3°C–32.9°C], P<0.0001). Among total subjects, EBT was significantly higher in the atopic group than in the nonatopic group (32.4°C [30.3°C–34.0°C] vs. 29.8°C [29.0°C–30.3°C], P<0.001). There were neither significant associations between EBT and BDR (r=0.109, P=0.241) nor between EBT and PC20 (provocation concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1) in total subjects (r=0.127, P=0.316). EBT did not show any association with FeNO (r=0.353, P=0.071). Conclusion: Our study suggests that EBT might play a role as an ancillary marker for allergic airway inflammation and the degree of control in pediatric asthma patients. Additional studies are required to explore the value of EBT in detail.ope

Synthetic Studies on Cyclic Peptoids and Dye-Peptide Conjugates

Peptoids (N-substituted oligoglycines) where alkyl side chains are attached to amide backbone nitrogens are useful synthetic peptidomimetics. Major advantages of peptoids as chemical tools for chemical biology and drug development include the ease synthesis, high variation of each unit, resistance to proteolytic degradation, and interesting biological activities. Especially, cyclic peptoids have been in the spotlight for their improved cell permeability, higher proteolytic resistance, and stronger binding affinity against specific proteins. In chapter I, we systemically investigated the optimum conditions for ring-opening of cyclic peptoids on solid-phase, based on the effect of terminal peptoid units, introduction of linkers, etc. Cyclic peptoids were site selectively opened under acidic conditions in high yields to give linearized peptoids which could be sequenced by MS/MS. In our previous studies, we have reported the several strategies for the development of cyclic peptoids and we also examined the unusual truncation of acylated peptoids under acidic conditions. The main problem of cyclic peptoids as chemical tools for screening studies is that it is very difficult to sequence the hit compounds by common methods such as tandem mass spectrometry or Edman degradation. In this thesis, we have developed a robust platform for the site selective opening of macrolactamized cyclic peptoids, followed by tandem mass spectrometry-based sequencing strategy. In chapter II, the aggregation of peptide has been known to lead to the neuropathologic diseases. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanism of aggregation and to identify the aggregates for preventing the diseases. The diverse spectroscopic properties of dyes have been utilized to identify the structural aspects of various peptides. To examine the conformational change of various peptides in this research, we employed the specific dyes which involved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and photoisomerization. For the studies, several peptide conjugates containing fluorescent dye or FRET donor and acceptor were synthesized on solid-phase. These properties of dyes were analyzed by the measurement of steady-state fluorescence and fluorescence lifetimes through home-built two-channel spectrofluorometer and time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) system, respectively.;고리형 펩토이드는 바소프레신과 같이 생리활성을 띄는 천연물과 같은 고리형으로, 선형 펩타이드보다 단백질 분해 저항성이 높고 뛰어난 세포 투과성을 가지고 있으며, 특정 단백질에 대한 선택성이 높아 최근 생화학, 신약개발 등에 유용한 화학도구로 각광을 받고 있다. 이러한 점을 착안하여 고리형 펩토이드가 연구되고 있지만, 이중질량분석법이나 에드남 분해법으로 배열을 확인하기 어렵다는 한계가 있다. 이 논문은 고리형 펩토이드의 배열 확인을 위해 특정 아민을 도입하여 특정 위치에서의 고리열림을 확인하고, 링커를 도입하여 쉽게 배열을 확인할 수 있는 방법과 단백질 구조 분석에 활용될 수 있는 프로브로 펩타이드와 형광의 합성에 대해 체계적인 연구를 다루고 있다. 1장에서는 고리형 펩토이드의 고리열림에 대한 특정아민과 링커의 영향을 연구하였다. 이 연구로부터 아이소프로필 아민이 선형 펩토이드의 말단에 위치하게 합성을 하였을 경우 특정위치에서 고리형 펩토이드의 고리 열림이 생기는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 링커도 고리형 펩토이드의 절단현상에 영향을 미치며, 이로부터 특정 링커의 도입이 합리적임을 알수있다. 이러한 연구 결과는 고리형 펩토이드를 활용한 다양한 스크리닝 연구에서 hit 화합물을 확인하는 간편한 방법이 된다. 2장에서는 선형 펩타이드와 형광의 합성을 연구하였다. 단백질 구조 규명에 사용되는 여러 물리화학적 현상을 확인하기 위해 4가지의 프로브를 합성하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 후에 생체 단백질 및 생체 분자 구조 규명을 위한 여러 물리화학적 현상을 확인하는 방법이 된다.Chapter I. Ring-Opening of Cyclic Peptoids 0 I. Introduction 1 A. Peptidomimetics and peptoids 1 B. Cyclic peptoids 2 C. Site selective opening of macrolactamized cyclic peptoids 3 II. Results and Discussion 7 A. Ring opening of terminal Nval unit-containing peptoids 7 B. Ring opening of Nphe linker-containing peptoids 11 C. Ring opening of Nmea linker-containing peptoids 14 III. Conclusion 18 IV Experimental Section 19 V. References 23 Appendix 26 Chapter II. Synthesis of Dye-labelled Peptides 134 I. Introduction 135 I-1. Proton-coupled electron transfer 135 I-2. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer 136 II Results and Discussion 138 II-1. Synthesis of A465-AGQY and A465-AGQ 138 II-2. Synthesis of A465-AGQC-DABMI 143 III. Conclusion 145 IV. Experimental Section 146 IV-1. Synthesis of A465-AGQY and A465-AGQ 146 IV-2. Synthesis of A465-AGQC-DABMI 147 V. References 150 Appendix 152 국문요약 16

A Research on High School Teachers&amp;apos; Perception as to the Essay Writing Education and Analysis on Mathematics - Involved Essay Questions

최근 대학 입학 전형 자료로서 논술의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이러한 경향은 논술이 학생을 선발하는 데 있어서 가장 객관적이고 공정한 자료가 될 수 있다고 간주되기 때문이다. 논술을 통해 측정하는 수험생의 능력은 단지 대학에서의 수학 능력뿐 아니라, 이 시대가 요구하는 교양인으로서 갖추어야 할 보편적인 능력으로, 이러한 능력은 지적인 능력인 지식을 의미한다. 특히 오늘날 지식은 통합적 지식이라는 새로운 개념으로 흐르면서 대학 입학 전형자료로 통합 교과형 논술이 논의되고 있다. 고교 과정에서 배우는 여러 과목들은 각기 다른 지식을 전수하고 교과목이나 혹은 학문 영역의 분류는 거의 절대적인 것으로 유지되어 왔으나, 최근 교육의 흐름은 이러한 경계를 무너뜨리고 보다 통합적인 지식을 추구하는 방향으로 나아가는 것이다. 따라서 일부 교과의 전유물로만 여겨지던 논술교육의 방향은 이제 다양한 교과가 협력하는 통합적인 논술 지도가 이루어져야 하는 것이다. 특히 각 대학에서 출제하고 있는 통합교과형 논술고사는 다양한 주제의 제시문에서 수리적 개념을 요구하는 분석 능력을 필요로 하고 있어 수학교과의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이 연구는 고등학교에서의 통합교과형 논술교육에 대한 교사들의 인식 및 태도를 확인함으로써 논술교육의 발전 방향에 대해 시사점을 얻기 위한 것이며, 실제 논술고사에서 수학의 활용이 어떠한지를 분석하여 학교수학에서 통합교과형 논술을 지도하는데 활용하는 방안을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이 연구에서 설정한 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 연구문제 1은 통합교과형 논술지도에 대해 수학교사와 비수학교사들의 인식과 태도는 어떠한가? 연구문제 2는 통합교과형 대학별 논술고사에서 수학교과와 관련된 문제를 해결할 때 필요한 논술 능력의 구성 요소는 무엇인지를 알아보고, 그 유형은 어떤 특징이 있는지를 깔야긴이 제시한 문제 분류로 분석해 본다. 연구문제 1을 해결하기 위하여, 고등학교 교사 161명에게 설문조사를 하였는데, 그중 수학교사는 64명이고, 기타 과목 교사는 97명이다. 설문지 분석을 통하여 얻어진 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교 논술교육은 대부분 국어, 윤리, 사회교과 순으로 실시되고 있으며, 타 교과와의 정보교환은 원활하지는 않고 있다. 둘째. 통합교과형으로 논술의 방향이 바뀌면서 교사들은 많은 교과에 대한 인식이 바뀌어 가고 있으며, 주목할 것은 논술에서 수학의 관련성을 대부분의 교사들이 인정하고 있으며, 논술교육이 문제해결능력과 사회문제에 대한 안목이 생긴다는 점을 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었고, 논술교육은 전교육의 과정에서 실시되어야 한다는 점에 대해서는 긍정적이었지만 교사들이 학교논술 교육에 대하여는 긍정적이지는 않은 경향이 있었다. 셋째, 논술 지도 장애 요인으로는 대부분의 교사들은 교사와 학생에게 수업의 부담을 가중시킨다는 점을 들었고, 수학교사들은 수학지식만 가지고 통합논술을 지도하기가 어렵다는 점과 기타 과목 교사들은 교사의 전문성 부족을 문제점으로 인식하고 있다. 넷째, 바람직한 학습모형으로 수학교사들은 첨삭지도를 선호하였고, 기타 과목 교사들은 과정 쓰기 지도를 선호하였으며, 수학을 활용한 논술지도시 개선방향에 대하여 수학교사들은 교육과정의 개정과 서술형 평가의 확대를 들었다. 연구문제2를 해결하기 위하여, 선행연구에서 구분한 논술 능력 구성 요소에서 수학과 관련된 논술은 어떤 능력이 필요한지 수학교과와 연계하여 그 하위요소를 구분하고, 논술 문제를 분석하였는데, 수학과 관련된 논술에서는 상황적용능력, 자료 분석 능력, 가치평가 능력, 태도 표명 능력, 해결 방안 제시 능력의 순으로 필요하였고, 통합영역으로는 일반사회 영역, 과학영역이었으며, 수학에서는 통계와 해석영역의 순으로 출제됨을 알 수 있었다. 또 깔야긴이 제시한 출발점, 문제해결의 근거, 문제의 풀이, 최종점으로 문제를 해결하기 위한 기본 요소를 설정하고, 이를 각각 A, B, C, D로 두었으며, 이들 4가지 요소 중에서 알려지지 않은 요소는 x, y, z, w와 같이 두어 분류하였는데, ABxy유형이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 Axyz유형이 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 학생들이 수학을 배우고 이를 논술에서 활용하는 것은 당연한 일이지만 아직 학생들은 수학이 활용된 논술을 어렵게만 인식하고 있다. 학교 현장의 교사들이나 학생들은 그 방향제시가 미흡하여 수리논술이 막연하게 느껴지고 있다. 현장 교사들의 꾸준한 관심과 연구, 그리고 그에 앞서 통합교과형 수리논술에 대한 명확한 방향을 제시가 우선되어야만 논술교육의 공교육화를 기대할 수 있을 것이다.;By surveying high school teachers&amp;apos; perception and stands on inter-subject essay writing education, this research aims to gain suggestions in order to pave the future path of essay writing education. In addition, by analyzing the application of Mathematics in essay questions, this analysis aims to search ways for effectively utilizing regular Mathematics classes in teaching inter-subject essays. The research problems have been outlined as follows: Research problem 1, what are the high school teachers&amp;apos; opinion on inter-subject essay writing education?; Research problem 2, what are the necessary elements in writing Mathematics involved inter-subject essays? And with which field of class subjects is Mathematics-involved inter-subject essays often asked on? In order to deal with research problem 1, the research was conducted to 161 high school teaching staffs, 64 from Mathematics department and the leftover 97 from other departments. The major findings are shown as in the following. First, essay writing education is mostly carried out in major three classes, which are Korean literature, Ethics, and Social Studies. The exchange of information between different subject departments is lacking. Second, with the transform of essay writing exams from former essay exams to inter-subject essay exams, teachers are being more aware of the significance of various subjects. What is noticeable is that majority of teachers are acknowledging the connection of Mathematics in essay writing. Teachers have praised essay writing in that it helps students to not only improve their problem solving ability but also provide them the opportunity to broaden their view in the process of critical thinking bybeing more exposed to social issues. Teachers have also agreed upon that essay writing education should be carried out at all classes but they showed negativeview concerning essay writing education at school. Third, in question of the obstacles of essay writing education, teachers have pointed out the increase inpressure to both teachers and students when such education is carried out. Teachers from Mathematics department also stated the difficulty to teach inter-subject essay writing merely with Mathematics knowledge. Teachers from other departments stated teachers&amp;apos; lack of specialty as the obstacle for carrying out essay writing education. Fourth, as a wise study model for essay writing, teachers from Mathematics department favored editing, while those from other departments favored step-by-step guide in writing. In the question concerning ways to improve Mathematics-involved essay writing education, teaching staffs from Mathematics department answered a revision in curriculum and an increase in writing evaluation. In order to deal with Research problem 2, essays questions were analyzed in connection with Mathematics to understand necessary abilities needed to write good Mathematics-involved essays. It has reached to the conclusion that one needs to have application ability in different circumstances, sense of value judgment, ability to express attitude, and ability to present steps of problem solvingwhen writing Mathematics-involved essays. Subjects from the field of Social Science and those from the field of Science were integrated subjects. In the field of Mathematics, Statistics and Analysis were questioned.Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 B. 연구문제 5 C. 용어의 정의 5 D. 연구의 제한점 6 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 7 A. 논술고사 7 1. 논술고사의 개념과 성격 7 2. 논술고사의 방향 23 3. 수리논술 27 B. 논술의 문제해결적 특성 32 1. 일반적 문제해결의 특성 32 2. 논술의 문제해결적 특성 35 C. 논술교육 37 1. 논술교육의 현황 37 2. 통합교과형 논술과 수학교육 41 D. 선행연구 고찰 46 Ⅲ. 연구방법 49 A. 통합교과형 논술고사에 대한 교사인식설문조사 49 B. 통합교과형 논술고사의 분석 51 Ⅳ. 연구결과 54 A. 통합교과형 논술고사에 대한 교사 인식설문조사 분석 54 1. 논술교육의 실태 54 2. 논술에 대한 인식과 태도 57 3. 통합교과형 논술지도의 장애요인 63 4. 논술교육의 개선방향 66 B. 논술문항의 분석 68 1. 논술 능력 구성 요소 분류에 의한 분석 68 2. 제시문 및 논제의 영역 분석 85 3. 깔야긴의 문제 분류에 따른 분석 90 Ⅴ. 요약 및 결론 98 참고문헌 103 부록 108 Abstract 12