51 research outputs found

    A Study on Magic Lantern Shows as the Media of Visual Education in Modern Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2018. 2. ์ •์˜๋ชฉ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ(ๅนป็‡ˆๆœƒ) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ์žก์ง€, ์‚ฌ์ง„์—ฝ์„œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์‡„๋งค์ฒด์™€ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ, ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ด€, ์˜ํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„์ธ 1860๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ 1896๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1880๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ธฐ์—, ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ˜น์€ ์ง„์‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฝ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑํ™ฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธ๋งน๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ž๊ทนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์กฐ์„  ๋ฐ–์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ œ โ…ก์žฅ์€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ์†์„ฑ, ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ๋„์ž… ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ณผ ์„ ์ „์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž์™€ 1910๋…„ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1876๋…„ ๊ฐœํ•ญ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1910๋…„ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ์ด์ „์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์„ ๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ตญ๊ฐ•๋ณ‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”, ์ฆ‰ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐฝ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธYMCA๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ’์Šต, ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต์—… ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ณต์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์—์„œ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ โ…ฃ์žฅ์€ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž๋กœ ๊ต์œก, ์œ„์ƒ, ์˜ค๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์กฐ์„  ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก, ์œ„์ƒ, ์˜ค๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์œก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šต๋“ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์œ„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก  ํ•˜์— ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐ ํ’์Šต ์ค‘ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์„ ํƒ๋˜์–ด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์ธ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์œก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ โ…ค์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ํ•จ์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ์€ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ž€ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์‹์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋น„์ œ๋„๊ถŒ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•™๊ต ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ค๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด€๋žŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ์ตœ์ž์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šด๋ฐ˜์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์ž‘โ€ค๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This dissertation is a study of magic lantern shows as the first media of visual education for the public in modern Korea. Based on the development of printing methods, a variety of visual media such as exhibitions, panorama theaters, and motion pictures as well as newspapers, magazines, and photo-postcards emerged in modern era. The purpose of this study is to clarify the significance of magic lantern shows as a visual education media in relation to the other visual media that were emerging in the modern era. This study also elucidates the influence of magic lantern shows on the life of the Korean people at the time. The magic lantern, which was a predecessor of the projector show, has begun to be used in the middle of the 17th century in Europe, and it enjoyed a great boom in the United States in the period from 1860s after the Civil War to 1896 when the motion picture appeared. Magic lantern shows were introduced by American missionaries in Korea in 1880s. In the beginning stage, the lantern slides were produced using glass slides with hand-paintings, but after the middle of the 19th century, photographs were usually the content of the show. The Truth effect which photographs evoked brought about public interest in magic lantern shows from late 19th century to early 20th century. Photographs used as lantern slides had educational characteristics, because they consisted of knowledge and information as basic unit of visual media. Therefore, modern archives of photographs relate deeply to content of magic lantern shows, which need to be examined in this paper. While the magic lantern shows were mainly used for entertainment in Western society, in modern Korea they were used mostly as a media of visual education, which had a great impact on the Korean people in various aspects. Especially, the magic lantern show was a very effective educational tool to deliver the intention of speakers or teachers because a good portion of Koreans were illiterate at the time. Also, because there were rare opportunities for visual entertainment at the time, the entertainment elements of the magic lantern shows were a good reason for the people to be attracted. In addition, a glimpse of Western society and modernized new culture made Koreans recognize the magic lantern shows as opportunities to learn new knowledges. The structure of this paper goes as follows. Chapter II, where the preliminary research and theoretical background about the magic lantern show is investigated, discusses the characteristics of the magic lantern show as a media, photo archives as a content of the magic lantern show, and the introduction period of the magic lantern show in modern visual education. We will also look into the magic lantern shows of America and Japan in the aspects of entertainment and propaganda, which had a great influence on the Korean magic lantern shows. The two main organizers of magic lantern shows in Korea were Protestant missionaries from America and the Japanese Government-General of Korea. Korean magic lantern shows had changed its characteristics depending on these two organizers and in the context of Japanese annexation of Korea. Chapter III examines magic lantern shows in the age of Enlightenment in the Modern era. From 1876 opening of the trade ports to 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea, spreading Christianity was a main purpose of the magic lantern shows because protestant missionaries from the United States were organizers of the magic lantern shows in most cases. During this period, modern cultures of Western Europe were accepted as a knowledge for enhancing the wealth and strength of the country. Especially, the magic lantern shows served as a window which showed the world through, that is, the modernized Western cultures. Magic lantern shows that were mainly based on Seoul YMCA were held with themes such as the landscape and customs of many countries in the world, present state of Western industry development, and the science education including biology and astronomy. The contents and images of magic lantern shows at the time worked as knowledge with power. It should be noteworthy that at this time the missionaries were the organizers of the magic lantern shows, so the Koreans had only to see the world through those missionaries eyes. In other words, the world Koreans saw at the magic lantern shows was the image reproduced by the missionaries, and was the knowledge put in the missionaries frame. In chapter โ…ฃ, the magic lantern shows of Japanese colonial period are discussed. During this period, the Japanese Government-General of Korea was the main organizer of the shows, which resulted in the spread of the magic lantern shows into various aspects of daily life such as education, sanitation, and entertainment. In the 1920s, magic lantern shows were held throughout Korea, therefore, it started to lose its status as a media to stimulate the curiosity of the early people. Rather, the magic lantern shows worked as an educational media for the colonial governments propaganda. The characteristics of the magic lantern shows in Japanese Colonial Period are that the shows were held with a theme deeply involved in everyday life. The themes such as education, sanitation, and entertainment were deeply related to the scenes of daily lives. What this means is that the shows were a visualization of daily lives of Koreans and those images were educated onto the people. What needs to be abandoned and what needs to be maintained, or what type of hobbies should be enjoyed, were selected to be the content of magic lantern shows, based on the discourse of the knowledge to be learned and hygiene to be kept. In other words, both the daily and the public realms were educated through the magic lantern shows as a visual media. Chapter V discusses the implication of the magic lantern show in art education, including the interpretation and discussion on its art-educational meaning and function. So far, the modern art education research has been limited to the curriculum for schools. What this means is that the perspectives have been limited to the formula that the modern art education equals modern art curriculum. Therefore, a research on magic lantern shows can be a starting point for studies on art education in non-institutional areas outside the school. Most magic lantern shows were held outside of school boundary, although there were some used in school. The themes of magic lantern shows were also related to topics of everyday life such as hygiene. Therefore, researches on magic lantern shows will suggest that we expand our perspectives from the art curriculum towards the whole visual education realm in studies on modern art education. In modern era, there were various new visual media emerged. The basic information and knowledge of the visual media was composed mainly of photographs, and they had educational elements. The magic lantern show, among all those, had a characteristic of on-site activity where the commentator taught or educated of the contents in person, and multiple people watched and listened to the explanation in one place together. The magic lantern show was a media that could deliver more information and knowledge directly to the viewers than any other visual media. These characteristics of the magic lantern show, as an on-site and direct interaction, made it possible for the organizer to deliver the messages clearly to the viewers and to educate multiple people at the same time. One reason why the magic lantern show was suitable was that it did not cost much or a lot of efforts in preparation, compared to motion pictures or fairs. The equipment was comparatively easy to carry around and the slides were editable or composable depending on various settings. These factors made the magic lantern shows work as an educational media effectively in various contexts of modern visual media. After the liberation of Korea, the magic lantern show as a modern visual educational media has evolved to 35mm film, to projectors, and to all kinds of audio-visual media including TV. The significance of this research on the modern magic lantern show is that it really looks into the starting point of the media of Korean visual education. What can be suggested from this study is that the modern art education has been expanding its realm, and modern art education has been practiced not just within the institutional sphere and has also influenced greatly and actively the non-institutional sphere including the magic lantern shows.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 12 โ…ก. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ 15 1. ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž‘๋™๋ฐฉ์‹ 15 1) ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ์†์„ฑ 15 2) ์กฐ์‘์ฒœ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฒ• 20 2. ์šฉ์–ด ์ •์˜ 23 3. ํ™˜๋“ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 28 4. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑ์˜ ๋„์ž… 36 5. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 41 1) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 41 2) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 49 โ…ข. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ธฐ: ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐฝ 53 1. ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์„ ๊ต - ่€ถ่˜‡ํ–‰์  ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 54 1) ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ต์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑ๊ต๋ณธ 56 2) ์„ ๊ตํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 64 3) ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ•  74 2. ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ฌผ ์†Œ๊ฐœ - ๆ–ฐ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 79 1) ์„œ์šธYMCA์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 80 2) ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ฌผ ๊ต์œกํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 90 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 92 โ…ฃ. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ: ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 96 1. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ™•์žฅ - ๊ต์œก ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 98 1) ํ™˜๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ˆ˜์—… 99 2) ๋ฌธ๋งนํ‡ด์น˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 104 3) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 108 2. ๋ณด๊ฑด ์œ„์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก - ์œ„์ƒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 112 1) ์˜๋ฃŒ์„ ๊ต๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 114 2) ์‹๋ฏผ์˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 121 3) ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 126 3. ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก - ์˜ค๋ฝ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 130 1) ๊ธˆ๊ฐ•์‚ฐ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 132 2) ๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ์‡ผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 134 3) ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ 136 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์œ„์™€ ๊ฒ€์—ด 140 โ…ค. ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 143 1. ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 145 1) ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด 146 2) ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ 154 2. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ 160 1) ํ™˜๋“ฑํšŒ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์„ 160 2) ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ด์‹ 165 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  172 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 176 Abstract 191 ๋„ํŒ 197Docto

    Diagnosis of students with or at risk for reading disabilities: Application of a cognitive diagnostic modeling to vocabulary test.

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2017. 2. ๊น€๋™์ผ.์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋ถ€์ง„ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†๋„์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€(Catts, Herrera, Nielsen, & Bridges, 2015), ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ง€์‹ ํ™œ์šฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ, ์ดˆ์ธ์ง€ ์ „๋žต ์‹คํŒจ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ, ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค(Gersten, Fuchs, Williams, & Baker, 2001). ์ด ์ค‘ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ ์ค‘ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์–‘์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์–‘์  ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์–‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์งˆ์  ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ดํœ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ํ™”์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹์ด๋‹ค(๊น€๊ด‘ํ•ด, 2008). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–‘์  ์–ดํœ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์–ดํœ˜๋งŒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์— ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ์–‘์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. Fischer(1973)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•(Cognitive Diagnostic modelsCDM)์€ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์  ๏ฝฅ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ•˜์œ„์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋„๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์  ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ•™์ƒ๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค‘์žฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜• ์ค‘ DINA๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•™๋ ฅ ์ง„๋‹จํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•™๋…„์ด์ž 4ํ•™๋…„ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ˜„์ƒ(Fourth grade slump)์„ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ 3ํ•™๋…„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  DINA๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2. ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์„œ์šธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์šธ์‚ฐ, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 1000๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜์œ„ 15%๋ฏธ๋งŒ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ 2015๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ 1ํ•™๊ธฐ ~ 3ํ•™๋…„ 2ํ•™๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ง€๋„์„œ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 10๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฑ๋ง์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์˜๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฑ๋ง ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฑ๋ง ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ๋™์Œ์ด์˜์–ด ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์˜์–ด ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ณ€๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฑ๋ง ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ •๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ 15๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  40๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋‚œ์ด๋„์™€ ๋ณ€๋ณ„๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™•์ •๋œ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2015๋…„ 12์›” ๋ชจ์ง‘๋ฌธ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” 40๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌต๋…์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ, ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด, ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ •๋‹ต์€ 1, ์˜ค๋‹ต์€ 0์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ„์ ์ž๊ฐ„ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋Š” 100%์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ Q ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์นด๋“œ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋–ค ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜• ์ค‘ DINA๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์†ํ•œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž ์žฌ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ถ„์„(LCA)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋ฌต๋…์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„์— ๋ฌต๋…์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์œ„์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฑ๋ง๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์˜์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์˜์–ด ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฑ๋ง์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์˜๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 5% ์ด๋‚ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 35%๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚ฑ๋ง์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์˜๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฑ๋ง๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฑ๋ง ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด๋งŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ์–‘์ , ์งˆ์  ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์ƒ์€ 23๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ [111111], [011101], [011111], [010111]์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฑ๋ง๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋™์Œ์ด์˜์–ด ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์˜์–ด ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ณ€๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์–ดํœ˜์ •๋ณด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ [000000], [010101], [010000], [000101], [011101]์˜ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž ์žฌ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์†ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”์Œ์—๋„ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™”๊ต์œก๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ง„๋‹จ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€๋„์™€ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ต์‹ค ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ง€๋„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ์–ดํœ˜๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์–ดํœ˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘ ๋ฌต๋…์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ, ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•˜์œ„ 15%๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ๊ธฐ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก Qํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Qํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Qํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์›”์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Qํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํ’€์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณ„ํš๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์— ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ•์•ฝ์  ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ฝ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ›„ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€๋„ ํ›„ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 3. ์šฉ์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌ 7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์ฝ๊ธฐ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์–ดํœ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ 9 2. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜• 37 3. DINA๋ชจํ˜• 44 4. ์ธ์ง€์ง„๋‹จ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 46 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 50 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 50 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 51 3. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 53 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 70 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 72 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฒ€์ฆ 72 2. ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 80 3. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ  ๋น„๊ต 95 โ…ค. ๋…ผ ์˜ 104 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ง€์š”์†Œ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 104 2. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 113 3. ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 120 โ…ฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 125 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  125 2. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 127 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 129 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 155 Abstract 177Docto

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    (The) study about the low birth weight and socioeconomic, environmental factors between nations

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    ๊ตญ์ œ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„์˜ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ? ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ? ๊ฒฝ์ œ ? ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ? ๊ฒฝ์ œ ? ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” World Bank์˜ โ€˜World Development Indicators 2003โ€™์„, ๊ต์œก๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” UNESCO ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, WHO์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์ธ WHOSIS ์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 18๊ฐœ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๋™๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ จ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ 26๊ฐœ๊ตญ ,๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ , ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ 9๊ฐœ๊ตญ , ์•„๋ž 13๊ฐœ๊ตญ , ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด 20๊ฐœ๊ตญ , ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผยญ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด 31๊ฐœ๊ตญ, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ 5 ๊ฐœ๊ตญ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ 152๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ?๊ฒฝ์ œ?ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œ ํ›„ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ์งธ 1์ธ๋‹นGDP(F=33.77,p<.0001), ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(F=7.54,p=0.0001)์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ต์œก๋ฅ (F=13.38,p<.0001), ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ต์œก๋ฅ (F=8.67,p<.0001), ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ (F=13.29,p<.0001), ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ (F=9.01,p<.0001), CO๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(F=27.08,p<.0001)์„ 4๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋„ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(F=9.21 p=0.0012 ), 1์ธ๋‹น GDP(r=-0.0000342, p=0.0064) ๋Š” ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(r=0.01206, p=0.0077)๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ต์œก๋ฅ (r=0.00571, p=0.0009)๊ณผ CO ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(r=0.04602, p=0.0345)์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ (r=-0.00536, p=0.0041)์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋ถ„๋งŒ์‹œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์œจ(r=-0.00771, p=0.0018)๊ณผ ํ”ผ์ž„์‹ค์ฒœ๋ฅ (r=-0.00875, p=0.0049)์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์•„๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The low birth weight infants increases the infant mortality rates for the nation, and increases the health expenditure and the complications thus decreasing the quality of life for individuals and the society. So the purpose of this study is to compare the social, economic, environmental factors in relationship with the birth rates of the low birth weight infants using social, economic, and environmental indexes as well as the birth rates of low birth weight infants. Most of references including the birth rate of the low birth weight infants were used the World Development Indicators 2003 from World Bank, and most of educational indexes referred to the data of UNESCO. Statistical websites of WHO and data for individual nations of WHOSIS were also used. The scope of this study is 152 countries including 18 Western European countries, 26 Middle and Eastern European countries, 2 North American countries, 3 Oceania countries, 9 countries in East Asia and the Pacific Ocean, 13 Arabic countries, 20 Latin American countries, 31 Sahara-African countries, 5 South Asian countries, and 2 other countries. The AVOVA was used by analyzing the social, economic, environmental factors that have statistically significant meaning on the birth rate of low weight infants of the nation. The multiple regression analysis was performed to analyzethe factors by controlling individual independent variables. The results was, first, the average birth weight infantsof the four country groups had statistically significant differences when GDP per capita (F=33.77, p<.0001), Gini index(F=7.54, p=0.0001), educational level for female(F=13.38, p<.0001), educational level for male(F=8.67, p<.0001), population with access to improved sanitation (F=13.29, p<.0001), population with sustainable access to an improved water source (F=9.01, p<.0001), the CO emission (F=27.08, p<.0001) were divided with the quadrant order. Second, the birth rate of the low birth weight infants is decreased as GDP per capita (r=-0.0000342, p=0.0064) is increased; as Gini index(r=0.01206, p=0.0077) is decreased; as the education level for female(r=0.00571, p=0.0009) and the CO emission (r=0.04602, p=0.0345) are decreased; as population with access to improved sanitation (r=-0.00536, p=0.0041) is increased, as births attended by skilled health personnel (r=-0.00771, p=0.0018) as well as the contraceptive prevalence rate (r=-0.00875, p=0.0049) are increased in the multiple regression (F=9.21 p=0.0012). The result of this study will 5)provide the national approaches to decrease the birth rate of the low birth weight infants and bring the attentions for the studies of the related studies as well as social attentions.ope

    The globalization of new public management and path-dependent evolution: a focus on the modernized administration case of the schroeder government in Germany

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    ์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ํšก๋‹จ์  ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํŠน์ • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ข…๋‹จ์  ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ถ•์†Œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ํ–‰์ •์˜ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ™”์™€ ์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์  ๋„์ž…์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ๋…์ผ ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ „ํ›„ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜ํŒจํ„ด์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์œ ์ง€์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šˆ๋ ˆ๋” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ–‰์ •ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋…์ผ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผ๋‹น ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์ผˆ ์‹ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™” ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์‹œ์žฅ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. There is no doubt that both horizontal and vertical analyses are necessary for systematically investigating the increase and decrease of New Public Management (NPM). In this respect, this paper vertically examines the case of the Schroeder government in Germany as well as horizontally comparing the case with Korean public administration reform, so as to show clearly the tendency of NPM. German public administration reform is divided into three chronological stages: growth, shrinkage, and settlement. The stages of reform focused on confirmation of bureaucratic administration, sweeping changes to NPM, and the embodiment of governance, respectively. An investigation of German reform is meaningful in that the reforms of the Schroeder government had noticeable similarities with the Korean government led by President Roh Moo-hyun from the perspective that the concept of "enabling state" was continuously emphasized, and that the reforms developed following the process of maintain, marketize and then modernize administration. As a result of this investigation, the analysis of this paper shows that extant institutions critically influence the performance of public administration reform. Nevertheless, successful administrative modernization (Modernized Administration) is not a synonym for the utter failure of NPM. In the context of the current crises of national competitiveness, robust ideology and confident leadership allow extant institutions to be transformed in the long term. Further, the current German government which is steered by Angela Merkel, the new Chancellor of Germany, is expected to adjust the basic line of governmental policies sufficiently from Modernized Administration into Marketized. In this respect, the German case is fairly worth considering for Korea where a presidential election is approaching.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ œ(KRF-2005-079-BS0141)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„
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