17 research outputs found

    A study on prediction of NOx Emission from Marine Main Diesel Engines for Existing Ship

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    As the air pollution has been rather issued, IMO has promised to enforce and to strengthen gradually the regulation on the NOx emission from marine diesel engine. Accordingly, the efforts of measuring the emission for existing engine have been tried. But it is hard to get directly the data of emission from existing ship because of technical and economical problems. So the prediction of NOx emission from marine main diesel engine for existing ship, could be useful method for the purpose. Generally, it has been known that excess air ratio and combustion temperature are important factors to control the NOx emission. Two zone model to calculate the burned gas and unburned gas temperature in combustion chamber could be adopted. However, the condition of combustion should be changed by excess air ratio variation in cylinder during combustion period. But it was difficult to know the variation of excess air ratio. In this study, the simulation program was developed in order to predict the emission from main diesel engine of existing ship during operation. Modified two zone model was newly proposed. It was to calculate the combustion temperature by the rate of heat release obtained from measured cylinder pressure. The temperature of unburned region was calculated under the assumption of adiabatic process. And the excess air ratio was investigated to compare the NOx emission between measured and calculated results. As the results, it was confirmed that NOx emission is well predicted by fixed excess air ratio for pratical use. It was discussed to be adopted the fixed excess air ratio with comparison of calculation results. In order to apply modified two zone model, more studies were required.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 IMO ๊ทœ์ • ๋ฐ NOx technical-code 2 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ 2 2. ์••์ถ•์ฐฉํ™” ์—”์ง„์˜ ์—ฐ์†ŒํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ NO ์ƒ์„ฑ 4 2.1 ์••์ถ• ์ฐฉํ™” ์—”์ง„์˜ ์—ฐ์†ŒํŠน์„ฑ 4 2.2 NO ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํŠน์„ฑ 5 2.2.1 NO ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๋กœ 5 2.2.2 NO ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด๋ก  6 2.2.3 NO ๋ฐฐ์ถœํŠน์„ฑ 7 2.3 NO ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.3.1 NO ๋†๋„๊ณ„์‚ฐ 9 2.3.2 ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์ค‘ NO ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 13 3. ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ํ•ด์„ 15 3.1 ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ฒ”์œ„ 15 3.1.1 ๊ฐ€์Šคํ๋ฆ„๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 15 3.1.2 ์—ฐ์†Œ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 16 3.1.3 ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 16 3.2 2์˜์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋‚ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€ํ™” 17 3.2.1 2์˜์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹ 17 3.2.2 ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 25 3.3 ์ˆ˜์ • 2์˜์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜จ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 29 3.3.1 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ€์ • 29 3.3.2 ์••๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ 30 3.3.3 ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„์‚ฐ 32 4. ๊ณ„์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 33 4.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์ธก๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 4.2 ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋‚ด ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ ํŒจํ„ด 33 4.3 NO ๊ณ„์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 39 4.4 ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ณผ์ž‰์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 41 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  48 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 5

    ์‚ฐํ™”๋ง‰ ํฌ์ƒ์ธต๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์†์ธต์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋น„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์ธต ์‹๊ฐ์•ก์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2000.Maste

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์žฌ๋ฌด์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    Clinical study on topical vitamin a acid in acne vulgaris

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] 1932๋…„ Harris๋“ฑ์ด Vitamin A๊ฐ€ "antikeratinizing effect"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1943 ๋…„ Straumfjord๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์ฐฝํ™˜์ž์— ๋ณต์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์ข‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ Lynoh ๋ฐ Cook(1947)๊ณผ Anderson ๋ฐ Stokoe(1963)๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์ฐฝ์— Vitamin A ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจํ•จ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 1969๋…„ Kligman์€ Vitamin A์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ Vitamin A acid(VAA)๋ฅผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋„ํฌํ•œ ๋ฐ” pe eling effect๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ฐฝ์— ๋„ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ ๋‹ค. VAA์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์•„์ง ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด‰์ง„, ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด lysosome์˜ ์šฉํ•ด, ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์งˆ์˜ ์งˆ์ ๋ณ€ํ™”(hard keratinโ†’soft keratin) ํ”ผ์ง€์„ ๋ถ„๋น„์ด‰์ง„๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. VAA์˜ ์ขŒ์ฐฝ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ง€์„ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฉดํฌํ˜•์„ฑ์–ต์ œ, ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์งˆ์˜ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์งˆ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋ฉดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ƒ์„ฑ์ขŒ์ฐฝ 38๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ VAA๋‹จ๋…, ๋˜๋Š” tetracycline๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์น˜ ๋ฃŒํ•œ 2๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ ๋‹ค. 1. VAA๋‹จ๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ƒ์„ฑ์ขŒ์ฐฝ์—์„œ 3์ฃผ์งธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์„ฑ์ ์€ ์•ฝ 70%์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. VAA์™€ tetracycline์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ƒ์„ฑ์ขŒ์ฐฝ์—์„œ์˜ 3์ฃผ์งธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์„ฑ์ ๋„ VAA ๋‹จ๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์„ฑ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ํ์‡„์„ฑ๋ฉดํฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ VAA ๋‹จ๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ tetracycline๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ๋ฉดํฌ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ 1์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ˆซ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋†ํฌ๋Š” VAA์™€ tetracycline์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋‚˜ VAA๋‹จ๋…๋„ํฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ 1์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋†ํฌ์˜ ์ˆซ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. VAA ๋‹จ๋…๋„ํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์„ค, ๋ฐœ์ , ์–ต์ฃ„์ž„, ์†Œ์–‘๊ฐ, ์ž‘์—ด๊ฐ์™ธ์— ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ท ์—ด, ์‚ผ์ถœ, ๋ถ€์ข…, ๋™ํ†ต๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  tetracycline๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋„ VAA ๋‹จ๋…๋„ ํฌ์™€ ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] In 1932, Harris et al reported that vitamin a had antikeratinizing effect. In 1943, Straumfjord reported enthusiastically that the administration of oral vitamin A had been thought beneficial in acne vulgaris. This enthusiasm had not completely dampened in spit of studies attesting to its ineffectiveness by Lynch and Cook (1947), Andrew and Stokoe (1963). In 1969, Kligman reported the much usefulness of topical vitamin A acid, an endproduct of vitamin A, in acne vulgaris. Its's mechanism is, but in the poorly understand, presented as a proliferation of the epidermis, a labilization of skin lysosomes producing an inflammatory effect; the turn over of cells lining the follicular epithelium is accelerated, increasing the rate of production of horny cells and conversion of hard keratin to soft one. The effectiveness of acne treatment is thus presented as an accelerated cell flow from the sebaceous gland which prevents formation of comedones and forced out from the depth the existing comedones. 38 patient with acne vulgaris were divided into 2 groups; a) a group of topical vitamin A acid application alone b) a group of topical vitamin A acid application and oral tetracycline administration The results obtained were as follows; 1) A group treated with VAA alone for 3 weeks showed as much as 70% significant improvement. 2) A group treated with both VAA and tetracycline showed same therapeutic effect as above. 3) Closed comedones or papules were disappeared gradually, but the number of open comedones were increased in 1st week, then decreased thereafter during treatment with each VAA alone, and combined therapy. Pustules were disappeared in combined therapy gradually, but a number of them were developed in 1st week, and then disappeared thereafter during application of VAA alone. 4) However, there were undesirable side effect caused by this VAA substance. Beside of scaling, erythema, tightness, itching and burning sensation, there were fissure, edema, pain, and cozing.restrictio

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    1. ์ผ ์‹œ : 2019. 6. 28(๊ธˆ) ๏ฝž 6. 29(ํ† ) 2. ์žฅ ์†Œ : ์ „๋‚จ ๊ณ ํฅ 3. ์ฐธ์„๋Œ€์ƒ : ์‹ค๊ณผ์žฅ(๊ธฐํš๊ฒฝ์˜์‹ค์žฅ์™ธ 11์ธ) 4. ๋ชฉ ์  : ํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญํ˜„์žฅ ๊ฒฌํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์•„์  ๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๊ตด ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฌธํ˜„๋‹ต์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ˜„ 5. ์ฃผ์š”์ง„ํ–‰๋‚ด์šฉ - 1์ผ์ฐจ : ๋‚˜๋กœ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฒฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ - 2์ผ์ฐจ : ์†Œ๋ก๋„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ CNI ํ˜„์žฅ๋ชจ๋ธ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜1. ๊ฐœ์š” 2. ์†Œ์š”์˜ˆ

    ์‹œโ€ค๊ตฐ-์ถฉ๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ •์ฑ…๋ฐœ๊ตด ์›Œํฌ์ˆ(CNI์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜2019-063)

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    1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ 2019๋…„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ถ”์ง„ ๋‚ด์šฉ 2. ์‹œ๊ตฐ์ •์ฑ…ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋‹จ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ง„์‚ฌํ•ญ1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ 2019๋…„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ถ”์ง„ ๋‚ด์šฉ 2. ์‹œ๊ตฐ์ •์ฑ…ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋‹จ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ง„์‚ฌ
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