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    ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€์ง€ํ˜„.Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Selective cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors have been evaluated as promising therapeutic strategy in many cancers. However, targeting cell cycle regulation in colorectal cancer has not been fully evaluated. The aim of our study was to investigate the anti-tumor activity of the selective CDK4/6 inhibitors and to explore the mechanism of action of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in human CRC cell lines. Materials and Methods: We investigated the anti-proliferative efficacy of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib. With the most potent selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, we explored the mechanism of anti-proliferative activity and optimal combination agents with a synergistic interaction in colorectal cancer cell lines. To identify the possible predictive biomarkers for selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, multiple in vitro models of colorectal cancer cell lines were used. Tumor xenograft model of human colorectal cancer cell lines were established using athymic nude mice for in vivo validation. Results: Growth inhibition assay with multiple colorectal cancer cell lines revealed that abemaciclib was the most potent among the three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors tested. Abemaciclib monotherapy inhibited cell cycle progression and proliferation especially in Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cells. CDK2-cyclin E complex mediated Rb phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation appeared to be potential resistance mechanisms to abemaciclib monotherapy. Abemaciclib/BYL719 (selective PI3K p110ฮฑ inhibitor) combination therapy demonstrated synergistic effects regardless of PIK3CA mutation status but showed greater efficacy in the PIK3CA mutated SNU-C4 cell line. Growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and migration inhibition were confirmed as mechanisms of action for this combination. In a mouse xenograft model with SNU-C4 cell line harboring PIK3CA mutation, abemaciclib/BYL719 combination resulted in tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis with tolerable toxicity. Conclusion: Abemaciclib showed anti-tumor activity in human colorectal cancer cell lines and dual blockade of PI3K p110ฮฑ and CDK4/6 showed synergistic anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro. PIK3CA mutation could be an additional predictive marker for the efficacy of abemaciclib in combination with BYL719. These findings provide novel insight into a possible therapeutic strategy for patients with metastatic CRC.๋ชฉ์ : ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ”ํ•œ ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์•”์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋“ค (palbociclib, abemaciclib, ribociclib)์˜ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌดํ‰์„  ๋ˆ„๋“œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์ด์ข…์ด์‹๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ palbociclib, abemaciclib, ribociclib ์ค‘ abemaciclib์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ์  CDK4/6์–ต์ œ์ œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. KRAS ์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด KRAS๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋น„ํ•ดabemaciclib ์— ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ์ค‘Abemaciclib์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ Caco-2 ์™€ SNU-C4 ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ abemaciclib์€ ๋‹จ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, abemaciclib ๋‹จ๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์— CDK2-cyclin E ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ Rb ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”์™€ AKT ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Abemaciclib๊ณผ BYL719 (์„ ํƒ์  PI3K p110ฮฑ ์–ต์ œ์ œ)์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ abemaciclib ๋‹จ๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ์ฒด์™ธ ๋ฐ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Abemaciclib๊ณผ BYL719์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” PIK3CA ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์„ธํฌ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ, ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ •์ง€, ์„ธํฌ์ด๋™์–ต์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. PIK3CA ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”SNU-C4 ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“  ์ข…์–‘์ด์ข…์ด์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” abemaciclib๊ณผ BYL719์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : Abemaciclib ๋‹จ๋… ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ•ญ ์ข…์–‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ํƒ์  PI3K p110ฮฑ ์™€CDK4/6์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. PIK3CA ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ์  PI3K p110ฮฑ ์™€CDK4/6์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.Abstract โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ i Contents โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ iv List of figures โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ vii List of tables โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ ix List of abbreviations and symbols โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ x Introduction โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 Materials and methods Materials โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 4 Cell culture โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 5 Cell proliferation assay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 5 Colony-forming assay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 6 Cell migration assay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 6 Cell cycle analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 Combination index analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 Western blot analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 8 Mouse xenograft โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 9 Immunohistochemistry โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 10 Apoptosis assay โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 11 Statistical analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 11 Results Abemaciclib is the most potent selective CDK4/6 inhibitor in human colorectal cancer cell lines โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ13 Abemaciclib differentially regulates cell proliferation depending on cyclin D1 and p16 expression in colorectal cancer cell lines โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 17 Abemaciclib and BYL719 combination shows synergistic anti-proliferative activity in PIK3CA mutated cell lines โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 25 Abemaciclib and BYL719 combination induces G0/G1 phase arrest and alters regulatory protein expression in Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cell lines โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 33 Abemaciclib and BYL719 combination inhibits colony-forming activity and cell migration โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 Abemaciclib and BYL719 combination inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis in vivo โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 41 Discussion โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 49 References โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 57 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 67Docto

    ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์Œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€(์ง€์—ญ์ •๋ณดํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๋ฌธ์ •ํ›ˆ.As the recent trend of interest in environmental impact and sustainability, personal health, and animal welfare issues has grown, plant-based alternative beverages have become increasingly popular and sophisticated. This study examines the key factors that influence the consumption of plant-based alternative beverages. Essay 1 aims to investigate how the consumption situations, consumer characteristics, and food pairing patterns differ based on milk selection, namely cow milk and plant-based milk. To accomplish the aim of the essay 1, food diary data with 117,728 cases were used for the main study and the follow-up tests. The main study investigated the consumer characteristics and drinking situations of milk and plant-based milk using the probit model. The follow-up tests investigated what kinds of food were mainly taken with milk and plant-based milk through decision tree analysis. The results show consumers who drink plant-based milk are more likely to be older, female, have fewer family members, have adult children than younger children, have lower incomes and live in the capital area, compared to consumers who drink milk. Compared to the drinking situation of milk, the drinking situation of plant-based milk is more likely to take place on the move. When people drink plant-based milk, they are likely to have eggs, bananas, sweet potatoes and nuts, while when people drink milk, they are likely to have cereals, bananas and various types of bread. These findings provide marketers and retailers a stepping stone for developing an account for marketing strategies associated with plant-based milk. This study is the first empirical study to compare food pairing patterns between milk and plant-based milk, which extends the scope of food pairing studies with new method. Essay 2 aims to find the factors affecting consumer intention to purchase lattes using alternative milk from plant-based sources, and to compare the links between the factors and purchase intentions depending on two labels, vegan latte and plant-based latte. Based on a literature review, it proposes antecedent factors influencing the purchase intention of plant-based lattes, such as perceived health/sustainability/reputational benefits, food snobbery, food curiosity, food variety-seeking, and vegetarian stigma. An online and scenario-based experiment was conducted with a between-subjects design, followed by a survey. Two different labels were used in the experiment: a plant-based label and a vegan label. In both groups, the results show that the perceived benefits have a positive significant effect on purchase intention, but the perceived barrier (i.e., vegetarian stigma) does not. Perceived benefits and preference are higher when showing a plant-based latte label focusing on the presence of plant-based ingredients than when showing a vegan latte label focusing on the absence of animal-based ingredients. However, there is no significant difference between purchase intentions depending on the label. For the label vegan latte, even if consumers are non-vegan, the higher their food curiosity, food snobbery, and food variety-seeking tendency, the higher their purchase intention. Therefore, vegan certifications can also work in marketing. We suggest to marketers and menu developers what needs to be highlighted and which consumers to target in order to boost sales of latte using alternative milk. The findings also emphasize the potential for labels to promote the purchase intention of lattes using alternative milk, offering a strategy for changing consumer behavior.์ตœ๊ทผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๋™๋ฌผ๋ณต์ง€ ์ด์Šˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์ฒด์Œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์ฒด์Œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—์„ธ์ด 1์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹ํ’ˆ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ง ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Main study)์™€ ํ›„์† ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(Follow-up tests)์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘ธ๋“œ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ์œ /์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์šฐ์œ ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์Œ์ฃผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์šฐ์œ /์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Œ์‹์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ์ธ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ณ , ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ์œ ์˜ ์Œ์šฉ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ์˜ ์Œ์šฉ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€, ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜, ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ, ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ, ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋นต์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ์˜์–‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ์‹์ƒํ™œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์œ ์™€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์šฐ์œ ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ง ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ, ์‹ํ’ˆ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—์„ธ์ด2๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์›๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ผ๋–ผ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ , '๋น„๊ฑด ๋ผ๋–ผ'์™€ '์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋–ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•/์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ/ํ‰ํŒ์  ์ด์ต, ์Œ์‹ ์†๋ฌผ ์„ฑํ–ฅ, ์Œ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ, ์Œ์‹ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ, ์ฑ„์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋‚™์ธ ๋“ฑ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ผ๋–ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž ๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„๊ฑด(Vegan)๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ(Plant-based)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ธ์‹๋œ ์ด์ต์€ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์‹๋œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ(์ฆ‰, ์ฑ„์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋‚™์ธ)์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ '๋น„๊ฑด ๋ผ๋–ผ' ๋ผ๋ฒจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ '์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ผ๋–ผ' ๋ผ๋ฒจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋•Œ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์ด์ ๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„์— ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. '๋น„๊ฑด ๋ผ๋–ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ผ๋ฒจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์Œ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ, ์Œ์‹ ์†๋ฌผ ๊ทผ์„ฑ, ์Œ์‹ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๊ฑด ์ธ์ฆ์€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ผ๋–ผ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋žตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ๋–ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.I. Essay 1: Understanding the consumption of plant-based milk : Drinking situations and food pairings 8 1. Introduction 8 2. Literature Review 11 2.1 Consumer segmentation 11 2.2 Drinking situations 12 2.3 Food pairing patterns 14 3. Main study 15 3.1 Materials and methods 15 3.2 Results 21 4. Follow-up tests 26 4.1 Material and methods 27 4.2 Results 28 5. Discussion 30 5.1 Practical implications 31 5.2 Academic implications 33 5.3 Limitations and future research 34 6. Conclusion 35 II. Essay 2: Purchasing vegan latte or plant-based latte : Label communications toward sustainability 37 1. Introduction 37 2. Literature review and hypothesis development 39 2.1 Perceived benefits and preference for vegan/plant-based lattes 39 2.2 Food snobbery, curiosity, and variety-seeking 42 2.3 Vegetarian stigma 43 2.4 Label communication for plant-based alternative products 44 3. Research methods 46 3.1 Data collection 46 3.2 Experimental design and materials 48 3.3 Statistical analysis 51 4. Results 51 4.1 Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) 51 4.2 Differences in perceived benefits, preference, and purchase intention by labeling 52 4.3 Assessment of the structural model 53 4.4 Multigroup analysis of the vegan and plant-based labels 56 5. Discussion 57 5.1. Factors associated with purchase intention of latte using alternative milk 58 5.2. Different perceptions depending on labels: Comparison between "vegan" and "plant-based" 60 5.3. Limitations and future research 62 6. Conclusion 63 Appendix 65 Appendix A. Cronbach's alpha, rho A, construct reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) 65 Appendix B. Correlations of the latent variables and the square root of AVE 66 Appendix C. Items with statements used for each construct 68 Appendix D-1. Cross-loading in the vegan latte group 71 Appendix D-2. Cross-loading in the plant-based latte group 73 Bibliography 75 Abstract in Korean 110 Figures Figure 1. Decision tree classification of food pairing with milk 29 Figure 2. Decision tree classification of food pairing with plant-based milk 30 Figure 3. Research model and hypothesized relationships 39 Figure 4. Information offered to respondents as stimuli 51 Figure 5. Structural model results in the VGL group 55 Figure 6. Structural model results in the PBL group 55 Tables Table 1. Participant properties of Case 1 16 Table 2. Literature review of socio-demographic, situational, and contextual factors affecting beverage consumption behaviour 19 Table 3. Frequency of consumption by situation and context in Case 1 19 Table 4. Frequency of consumption by situation in Case 2 20 Table 5. Probit results: Determinants of milk consumption 23 Table 6. Probit results: Determinants of plant-based milk consumption 25 Table 7. Properties of the sample 47 Table 8. Differences in perceived benefits, preference, and purchase intention between the vegan label group and the plant-based label group 53 Table 9. Multigroup analysis results for structural models of preference and purchase intention using Smith-Satterthwaite t-test 56์„

    ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋งŒํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์˜ ์žฌํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น€์šฉ์ง„.Background: It is unclear whether and how diabetes mellitus may aggravate myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in the pressure-overloaded heart. We investigated the impact of diabetes on the prognosis of aortic stenosis (AS) patients and its underlying mechanisms using comprehensive noninvasive imaging studies and plasma proteomics. Methods: Severe AS patients undergoing both echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) (n=253 of which 66 had diabetes) comprised the imaging cohort. The degree of replacement and diffuse interstitial fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) was quantified using CMR. Plasma samples were analyzed with the multiplex proximity extension assay for 92 proteomic biomarkers in a separate biomarker cohort of severe AS patients (n=100 of which 27 had diabetes). Results: In the imaging cohort, diabetic patients were older (70.4ยฑ6.8 vs. 66.7ยฑ10.1 years) and had a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (28.8% vs. 9.1%), with more advanced ventricular diastolic dysfunction. On CMR, diabetic patients had increased replacement and diffuse interstitial fibrosis (LGE% 0.3 [0.0-1.6] vs. 0.0 [0.0-0.5], p=0.009; ECV% 27.9 [25.7-30.1] vs. 26.7 [24.9-28.5], p=0.025). Plasma proteomics analysis of the biomarker cohort revealed that 9 proteins (E-selectin, interleukin-1 receptor type 1, interleukin-1 receptor type 2, galectin-4, intercellular adhesion molecule 2, integrin beta-2, galectin-3, growth differentiation factor 15, and cathepsin D) are significantly elevated in diabetic AS patients. Pathway over-representation analyses of the plasma proteomics with Gene Ontology terms indicated that pathways related to inflammatory response and extracellular matrix components were enriched, suggesting that diabetes is associated with systemic effects that evoke proinflammatory and profibrotic response to the pressure-overloaded myocardium. During follow-up (median 6.3 years [IQR 5.2-7.2]) of the imaging cohort, 232 patients received aortic valve replacement (AVR) with 53 unexpected heart failure admissions or death. Diabetes was a significant predictor of heart failure and death, independent of clinical covariates and AVR (hazard ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.31, p=0.030). Conclusion: Plasma proteomic analyses indicate that diabetes potentiates the systemic proinflammatory and profibrotic milieu in AS patients. These systemic biological changes underlie the increase of myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and worse clinical outcomes in severe AS patients with concomitant diabetes.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ์— ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์˜ ์žฌํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์ ์ธ ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒดํ•™(proteomics)์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์™€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž 253๋ช…(๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‹น๋‡จ 66๋ช…)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์˜ ๋Œ€์น˜์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”(replacement fibrosis)์™€ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์งˆ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”(diffuse interstitial fibrosis)์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š„ ์ง€์—ฐ ์กฐ์˜์ฆ๊ฐ•(late gadolinium enhancement; LGE) ๋ฐ extracellular volume fraction(ECV)์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ 100๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค(๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‹น๋‡จ 27๋ช…)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ• (multiplex proximity extension assay)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  (70.4ยฑ6.8 vs. 66.7ยฑ10.1์„ธ) ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ (28.8% vs. 9.1%), ์‹ฌ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์ƒ ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ขŒ์‹ฌ์‹ค ์ด์™„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์˜ ๋Œ€์น˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์งˆ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (LGE% 0.3 [0.0-1.6] vs. 0.0 [0.0-0.5], p=0.009; ECV% 27.9 [25.7-30.1] vs. 26.7 [24.9-28.5], p=0.025). ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์—์„œ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(E-selectin, interleukin-1 receptor type 1, interleukin-1 receptor type 2, galectin-4, intercellular adhesion molecule 2, integrin beta-2, galectin-3, growth differentiation factor 15, and cathepsin D)์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gene ontology terms๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ (pathway over-representation analysis) ์‹œ, ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ์ „์‹ ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์••๋ ฅ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ๋ฅผ 6.3๋…„๊ฐ„ (์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’ 6.3๋…„, ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜๋ฒ”์œ„ 5.2-7.2๋…„) ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, 232๋ช…(91.7%)์ด ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž…์› ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด 53๋ช… ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ณต๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ์ „์‹ ์ ์ธ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์‹ ์  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์ด์™„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์˜ˆํ›„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study background 1 1.2. Purpose of research 2 Chapter 2. Methods 3 2.1. Study population 3 2.2. Echocardiographic evaluation 8 2.3. Cardiac magnetic resonance analysis 8 2.4. Plasma proteomics assay 12 2.5. Clinical outcome assessment 18 2.6. Statistical analysis 18 Chapter 3. Results 20 3.1. Demographic and clinical characteristics according to the presence of diabetes 20 3.2. Increased risk of myocardial fibrosis on noninvasive imaging in diabetic AS patients 20 3.3. Upregulation of the proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in the plasma proteome of diabetic AS patients 36 3.4. Clinical outcomes according to the presence of diabetes 53 Chapter 4. Discussion 58 4.1. Myocardial remodeling and poor prognosis in AS patients with diabetes 58 4.2. Systemic proinflammatory and profibrotic response as the main pathophysiological process in AS patients with diabetes 60 4.3. Clinical implications and future direction 62 4.4. Study limitations 63 4.5. Conclusions 63 Bibliography 65 Abstract in Korean 72๋ฐ•

    ์†Œ์•„ ์œ ๋‘์ƒ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•”์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€์ข…์ผ.Recently, due to the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, cancer genome research has significantly improved our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development. Information on the molecular characteristics of pediatric papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) as distinct from adult PTC is important for developing new molecularly targeted therapies to treat progressive radioiodine-refractory PTC. PTC samples from 106 pediatric patients (age: 4.3โ€“19.8 years; 22 boys) who attended Seoul National University Hospital (January 1983โ€“March 2020) were available for genomic profiling. Previous transcriptome data from 125 adult PTCs were used for comparison. Genetic drivers were found in 80 tumors; 31 with fusion oncogenes (RET in 21, ALK in 6, and NTRK1/3 in 4), 47 with point mutations (BRAFV600E in 41, TERTC228T in 2, and DICER1 variants in 5), and 2 with amplifications. Fusion-oncogene PTCs, predominantly detected in younger patients, presented with a more advanced stage and showed more recurrent or persistent disease than BRAFV600E PTCs, which were detected mostly in adolescents. Pediatric fusion PTCs (in those aged < 10 years) showed lower expression of thyroid differentiation genes, including SLC5A5, than adult fusion PTCs. Two girls with progressive 131I-refractory lung metastases harboring a TPR-NTRK1 or CCDC6-RET fusion received fusion-targeted therapy; larotrectinib and selpercatinib decreased the tumor extent and restored radioiodine uptake. The girl with the CCDC6-RET fusion received 131I therapy combined with selpercatinib, leading to a tumor response. In vitro 125I uptake and 131I clonogenic assays showed that larotrectinib inhibited growth and restored radioiodine avidity. In pediatric fusion-oncogene PTC cases with 131I-refractory advanced disease, selective fusion-directed therapy may restore radioiodine avidity and lead to a dramatic tumor response, underscoring the importance of molecular testing in pediatric PTC patients. * The study was published in NTRK and RET fusion-directed therapy in pediatric thyroid cancer yields a tumor response and radioiodine uptake. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2021 Sep 15;131(18):e144847 (co-first authors: Young Ah Lee and Hyunjung Lee)์ตœ๊ทผ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ(NGS) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ PTC์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์•„ ์œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์•”(PTC)์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ PTC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. SNUH(1983๋…„ 1 ์›”~2020๋…„ 3์›”)์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ 106๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์•„ ํ™˜์ž(์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฒ”์œ„: 4.3~19.8์„ธ, n = ์—ฌ์•„ 84๋ช…, ๋‚จ์•„ 22๋ช…)์˜ PTC ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 125๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ PTC ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ด์ „ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 80๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œตํ•ฉ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 31๊ฐœ(21๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ RET, 6๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ALK, 4๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ NTRK1/3), ์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 47๋ช…(41๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ BRAFV600E, 2๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ TERTC228T, 5๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œDICER1 ๋ณ€์ด), 2 ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฆํญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ BRAFV600E ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ ์ข…์–‘ ์œ ์ „์ž PTC๋Š” ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 10์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ์•„ ์œตํ•ฉPTC๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ์œตํ•ฉ PTC๋ณด๋‹ค SLC5A5 ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ๋ถ„ํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ TPR-NTRK1 ๋˜๋Š” CCDC6-RET ์œตํ•ฉ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ 131I-๋ถˆ์‘์„ฑ ํ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 2๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์œตํ•ฉ ํ‘œ์  ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, larotrectinib๊ณผ selpercatinib์€ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  125I ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CCDC6-RET ์œตํ•ฉ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์…€ํผ์นดํ‹ฐ๋‹™๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ 131I ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 125I ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ 131I clonogenic assays๋Š” larotrectinib์ด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ ์ข…์–‘์œ ์ „์ž PTC๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ์•„ ํ™˜์ž ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์  ์œตํ•ฉ ์œ ๋„ ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์†Œ์•„ PTC ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Material and Methods 5 Results 10 Discussion 93 Acknowledgments 97 References 98 Abstract in Korean 106๋ฐ•

    ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„: ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ˜„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์‚ด์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ยท์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™์  ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€๋ชปํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•˜๋ถ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ง€์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•?์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๋ฉด๋‹ด, ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด, ์ƒ์• ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ์ดˆ์ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ„์„?์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ํ˜„์žฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ฒดํ˜„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์ดŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ์–ต์••์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ, ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜์ž์‚ด ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฒดํ˜„๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž์‚ด์„ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/2011003842/2SEQ:2PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2011003842ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A079114DEPT_CD:206FILENAME:์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„.pdfDEPT_NM:์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผEMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:

    The relationship between diverticulosis and colorectal neoplasia: A meta-analysis

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    BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diverticulosis and colorectal neoplasia share epidemiological trends and risk factors which are common in Western countries and incidences increase with age. However, the data on an association between diverticulosis and colorectal neoplasia are conflicting. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether diverticulosis is associated with colorectal neoplasia. METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and SCOPUS was conducted to identify studies that investigated the association between diverticulosis and advanced colorectal neoplasia (advanced adenoma, colorectal cancer), adenomas, or polyps. The demographic characteristics of patients, including age, gender, indication for colonoscopy, confounding factors, and outcomes of colorectal neoplasia were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 29 cross-sectional studies (N = 450,953) that investigated the association between diverticulosis and colorectal neoplasia. The meta-analysis found that diverticulosis was not associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-1.50). Although there was a positive correlation between diverticulosis and adenomas (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18-1.84) and diverticulosis and polyps (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15-3.31), diverticulosis did not increase the risk of adenomas (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.87-2.06) in patients who underwent screening colonoscopy. Moreover, all the increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with diverticulosis was observed in published studies only, and not in unpublished ones. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated that diverticulosis is not associated with an increased risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia. Although diverticulosis was associated with a higher risk of polyps and adenomas, the risk was not increased in screening populations. Moreover, the increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with diverticulosis was observed only in published studies and not in unpublished ones.ope

    G๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ŒํŒŒ 12์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ epigenetic ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/๋ฐ•์‚ฌHeterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) transmit a variety of extracellular signals from cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to intracellular effector molecules. Gฮฑ12/13-mediated signals formed networks with other signaling proteins at various levels, from cell surface receptors to transcription factors, to regulate cellular responses. The G12 subfamily is composed of Gฮฑ12 and Gฮฑ13. Accumulating evidence indicates that Gฮฑ12/13-mediated signaling pathways are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, cell polarity and migration, angiogenesis, platelet activation, immune response, apoptosis, and neuronal responses. Epigenetic mechanisms denote gene expression variability without coding sequence alteration. Epigenetic machinery includes DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of gene expression posttranscriptionally by small, non-coding RNA molecules. Epigenetic modifications play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression and are important in mammalian development and disease processes. In this study aim to examine whether Gฮฑ12 signaling pathway regulates epigenetic modification and to evaluate this change has any physiological meaning. In Part โ… , we investigated Gฮฑ12 action on apoptosis which is mediated by epigenetic modification of XAF1 promoter in NSCLCs. Basal XAF1 mRNA level was very weakly detected in NSCLCs. However, XAF1 expression was restored in A549 cells when blocked Gฮฑ12 signal. According to data from MSP and MeDIP, XAF1 promoter methylation was reduced by siGฮฑ12. In our data shown that siGฮฑ12 was enhanced demethylation of XAF1 promoter and was induced apoptosis. In Part โ…ก, we aimed to investigate the effect of Gฮฑ12 on cellular proliferation and its underlying mechanism in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. p16 expression was significantly enhanced in HepG2 cells after siGฮฑ12 transfection. From MSP, MeDIP and DNMT1 expression data, we can show that Gฮฑ12 regulates p16 expression by epigenetic modification mechanism, by inducing DNMT1 expression and activation. Therefore, Gฮฑ12 siRNA inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells by upregulating p16 expression, suggesting that the abnormal proliferation of HepG2 cells might be resulted from Gฮฑ12 signaling to suppress p16 expression of HepG2 hepatoma cells. In part โ…ข, we aimed to investigate the role of Gฮฑ12 in serum withdrawal -induced apoptosis of HUVECs, and its underlying mechanisms. Gฮฑ12 siRNA markedly increased the serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. Because miR-155 has been reported to regulate apoptosis of HUVECs, we examined apoptotic effect of Gฮฑ12 on the miR-155 expression. Results indicated that Gฮฑ12 regulates the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells by regulating miR-155 expression. These results suggest that Gฮฑ12 protects vascular endothelial cells against vascular injuries causing endothelial dysfunction by regulating miR-155 expression. From these results, we conclude that Gฮฑ12 regulates epigenetic modification in cancer cell and vascular endothelial cells.ope

    Machine learning reveals sex-specific associations between cardiovascular risk factors and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

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    We aimed to investigate sex-specific associations between cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk using machine learning. We studied 258,279 individuals (132,505 [51.3%] men and 125,774 [48.7%] women) without documented ASCVD who underwent national health screening. A random forest model was developed using 16 variables to predict the 10-year ASCVD in each sex. The association between cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year ASCVD probabilities was examined using partial dependency plots. During the 10-year follow-up, 12,319 (4.8%) individuals developed ASCVD, with a higher incidence in men than in women (5.3% vs. 4.2%, P < 0.001). The performance of the random forest model was similar to that of the pooled cohort equations (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, men: 0.733 vs. 0.727; women: 0.769 vs. 0.762). Age and body mass index were the two most important predictors in the random forest model for both sexes. In partial dependency plots, advanced age and increased waist circumference were more strongly associated with higher probabilities of ASCVD in women. In contrast, ASCVD probabilities increased more steeply with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in men. These sex-specific associations were verified in the conventional Cox analyses. In conclusion, there were significant sex differences in the association between cardiovascular risk factors and ASCVD events. While higher total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol levels were more strongly associated with the risk of ASCVD in men, older age and increased waist circumference were more strongly associated with the risk of ASCVD in women. ยฉ 2023. The Author(s).ope

    Higher body mass index is associated with an increased risk of multiplicity in surveillance colonoscopy within 5 years

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    We aimed to evaluate whether obesity was associated with a certain clinicopathologic characteristics of metachronous CRA. This retrospective longitudinal cohort study included 2,904 subjects who had at least one resected CRA at index colonoscopy and who subsequently underwent one or more surveillance colonoscopies within 5 years. Of the 2,904 subjects, 60.9% (n = 1,769) were normal, 35.8% (n = 1,040) were overweight, and 3.3% (n = 95) were obese. Patients with any metachronous CRA were 53.7% (n = 1,559). In multivariate analyses, higher BMI at index colonoscopy was significantly associated with any metachronous CRA (overweight, OR = 1.07; obese, OR = 1.82; p for trend = 0.049). Regarding the multiplicity, the ORs of โ‰ฅ 3, โ‰ฅ 4 and โ‰ฅ 5 metachronous CRAs significantly increased as index BMI increased (p for trend < 0.001, = 0.007 and = 0.004, respectively). In negative binomial regression regarding the incidence for total number of metachronous CRA, the higher BMI the subject has at the time of index colonoscopy, the more metachronous CRAs the subject will have at the surveillance colonoscopy (p for trend = 0.016). Higher index BMI was significantly associated with the risk of multiple metachronous CRAs on surveillance colonoscopy within 5 years.ope

    The study on detecting inner knots in large cross section timber using X-ray tomosynthesis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์—ฌํ™˜๋ช….๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋‹จ๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์žฌ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ดฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””ํ…ํ„ฐ์™€ ์„ ์›์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹ ํ•„ํ„ฐ, ์‚ผ๊ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ, ๋ฐ”ํ‹€๋ › ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋’ค ์ดฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฑด์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ๋ช…๋„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์–ด ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜น์ด์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์˜น์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹จ๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์žฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜์ƒ์ดฌ์˜๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1-1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1-2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  5 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 6 2-1 ๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 6 2-2 ๋””๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋ง ํ•„ํ„ฐ 8 2-3 ๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• ์ดฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 9 3. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 3-1 ๊ณต์‹œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 13 3-2 X์„  ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ๋น„ 16 3-3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 3-4 ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 22 3-5 ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ณ„ ์˜น์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 31 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 33 4-1 ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ ํš๋“ 33 4-2 ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ณ„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ 34 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 6. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 53Maste
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