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    ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์ฑ„์„ ๋ฏธ.์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์•„๋™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•„๋™์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ต๋… ์†์—์„œ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์–‘์œก์ž์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž…์›ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์—๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ž…์›๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž…์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์ด์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์› ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ™˜์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ, ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์‹ฌ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ 2016๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์œก์•„๊ด€๋ จ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘, ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฉด๋‹ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ 8๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 2016๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›”19์ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ‰๊ท ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 30๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ถ„์„(Braun & Clarke, 2006)์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ์ž…์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ง ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ, ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ(trustworthiness)์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ,๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ํ•˜๋ถ€์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 7๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ž…์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ง ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์–‘์œก์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์†์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ(trustworthiness)์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ž…์›์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋…€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•จ, ๋ถ๋‹์›€๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž…์›์„ ์ฃผ์–‘์œก์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํƒ์ƒ‰, ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ๋‹์›€๊ณผ ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํš ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์™€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จ, ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  13 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5 1.์‹ ๋ขฐ 5 2. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ-๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 8 3. ์ž…์›ํ™˜์•„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 12 4. ์ฃผ์ œ๋ถ„์„ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 23 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 26 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 29 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ ํ™•๋ณด 32 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 35 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 1) ์ œ 1 ์ฃผ์ œ :์•„์ด์˜ ์ž…์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ง ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ 39 โ‘  ์—„๋งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ 39 โ‘ก ์•„์ด์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 41 โ‘ข ๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ๋ฒ„ํŒ€๋ชฉ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 42 2) ์ œ 2 ์ฃผ์ œ : ์•„๋™๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ 43 โ‘  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•จ 43 โ‘ก ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต๊ธฐ์ˆ  44 3) ์ œ 3 ์ฃผ์ œ : ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„ 47 โ‘  ์ž๋…€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•จ 47 โ‘ก ๋ถ๋‹์›€๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ 48 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ 50 1. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 50 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  61 3. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์  ์˜์˜ 62 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 64 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  64 2. ์ œ์–ธ 66 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 67 ๋ถ€๋ก 76 Abstract 82Maste

    Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline for Fluid Therapy to Prevent Contrast-induced Nephropathy

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    Purpose: This study was to develop evidence-based clinical practice guideline in order to prevent contrastinduced nephropathy (CIN) for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: The guideline was developed based on the "Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)". The first draft of guideline was developed through 5 stages and evaluated by 10 experts.(1) Clinical questions were ensured in PICO format.(2) Two researchers conducted a systematic search through electronic database, identifying 170 studies. We selected 27 full text articles including 16 randomized clinical trials, 7 systematic reviews, and 4 guidelines. Quality of each studies were evaluated by the Cochran`s Risk of Bias, AMSTAR, K-AGREEII. Among the studies, 11 studies were excluded.(3) The strength of recommendations were classified and quality of recommendations were ranked.(4) Guideline draft was finalized.(5) Content-validation was conducted by an expert group. All contents were ranked above 0.8 in CVI. Results: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline to prevent CIN was dveloped.(1) The guideline for preventing CIN recommends using 0.9% saline.(2) Standardized rate of fluid therapy is 1 to 1.5ml/kg/hr.(3) Execute hydration for 6~12hrs before PCI and after PCI. Conclusion: This study suggests evidence-based clinical practice guideline for preventing CIN which can be more efficiently used in clinical practice.ope

    ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์„œ์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์œค๋™์ฒœ.๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์•ฝ์†์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์–ด๋Š์ƒˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ฒช์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ด€์Šต๋“ค, ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค, ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ง€๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฏ์„ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฐจ์ด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚ฏ์„ค์Œ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ, ์ด์งˆ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘๊ฐ€์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ (unexpectedness) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋˜๋ฌป๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ƒ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌด์˜์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์›๊ด€๋…์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„ฆ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•จ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์ผ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ปค์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ํ™˜๊ธฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž…์ฒด ์˜์ƒ์„ค์น˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํŒํ™”์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•จ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋˜์งš์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์„ธ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํšก๋‹จ, ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ, ์—ฐ์ƒ์ž‘์šฉ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž, ํŒํ™”, ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ œ ์กฐ๊ฐ, ์˜์ƒ์„ค์น˜ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ: 2011-23546I.์„œ๋ก  1 II. ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ 4 1. ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํšก๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ž์•„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 4 2. ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ƒ์ƒ 10 III. ์—ฐ์ƒ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 15 1. ์ž์œ ์—ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 16 2. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 33 3. ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐ 40 IV. ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 45 1. ํŒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ฃผ 46 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„ 58 V.๊ฒฐ๋ก  62 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ๋ก 65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 67 Abstract 69Maste

    (A)Study on the effectiveness of recruitment institution directors in the quasi government organizations in Korea : the focus is on the revised government investment agency`s management act and the quasi government agency`s management act

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

    Development of ADR monitoring system through extranet

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ œ๋„์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–‘์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์šด์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š” Microsoft Visual Basic์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ 5.0๋ฒ„์ „์— Service Pack 3๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ Microsoft Office ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Microsoft Access97์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ Microsoft Windows NT๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ PC๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Microsoft Windows NT์—์„œ Web Server๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” O'Reilly & Associates, Inc์˜ Website ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ, ์•ฝ์‚ฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ 160๊ฑด์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด 134๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 83.7%, ์ค‘๋“ฑ์ฆ์ด 13.8%, ์ค‘์ฆ์ด 2.5%์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ 71.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ„, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ฑ… ๋“ฑ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์šด์˜์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ƒ์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋„ท์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์‚ฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Problems of Adverse Drug Reaction(ADR) have been regarded as growing social concern in health. The purposes of this study are to analyze current domestic and foreign adverse drug reaction monitoring system and to develop a reporting form and reporting system through internet to activate the adverse drug reaction monitoring system and operate the system as a test model. We use the Microsoft Visual Basic as a developing tool for the ADRreporting system and Microsoft Access97 as a database management system and Website server of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. as a developing environment for the system. The system was made easy for heath professionals to report and as a result of test operation we could collect a number of reports. By severity, there were 134 cases of mild reaction(83.7%). Percentages of moderate and severe cases were 13.8% and 2.5%, respectively. Oral intake was the most common route of administration. We suggest a new model system as a future operating system, reporting contents, information flow between the institutions related to the adverse drug reaction. A future communication network through extranet which connects related institutions is presentedprohibitio

    ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต์ต์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์‹ ํฌํƒ.์™ธ๊ตญํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž์œ ์น˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ค‘์žฌ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ์—…ํšŒ์˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์›, ์œ ์—”๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ฒ•์œ„์›ํšŒ(UNCITRAL) ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์˜์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ์ ์šฉ ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ํƒ€๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ณธ๋ถ€(ICSID)๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์žฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ค‘์žฌ์ œ๋„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ค‘์žฌ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์น™์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž-๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ICSID ์ค‘์žฌ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ธ๊ถŒ, ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณต์ต ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝโ€ข์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐ€์‹ค์žฌํŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž์ž-๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ธ‰๋ฌผ์‚ด์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ์™ธ์˜ ์ œ3์ž์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ ์ œ3์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์žฌํŒ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ โ€ข๋ฒ•์  ์Ÿ์ ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž์ž-๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์žฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ œ3์ž ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜‘์ • (NAFTA)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ UNCITRAL ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Methanex Corp. v. United States์™€ United States Parcel Services of America v. Canada ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํŒ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ15์กฐ 1ํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ์„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  NAFTA ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด ํŒ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” i) ์ œ3์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ , ํŠน์ • ์ง€์‹, ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹คโ€ข๋ฒ•์  ์Ÿ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„, ii) ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, iii) ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ iv) ๊ณต์ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ICSID์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค ์ดํ›„ 2006๋…„ ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ฐœ์ •์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ํ˜‘์˜ ํ›„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  NAFTA ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์„ ์–ธ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ฑด ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ three-part test๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. UNCITRAL ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™์€ ICSID๋‚˜ NAFTA๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์›์น™์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ค‘์žฌ๊ทœ์น™์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ํŒ์ •์˜ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต์ต๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž-๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์žฌ์— ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ง€์—ฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž๋ณดํ˜ธโ€”๊ณต์ต๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€์„ฑโ€”ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ, ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑโ€”์ œ3์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ด์ต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์™„ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์–ธ์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์ œ์ถœ๊ถŒ์€ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์ธ ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์กฐ์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Investment agreements routinely provide for the right of a foreign investor to directly bring claims against the host state before an arbitral tribunal for violations of treaty provisions. Investment treaty arbitration is conducted pursuant to international arbitral rules, which adopted various aspects of commercial arbitration model, such as the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Arbitration Rules or other sets of rules originally designed for the resolution of commercial disputes, including International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Arbitration and United Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration Rules. As a result, the principle of confidentiality, strongly embedded in commercial arbitration, has also been largely applicable to investment treaty arbitration. However, confidentiality of proceedings in investment treaty arbitration has engendered considerable concerns because of the presence of public interest in the dispute, the resolution process of the dispute as well as the outcome of the arbitration. The legitimacy of the system has been challenged for dispensing justice with broad public implications, behind closed door. Amicus curiae participation was introduced as a part of a transparency effort to mitigate the legitimacy challenges to the investment treaty arbitration mechanism by injecting transparency and accountability into the system. Already an established practice in several domestic and international jurisdictions, amicus curiae participation was introduced in investment treaty arbitration by the seminal case of Methanex Corp. v. United States. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tribunals acceptance of amicus curiae briefs was followed by the Statement on Non-Disputing Party Participation of the Free Trade Commission, providing a detailed guideline for the receipt of amicus curiae submissions. It set out four criteria with which the tribunals are to consider amicus curiae petitions: (i) the assistance the amicus curiae brief would provide to the tribunal(ii) the scope of the brief(iii) the interest of the amicus curiae in the arbitrationand (iv) the public interest of the subject-matter. The NAFTA experience inspired changes within the ICSID framework. Despite initial inconsistencies in the ICSID tribunals approach to amicus curiae participation, ICSID modified its Arbitration Rules in 2006 to include a specific reference to the practice and prescribe the terms under which tribunals may grant leave to file amicus curiae briefs. The ICSID amendment shares the same requirements as the NAFTA guideline, except for the last criteria of public interest. Since the amendment, a number of tribunals have allowed a diverse range of amici curiae to participate in the proceedings. Ad hoc arbitration rules in a number of latest generation investment agreements and model BITs have also incorporated the practice of amicus curiae participation. Amendment initiatives have been made within the context of the UNCITRAL although other commercial arbitration institutions have not taken a comparable stride towards relaxation of the confidentiality rule. Amicus curiae participation in investment treaty arbitration aims to promote systemic legitimacy of the mechanism as well as contributing to the improvement of legal quality of awards and assisting the development of international investment law. Above all, it is a medium through which public interests are represented in the arbitral proceedings. The practice however, is not without negative consequences including the costs associated with the loss of confidentiality, the possibility of procedural inefficiency and impairment of integrity of dispute resolution as well as the deficiency of legitimacy on the part of a prospective amicus curiae. Nevertheless, the shortcomings of amicus curiae participation may be minimized by procedural safeguards adopted by tribunals in order to preserve the efficiency of arbitration and equality of parties. Balancing the competing interests held by various stakeholders in the arbitration is thus indispensable in consolidating amicus curiae participation as a vital means to enhance the legitimacy of investment treaty arbitration regime. A comprehensive set of formalized criteria which broadens, albeit with caution, amicus curiae participation should be adopted across the board by all investment treaty arbitration frameworks. The systemic approach to amicus curiae participation should, above all, encourage and strengthen the practice, while qualifying the mode of participation to neutralize any potential adverse effects. An institutionalized and predictable process would contribute to the public acceptance and effectiveness of amicus curiae participation and in turn, international treaty arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism.Table of Contents Abstract i I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LEGITIMACY CHALLENGES IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION 5 A. Distinctive Features of Investment Treaty Arbitration 7 B. Concerns over the Legitimacy of Investment Treaty Arbitration 12 1. Distinction between investment treaty arbitration and commercial arbitration 12 2. Value of confidentiality and its limitation 15 3. Presence of public interest 16 (a) Types of public interest present in investment disputes 17 (b) Fiscal accountability 18 (c) Value as precedents 19 4. Implication of concerns over legitimacy 20 III. DEVELOPMENT OF AMICUS CURIAE PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION AS A SOLUTION TO THE LEGITIMACY CHALLENGES 21 A. Amicus Curiae Participation as a Means of Enhancing Legitimacy 21 1. Measures to enhance legitimacy in investment treaty arbitration 21 2. Rationale behind amicus curiae participation 22 3. Implications of amicus curiae participation in investment treaty arbitrations 23 B. Evolution of Amicus Curiae Participation in Investment Treaty Arbitration 25 1. NAFTA 26 (a) NAFTA text and legitimacy concerns 28 (b) Methanex Corp. v. United States 29 (c) United States Parcel Services of America v. Canada 35 (d) FTC Statement of 7 October 2003 38 (e) Glamis Gold Ltd v. United States of America 41 (f) Conclusion 45 2. ICSID 45 (a) ICSID texts and legitimacy concerns 45 (b) Aguas del Tunari, S.A. v. Republic of Bolivia 49 (c) Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. The Argentina (Suez/Vivendi I) 51 (d) Aguas Provinciales de Santa Fe, Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and InterAguas Servicios Integrales del Agua S.A. v. Republic of Argentina (Suez/InterAguas) 54 (e) 2006 amendments to the ICSID Rules 56 (f) Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd. v. United Republic of Tanzania 58 (g) Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. The Argentina (Suez/Vivendi II) 64 (h) Piero Foresti, Laura de Carli and others v. Republic of South Africa 66 (i) Electrabel S.A. v. Republic of Hungary, AES Summit Generation Limited and AES-Tisza Erล‘mลฑ Kft. v. Republic of Hungary 69 3. Changes in ad hoc arbitration rules 71 (a) Ad hoc arbitration rules in investment treaties and model BITs 71 i) Bilateral investment agreements 72 ii) Regional investment agreements 76 (b) Ad hoc arbitration rules by commercial arbitration institutions 76 i) UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 76 ii) Other frameworks 83 iii) Conclusion 84 C. Evaluation โ€“ Analysis of Amicus Curiae Participation Practice to Date 85 1. Juridical nature of the amicus curiae participation 85 (a) Nature of amicus curiae 85 (b) Forms and contents of amicus curiae participation 85 (c) 'Third-parties' in amicus curiae participation 86 i) NGO involvement 86 ii) Beyond NGOs 88 (d) Arbitral tribunals discretion 90 (e) Functions discharged by amicus curiae participation 91 2. Policy considerations of amicus curiae participation 93 (a) Development as a response to judicialization of investment treaty arbitration 93 (b) Relationship between amicus curiae participation and the consent of the parties 94 IV. IMPLICATIONS OF AMICUS CURIAE PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL TREATY ARBITRATION โ€“ BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES 96 A. Negative Consequences and Shortcomings 96 1. Costs associated with loss of confidentiality 96 2. Procedural inefficiency 99 3. Impairment of integrity of dispute resolution 101 4. Legitimacy challenges of amicus curiae 102 B. Rebuttals for Arguments on Negative Consequences and Shortcomings 103 1. Rebuttal for costs associated with the loss of confidentiality 103 2. Rebuttal for procedural inefficiency 106 3. Rebuttal for legitimacy challenges of amicus curiae 107 4. Concerns and solution for minimal impact of amicus curiae participation 108 C. Rationale and Potential Benefits 109 1. Promotion of systemic legitimacy 109 2. Improvement of legal quality of awards and assistance to the development of international investment law 111 3. Protection of public interests 113 V. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 115 A. Balancing Competing Interests 115 B. Developing Formalized Criteria for Amicus Curiae Participation 116 VI. CONCLUSION 122 Reference 125 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 135Maste

    A Study on the Motif of 'Silence' in Ki, Hyung-Do's Poetry

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์‹ ๋ฒ”์ˆœ.This paper aims to reveal that the 'silence' in Ki, Hyung-do's poetry acted as a driving force of the center of the poetic world composed by the poet, as a language implying strong resistance to the poet's time and world. It calls for a reconsideration of the entire poem of Ki, which has been read with the frame of death and negativity until recently, under the heading Grotesque Realism. This discussion is based on the awareness of the problem that the misreading of the poem was caused by the emotional perception of the poet's death and this has been limited the understanding of the poetic world created by the poet Ki, Hyung-do. Silence does not mean a non-existence of language, but rather a world that exists even before language. Silence does not conflict with spoken words. Language is two-sided, and silence is just the other side of language that overturns spoken words. Thus, Ki, Hyung-do's 'silence' is not a state of losing or saying something, but is a voice of its own. His poetry with the motif of 'silent' is a result of building his own value system through the image of 'sound' and 'fire', while involving a clear sense of resistance to the time when the poet was living. Based on this perspective, chapter 2 explores the "silence" approached in terms of the "realistic value system." First of all, chapter 2.1. tries to assemble the various essays of the poet and figure out the grounds he had during the 1980s. The poet's has shown a sense of rejection to the destiny of this time, and a historical mission imposed on the every individual during it. It becomes the basis for the poet's attempt to auditory image and material imagination in the next chapter. In chapter 2.2, the linguistic status of silence is discussed through the literary discourse and auditory issues in the Korean poetry. The word 'silence' in his poem escapes from opposing the context of the time, by standing at the boundary between spoken and written language using the nature of the sound, or spoken words (silence itself) and the nature of the written words ('silence' written in the poem). It responds to, yet at the same time it does not correspond to the literal truth that is to be denied, because silence exists as a language itself. This only becomes possible through the poem of silence. Next, chapter 3 traces the process of the poet constructing the word 'silence' in poem through Gaston Bachelard's theory of imagination, which presents an interpretation of material imagination. The images of natural substances such as water, fire, and air often appear and play a variation in the poems of Ki, Hyung-do. The paper focuses on the imagination about fire. Prior to this exploration, chapter 3.1. looks at the image of vegetation in the poem. The poet often compare a person to a tree, and attempts to make it appear as an image of a plant in a poem. Yet, the plant usually appears in a sick figure. It is not irrelevant to the physical vitality of the poetic subject, and he sinks into deep inner solitude to escape himself from the sickening world. In chapter 3.2., the paper focus on the 'sound' and the problem of 'body' as Nietzsches physical concept of 'great reason(rationality)'. The image of 'fire' becomes audible in the poem and appears as an image of 'sound'. The matter of lighting 'fire' is closely related to the 'sound' of the 'body'. In many of the poems in Ki, Hyung-do, the body appears as a kind of musical instrument, and the destruction of sound is like an extinction of the body. The disappearance of the sound could also mean death. The destruction or disappearance of this sound is related to the scenes in which the grown-up poet encounters in the city. In chapter 4.1., the concept of potentiality and inaction reveals that "silence" can be the most powerful form of resistance to rejecting alternative choices given by external pressure. In this context, 'silence' achieves 'aesthetic politics'. This also is the inherent power of the creative act of a writing itself. The paper then point out that the power of play, created by inaction and creation, drives the silence. At the same time, it has a Dionysian affirmation that penetrates the tragedy of life. It is because silence is not just a resistance to the times, but also an ignition of Dionysian affirmation in the tragic times. This spirit of affirmation plays a role of enabling the mumble of minority languages, which break out from the existing languages โ€‹โ€‹and speak into a new language. Finally, chapter 4.2. checks out how overall discussions, can be found in the poet's representative work, . In , the black leaf was the object that hardened the poetic speaker's tongue make it unable to say something. However, this study attempts to re-examine the existence of 'the black leaf' by tracking the meaning of 'black' in Ki, Hyung-dos poetic world of darkness originating from the confined inner of the poetic subject. Through this process, the poet's world can acquire a new language and mutter it. In short, this paper traces the birth and utterance of the launguage of silence chosen by the poet Ki, Hyung-do via the matters of the times he passed through and which he had tried to overcome with the material imagination. The world of Ki Hyung-do's by the view of the motif of 'silence' can be seen to have a clear sense of resistance to the time the poet was living. This was the result that was able to be earned by constructing a triangle of 'silence' along with the image of 'sound' and 'fire'. It is the result of establishing his own aesthetic system. The triangle composition of 'silence'-'sound'-'fire' forms a virtuous cycle. The possibility of another action, the possibility of change, comes from the sound, which leads to the practice of silence and fire. Silence is also a poetic utterance that causes fire again. Through this comprehensive process, the poet Ki, Hyung-do did not yield to the request of the era of the 1980s, but was able to explain his constant attempt to "approach both artistic aesthetics and the real value system" intended in his literature.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„ ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์นจ๋ฌต์ด ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ์ธ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์‹œ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํฌ ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์„ฑ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ํ•ด๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„ ์‹œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„ ์‹œ์˜ ๋…ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ์‹œ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋น„์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์–ธ์–ด ์ด์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ง, ์ฆ‰ ์Œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๋ง๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์–‘๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ง์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๋ฉด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ํ•  ๋ง์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜์‹์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ถˆ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์นจ๋ฌต์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  2์žฅ 1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜ํ•„๋“ค์„ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์šด๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋˜ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœํŒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. 2์žฅ 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž์  ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ(์นจ๋ฌตํ•จ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด)๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ(์นจ๋ฌต๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ฐ์ธ ์‹œ์–ด)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ž ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ž์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์นจ๋ฌต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ 3์žฅ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šคํ†ต ๋ฐ”์Š๋ผ๋ฅด์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์นจ๋ฌต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ, ๋ถˆ, ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์—ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ถˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ์•ž์„œ ๋จผ์ € 3์žฅ 1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„ ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋น„์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์— ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ‘๋“  ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์œก์ฒด์  ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณ‘๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊นŠ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ ๋… ์†์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์ฒด์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ํฐ ์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œก์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์€ ์ฒญ๊ฐํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถˆ์˜ ๋ฐํž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์œก์ฒด์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ ์œก์ฒด๋Š” ์•…๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง์€ ์œก์ฒด์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฉธ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์€ ๊ณง ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ 1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์œ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจ๋ฌต์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์–‘์žํƒ์ผ์‹ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ํž˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์œ„์™€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋†€์ด์˜ ํž˜์ด ์นจ๋ฌต์„ ์ถ”๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ž ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋””์˜ค๋‹ˆ์†Œ์Šค์  ๊ธ์ •์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์งš์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์‚ถ์„ ์ผœ์ผœ์ด ๊ปด์•ˆ์€ ๋น„๊ทน ์†์—์„œ ๋””์˜ค๋‹ˆ์†Œ์Šค์  ๊ธ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ์ •์˜ ์ •์‹ ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ค‘์–ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 4์žฅ 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์ธ ใ€Œ์ž… ์†์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ์žŽใ€์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋…ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Œ์ž… ์†์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ์žŽใ€์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์žŽ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ์  ํ™”์ž์˜ ํ˜€๋ฅผ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ํ๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋‘ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„ ์‹œ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์Œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฒ€์€ ์žŽ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์–ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€, ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์นจ๋ฌต์ด๋ž€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„์˜ ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜์‹์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๊ทธ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ถˆ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต-์†Œ๋ฆฌ-๋ถˆ์˜ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๋Š” ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ ์—ญ์‹œ๋„ ์น˜์†Ÿ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹œ์  ๋ฐœํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์ธ ๊ธฐํ˜•๋„๊ฐ€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 12 2. ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” '์นจ๋ฌต' 25 2.1. ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์นจ์œค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ 25 2.2. ๋ฌธ์ž์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต 41 3. ์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” '์นจ๋ฌต' 53 3.1. ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์œก์ฒด์˜ '์†Œ๋ฆฌ'์™€ ์œ ํ๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ์ดํ–‰ 53 3.2. ์œ ๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฝ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์†Ÿ์•„์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” '๋ถˆ' 66 4. '์นจ๋ฌต'์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด 76 4.1. ์ƒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์†Ÿ์•„์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋””์˜ค๋‹ˆ์†Œ์Šค์  ๊ธ์ • 76 4.2. ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์˜ '์ค‘์–ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ' 86 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  97Maste

    Study on the status of intestinal protozoan infection by trichrome staining method in patients of Wonju Christian Hospital

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1986๋…„ 4๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1987๋…„ 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์›์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋…๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒ€๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์กด์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, trichrome์—ผ ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” formalin-ether์›์‹ฌ์นจ์ „๋ฒ•( MGL๋ฒ•)์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ฐ„์— ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฅ , ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž 390๋ช… ์ค‘ 55๋ช…(14.2%)์ด ์žฅ๋‚ด ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 4์ข…์˜ ์›์ถฉ ์˜์–‘ํ˜•๊ณผ ํฌ๋‚ญํ˜•์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์™œ์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” 6.2%, ๋Œ€์žฅ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” 3.5%, ์ด์งˆ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” 3.1%, ๋žŒ ๋ธ”ํŽธ๋ชจ์ถฉ 1.3% ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ , ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ์€ 10์„ธ ์ดํ•˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ 61์„ธ ์ด์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์™œ์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ์—ผ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์งˆ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์™€ ๋žŒ๋ธ”ํŽธ ๋ชจ์ถฉ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ค์‚ฌ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ณ€ 1 12๋ช… ์ค‘ 22.3%(25๋ช…)๊ฐ€, ๋ณดํ†ต ํ˜น์€ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ณ€ 278๋ช… ์ค‘ 10.8%(30๋ช…)๊ฐ€ ์›์ถฉ์— ๊ฐ์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด์งˆ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜ ๋‹ค. formalin-ether ์›์‹ฌ์นจ์ „๋ฒ• ํ›„ Lugol's iodine์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•๊ณผ trichrome์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•๊ฐ„์— ์žฅ๋‚ด ์› ์ถฉ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด 390๊ฑด ์ค‘ Lugol's์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์ด 4.4%(17๊ฑด), trichrome์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์ด 14.2% (55๊ฑด)๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์›์ถฉ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฅ ๊ฐ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด Lugol's์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• 28%, trichrome์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• 92%์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์Œ์„ฑ์€ Lugo l's์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• 72%, trichrome์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• 8%์ด๊ณ , ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 88%, 99%๋กœ trichrome์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ• ์ด ์žฅ๋‚ด ์›์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The present study was undertaken for the first time in Korea in order to elucidate the infection status of intestinal protozoa by the trichrome staining method after presenting the specimen in a fixative solution. A study of the intestinal protozoa detection rate, the sensitivity and the predictive value using two staining methods which were then campared. The first method was trichrome staining. The second was Lugol's iodine method used following formalin-ether concentration (MGL), a most widely used protozoa examination. During the period from April 1986 to February 1987, a total of 390 samples from patients of Wonju Christian Hospital were collected and examined. The results of the study are summarized as follows: The infection rate of 390 patients by intestinal protozoa was 14.2% using the trichrome staining method. Four species of protozoan trophozoites and cysts were detected, and the infection rate of each intestinal protozoa was 6.2% for Endolimax nana, 3.6% for Endamoeba coli, 3.1% for Entamoeba histolytica, and 1.4% for Giardia lamblia. High infection rates were shown in the following age groups for the specified protozoa : Entamoeba histolytica in the 11-20 age group, Entamoeba coli in the 51-60 age group arid Endolimax nana in the under 10 age group and above 60 age group. But there was no significant statistical difference. The residential infection rates of intestinal protozoa were 16.7% for the urban, and 11.0% for the rural group, but there was no significant statistical difference. The seasonal infection rate of Intestinal protozoa was 12.3% in autumn, and 15.2-15.8% in the other seasons, but again no significant statistical difference. The infection rate of intestinal protozoa by fecal condition was higher for diarrhea than for moderate or solid state feces, and the positive rate of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica was 6.3% lot diarrhea compared with 1.8% for moderate or solid state. But there was no significant statistical difference. The detection rate of intestinal protozoa was 4.4% by Lugol's method compared with 14.2% by trichrome staining. So the detection rate of intestinal protozoa was higher using trichrome staining than with Lugol's method. The sensitivity was 28% by Lugol's method, 92% by trichrome staining false negative, 72%, and 8% respectively. Negative predictive value was 88% by Lugol's method, and 99% by trichrome staining method. So we concluded that the trichrome staining method was the most reliable method of examination of intestinal protozoa.prohibitio
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