28 research outputs found

    ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์•ฝ๋™๋ ฅํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ: ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์˜ ๋‹จํšŒ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๋…ธ์ถœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท .Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter, have health effects in multiple organs and can cause lung, skin, and bladder cancers in humans. After absorption via ingestion or inhalation, they are metabolized into hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) by enzymes at cyt-P450 and excreted in urine (mainly low-molecular-weight PAHs) or feces (mainly high-molecular-weight PAHs). Despite a large number of toxicological studies, information on PAHs absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion (ADME) is very limited in humans. The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the human body after single oral administration of PAHs, and to construct a pharmacokinetic model to explain this. A single dose deuterium-labeled naphthalene (d8-Nap), fluorene (d10-Flu), phenanthrene (d10-Phe), and pyrene (d10-Pyr) were administered at 0.02~0.04 mg/kg in 9 healthy adults (age: 33.7 ยฑ 8.8 years). Then, serum and urine samples were collected at the designated time for 72 hours after single oral exposure. Parent compounds and ten metabolites were measured by HS-SPME-GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The excretion fraction in urine was calculated based on the time course of urinary excretion amount, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by non-compartment analysis, and a pharmacokinetic model composed of two compartments was constructed. As a result of non-compartmental analysis, naphthalene (Nap), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), and pyrene (Pyr) reached the highest concentration in serum within 0.31 h to 1.65 h after exposure quickly, and the half-live (T1/2) in serum was confirmed to be within 2.76 h. T1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) showed that the larger the molecular weight, the larger the tendency. The 72 h fractional urinary excretion (Fue) of each parent compound was 0.020% for Nap, 0.001% for Flu, 0.011% for Phe, while Pyr was not detected in urine. Fue of sum of urinary OH-PAHs was 1.68% for OHNap, 9.11% for OHFlu, 3.24% for OHPhe, and 11.23% for 1-OHPyr. Most of them excreted within 24 hours after exposure in the form of metabolites rather than the parent compound. Suggestively, PAH and OH-PAHs are excreted via other than urine (e.g. feces). In addition, a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was constructed that described well the serum concentration and urinary excretion amount over time in the human body of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. This study provides information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene in the human body. It can be very useful in estimating the average daily intake (or oral-equivalent) amounts of PAHs among general populations.๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜ (PAHs)๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์—ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ฒด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ์•”, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์•”, ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•”, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ CYP-P450 ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ (OH-PAHs) ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…์„ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํก์ˆ˜-๋ถ„ํฌ-๋Œ€์‚ฌ-๋ฐฐ์„ค (ADME)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜ 4์ข…์˜ ๋‹จํšŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ์ธ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜, ๋ถ„ํฌ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ๋‚จ๋…€ 9๋ช… (๋‚˜์ด: 33.7 ยฑ 8.8์„ธ)์—๊ฒŒ 0.02~0.04 mg/kg์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จํšŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„, ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„ 72์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์ •๋œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ ํ—ค๋“œ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค-๊ณ ์ฒด์ƒ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ถ”์ถœ-๊ธฐ์ฒดํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ (HS-SPME-GC-MS) ๋ฐ ์•ก์ฒดํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ/์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ (LC-MS/MS)๋กœ ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ์›๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ 10์ข…์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„์ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ณ€ ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ถ„์œจ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๊ตฌํš์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ตฌํš๋ถ„์„ (non-compartmental analysis) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์€ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ 0.31์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 1.65์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋†๋„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2.76์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ‰๊ท ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์›๋ฌผ์งˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ณ€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ (์˜ˆ: ๋Œ€๋ณ€) ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋จ์„ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„์  ์†Œ๋ณ€๋ฐฐ์„ค๋Ÿ‰ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ตฌํš ์•ฝ๋™๋ ฅํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜, ๋ถ„ํฌ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์„ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋ณ€ ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ถ„์œจ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋‚˜ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ Œ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ Œ, ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ, ํŒŒ์ด๋ Œ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค์˜ ์ผํ‰๊ท ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ (๋˜๋Š” ์„ญ์ทจ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, Oral-equivalent dose)์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. Introduction 06 2. Materials and Methods 09 3. Results 19 4. Discussion 29 5. Conclusions 34 6. References 35 Supplementary material 39 Abstract in Korean 50์„

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] OECD์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์›ฐ๋น™(Regional Well-Being) ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    โ… . OECD ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ(์›ฐ๋น™) ์ธก์ • โ…ก. OECD ์ง€์—ญ ์›ฐ๋น™ ์ธก์ • ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ์ง€์—ญ ์›ฐ๋น™ ์ธก์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์›ฐ๋น™ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 3. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ 4. ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ด์Šˆ&๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] ์ผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜(2) : ์ž๋™ํ™”, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š”

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    I. ์ž๋™ํ™”์™€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™” 1. ์ž๋™ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2. ์ž๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ II. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ™” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š” 1. PIAAC ์„ฑ์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 2. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜

    Palatalization in English : an optimality-theoretic account ์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™” : ์ตœ์ ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์–ดํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ผ-ํ•™์Šต ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„

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    โ… . ์ผ-ํ•™์Šต ๋ณ‘ํ–‰์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ โ…ก. ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์‹คํƒœ 1. ์ผ-ํ•™์Šต ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ทผ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 2. PIAAC ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต(16~29์„ธ)์˜ ์ผ-ํ•™์Šต ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์‹คํƒœ โ…ข. PIAAC ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ผ-ํ•™์Šต ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ โ…ฃ. ์ผ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์กฐ

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] OECD ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋žต(Skills Strategy) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋™ํ–ฅ

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    โ… . ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰(Skills)์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ โ…ก. OECD ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋žต(Skills Strategy) ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ 1. ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋žต ๊ฐœ์š” 2. OECD์˜ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋žต ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ โ…ข. OECD ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋žต ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ(National Skills Strategy Project) ๊ฐœ์š” โ…ฃ. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ โ…ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ OECD ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

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    โ… . ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ โ…ก. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ OECD ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 1. OECD ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 2. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 3. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ๋… โ…ข. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์—…๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ… ์‚ฌ

    [๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ด€๋ จ OECD ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ

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    โ… . ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š”(skills needs) ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜(skills mismatches) โ…ก. ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ OECD ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ โ…ข. ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์›์ธ ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ โ…ฃ. ์ธ์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜„
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