17 research outputs found
A study on prediction of NOx Emission from Marine Main Diesel Engines for Existing Ship
As the air pollution has been rather issued, IMO has promised to enforce and to strengthen gradually the regulation on the NOx emission from marine diesel engine. Accordingly, the efforts of measuring the emission for existing engine have been tried. But it is hard to get directly the data of emission from existing ship because of technical and economical problems. So the prediction of NOx emission from marine main diesel engine for existing ship, could be useful method for the purpose.
Generally, it has been known that excess air ratio and combustion temperature are important factors to control the NOx emission. Two zone model to calculate the burned gas and unburned gas temperature in combustion chamber could be adopted. However, the condition of combustion should be changed by excess air ratio variation in cylinder during combustion period. But it was difficult to know the variation of excess air ratio.
In this study, the simulation program was developed in order to predict the emission from main diesel engine of existing ship during operation. Modified two zone model was newly proposed. It was to calculate the combustion temperature by the rate of heat release obtained from measured cylinder pressure. The temperature of unburned region was calculated under the assumption of adiabatic process. And the excess air ratio was investigated to compare the NOx emission between measured and calculated results.
As the results, it was confirmed that NOx emission is well predicted by fixed excess air ratio for pratical use. It was discussed to be adopted the fixed excess air ratio with comparison of calculation results. In order to apply modified two zone model, more studies were required.1. ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
1.2 IMO ๊ท์ ๋ฐ NOx technical-code 2
1.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ด์ฉ 2
2. ์์ถ์ฐฉํ ์์ง์ ์ฐ์ํน์ฑ ๋ฐ NO ์์ฑ 4
2.1 ์์ถ ์ฐฉํ ์์ง์ ์ฐ์ํน์ฑ 4
2.2 NO ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถํน์ฑ 5
2.2.1 NO ์์ฑ๊ฒฝ๋ก 5
2.2.2 NO ์์ฑ์ด๋ก 6
2.2.3 NO ๋ฐฐ์ถํน์ฑ 7
2.3 NO ์์ฑ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 8
2.3.1 NO ๋๋๊ณ์ฐ 9
2.3.2 ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ค์ค NO ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 13
3. ์ด์ฌ์ดํด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ํด์ 15
3.1 ์ฑ๋ฅํด์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์์ธก๋ฒ์ 15
3.1.1 ๊ฐ์คํ๋ฆ๊ณํต์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 15
3.1.2 ์ฐ์๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 16
3.1.3 ์ฑ๋ฅ์์ธก ๊ณ์ฐ ๋ฒ์ 16
3.2 2์์ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ํ ์ค๋ฆฐ๋๋ด ์ํ๋ณํ 17
3.2.1 2์์ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ 17
3.2.2 ๊ณ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 25
3.3 ์์ 2์์ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ํ ์ฐ์์จ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ 29
3.3.1 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ์ 29
3.3.2 ์๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ด๋ฐ์์จ ๊ณ์ฐ๋ฐฉ 30
3.3.3 ์ฐ์์์ญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ฐ์์ญ์์์ ์จ๋๊ณ์ฐ 32
4. ๊ณ์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 33
4.1 ๋์๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ฐ ๊ณ์ธก๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 33
4.2 ์ค๋ฆฐ๋๋ด ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฐ์์จ ํจํด 33
4.3 NO ๊ณ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 39
4.4 ์ฐ์์์ญ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ณผ์์จ ๋ณํ ํจํด์ ๊ดํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 41
5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 48
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 5
์ฐํ๋ง ํฌ์์ธต๊ณผ ๊ธ์์ธต์ ์ ํ๋น ํฅ์์ ์ํ ํฌ์์ธต ์๊ฐ์ก์ ์ต์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ ๊ธฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2000.Maste
์ค๊ตญ์ ํตํ์ ์ฑ ์ด ํ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ค๊ตญ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ ๊ณต),2010.2.Maste
Clinical study on topical vitamin a acid in acne vulgaris
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
1932๋
Harris๋ฑ์ด Vitamin A๊ฐ "antikeratinizing effect"๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์๊ณ 1943
๋
Straumfjord๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข์ฐฝํ์์ ๋ณต์ฉ์์ผ ์ข์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์์ผ๋ Lynoh ๋ฐ
Cook(1947)๊ณผ Anderson ๋ฐ Stokoe(1963)๋ฑ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ข์ฐฝ์ Vitamin A ํฌ์ฌ๋ ๋ฌดํจํจ์ด
๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
1969๋
Kligman์ Vitamin A์ ๋์ฌ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ Vitamin A acid(VAA)๋ฅผ ํผ๋ถ์ ๋ํฌํ ๋ฐ pe
eling effect๊ฐ ์์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๊ณ ์ข์ฐฝ์ ๋ํฌํ์ฌ ์ข์ ์น๋ฃํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ ์
๋ค.
VAA์์ฉ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ง ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ์ธํฌ๋ถ์ด์ด์ง, ์ธํฌ๋ด lysosome์ ์ฉํด, ๊ฐ์ง ํ์ฑ์ด์ง
๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ง์ ๋ณํ(hard keratinโsoft keratin) ํผ์ง์ ๋ถ๋น์ด์ง๋ฑ์ ์์ฉ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ
์๋ค. VAA์ ์ข์ฐฝ์น๋ฃํจ๊ณผ๋ ํผ์ง์ ๋ถ๋น๋ฅผ ์ด์ง์์ผ ๋ฉดํฌํ์ฑ์ต์ , ์ธํฌ๋ถ์ด์ ์ด์ง์์ผ
๊ฐ์งํ์ฑ์ด์ง ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ง์ธํฌ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ฝํ๋์ด ๋ฉดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ด๋ธ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด์ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์์ฑ์ข์ฐฝ 38๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ VAA๋จ๋
, ๋๋ tetracycline๊ณผ ๋ณ์ฉ ์น
๋ฃํ 2๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋น๊ต ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๊ณ ์ด์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ป์
๋ค.
1. VAA๋จ๋
์น๋ฃํ ์ฌ์์ฑ์ข์ฐฝ์์ 3์ฃผ์งธ ์น๋ฃ์ฑ์ ์ ์ฝ 70%์ ํ์ ํ ์น๋ฃํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ
๋ด์๋ค.
2. VAA์ tetracycline์ผ๋ก ๋ณํฉ ์น๋ฃํ ์ฌ์์ฑ์ข์ฐฝ์์์ 3์ฃผ์งธ ์น๋ฃ์ฑ์ ๋ VAA ๋จ๋
์น๋ฃ์ฑ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
3. ํ์์ฑ๋ฉดํฌ์ ๊ตฌ์ง์ VAA ๋จ๋
์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ์ด๋ tetracycline๊ณผ์ ๋ณํฉ์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ์์ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ
์์๋๋ฉด์๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฐ์๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฑ๋ฉดํฌ๋ ์น๋ฃ 1์ฃผ์์ ์คํ๋ ค ์ซ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ด๋ค
๊ฐ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฐ์๋จ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ํฌ๋ VAA์ tetracycline์ ๊ฐ์ด
์น๋ฃํ ๊ตฐ์์๋ ๊ตฌ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์๋๋ VAA๋จ๋
๋ํฌ๊ตฐ์์๋ ์น๋ฃ 1์ฃผ์์ ๋ํฌ์
์ซ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ค๊ฐ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ๋ ๊ฐ์๋จ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค.
4. VAA ๋จ๋
๋ํฌ์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์ค, ๋ฐ์ , ์ต์ฃ์, ์์๊ฐ, ์์ด๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋ ํผ๋ถ
๊ท ์ด, ์ผ์ถ, ๋ถ์ข
, ๋ํต๋ฑ์ ์ถํ์ด ์์๊ณ tetracycline๊ณผ ๋ณํฉ์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ์์๋ VAA ๋จ๋
๋
ํฌ์ ๋ณ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
In 1932, Harris et al reported that vitamin a had antikeratinizing effect.
In 1943, Straumfjord reported enthusiastically that the administration of oral
vitamin A had been thought beneficial in acne vulgaris. This enthusiasm had not
completely dampened in spit of studies attesting to its ineffectiveness by Lynch
and Cook (1947), Andrew and Stokoe (1963).
In 1969, Kligman reported the much usefulness of topical vitamin A acid, an
endproduct of vitamin A, in acne vulgaris. Its's mechanism is, but in the poorly
understand, presented as a proliferation of the epidermis, a labilization of skin
lysosomes producing an inflammatory effect; the turn over of cells lining the
follicular epithelium is accelerated, increasing the rate of production of horny
cells and conversion of hard keratin to soft one. The effectiveness of acne
treatment is thus presented as an accelerated cell flow from the sebaceous gland
which prevents formation of comedones and forced out from the depth the existing
comedones.
38 patient with acne vulgaris were divided into 2 groups;
a) a group of topical vitamin A acid application alone
b) a group of topical vitamin A acid application and oral tetracycline
administration
The results obtained were as follows;
1) A group treated with VAA alone for 3 weeks showed as much as 70% significant
improvement.
2) A group treated with both VAA and tetracycline showed same therapeutic effect
as above.
3) Closed comedones or papules were disappeared gradually, but the number of open
comedones were increased in 1st week, then decreased thereafter during treatment
with each VAA alone, and combined therapy.
Pustules were disappeared in combined therapy gradually, but a number of them
were developed in 1st week, and then disappeared thereafter during application of
VAA alone.
4) However, there were undesirable side effect caused by this VAA substance.
Beside of scaling, erythema, tightness, itching and burning sensation, there were
fissure, edema, pain, and cozing.restrictio
์ถฉ๋จ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๊ตด ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋(CNI์ธ๋ฏธ๋2019-059)
1. ์ผ ์ : 2019. 6. 28(๊ธ) ๏ฝ 6. 29(ํ )
2. ์ฅ ์ : ์ ๋จ ๊ณ ํฅ
3. ์ฐธ์๋์ : ์ค๊ณผ์ฅ(๊ธฐํ๊ฒฝ์์ค์ฅ์ธ 11์ธ)
4. ๋ชฉ ์ : ํ ์ง์ญํ์ฅ ๊ฒฌํ์ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋์์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ํ์
ํ์ฌ
๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ ์๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ๋ค ๋ฐ๊ตด ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ฌธํ๋ต์ ์ ์ฑ
๊ฐ๋ฐ ์คํ
5. ์ฃผ์์งํ๋ด์ฉ
- 1์ผ์ฐจ : ๋๋ก์ฐ์ฃผ์ผํฐ ๊ฒฌํ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ต ์ธ๋ฏธ๋
- 2์ผ์ฐจ : ์๋ก๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ CNI ํ์ฅ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ํ ์ธ๋ฏธ๋1. ๊ฐ์
2. ์์์
์โค๊ตฐ-์ถฉ๋จ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ๊ตด ์ํฌ์(CNI์ธ๋ฏธ๋2019-063)
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ 2019๋
์ฃผ์ ์ถ์ง ๋ด์ฉ
2. ์๊ตฐ์ ์ฑ
ํ๋ ฅ๋จ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ถ์ง์ฌํญ1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ 2019๋
์ฃผ์ ์ถ์ง ๋ด์ฉ
2. ์๊ตฐ์ ์ฑ
ํ๋ ฅ๋จ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ถ์ง์ฌ