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    Long-term Exposure to Fine particulate matter air pollution and Subjective Cognitive function using Community Health Survey data in Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๊น€ํ˜ธ.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO, World Health Organization, 2019) ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์งˆ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์น˜๋งค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ธก์ •์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œยท๊ตฐยท๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ „ 1๋…„์˜ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋†๋„์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์‹œยท๊ตฐยท๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด 200๊ฐœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋งŒ 40์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ธก์ •์†Œ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งค์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ด 224,570๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5), ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค(SO2)์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์กด(O3)์€ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ(NO2)๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ง€์žฅ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM10), ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ(CO)๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5)์™€ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ Q1์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ Q2์˜ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ OR(odds ratio)์€ 1.12๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.05, 1.19), Q3์˜ OR์€ 1.19๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.11, 1.27), Q4์˜ OR์€ 1.22๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.13, 1.31)๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ธ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์ง€์žฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋Š” Q1์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ Q2์˜ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์ง€์žฅ OR์€ 1.16๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.06, 1.27), Q3์˜ OR์€ 1.12๋ฐฐ(95% CI: 1.02, 1.23)๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค(SO2)๋Š” Q1์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ Q2๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Q4๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์ง€์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ง€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์€ ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€, PM2.5, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• , ์น˜๋งค, ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2019-20358Background: More than 90% of the world's population is exposed to harmful levels of air pollution that exceed World Health Organization(WHO) air quality guidelines. Fine particulate matter among air pollutants can reach the central nervous system due to its small size, which is especially likely to have neurobehavioral effects. Despite the fact that particles of air pollutant absorbed through the respiratory system can have a harmful effect on the nervous system as they travel along the bloodstream, domestic research on cognitive decline caused by air pollution exposure is hard to find. Objectives: Nervous disorders such as cognitive decline and dementia occur through the interaction of long-term and complex factors. Therefore, in this study, we look at the difference between long-term air pollution exposure and the risk of cognitive decline, to find out the impact of long-term exposure to air pollution on subjective cognitive function. Methods: The air pollution exposure assessment was based on the city, county, and district where the air pollution monitoring station is located, and the average annual air pollution concentration of the previous year was 200. In this study, subjects aged 40 or older who participated in the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency's community health survey from 2018 to 2019 were selected as analysis subjects. A total of 224,570 people were finally selected by matching air pollution monitoring station and community health survey data and multi-level logistic analysis was conducted to determine factors affecting cognitive decline. Results: According to the correlation between long-term exposure to air pollution and subjective cognitive function, the higher the exposure of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the greater the risk of cognitive decline. Ozone (O3) showed a correlation in cognitive decline, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) showed an increased risk of social activities interference as the exposure concentration increases. Meanwhile, fine particulate matter (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) showed no significant association. Based on Q1, the group with the lowest fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Q2's cognitive decline experience OR (Odds ratio) increased 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.19), Q3's OR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.27), and Q4's OR increased 1.22 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.31). In the detailed question Daily life interference variable, Q2 showed a significant increase in Daily life interference OR 1.16(95% CI: 1.06, 1.27) and Q3's OR was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.23), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) showed a significant increase in cognitive decline, Daily life interference and Social activities interference. Conclusion: This is the first research in Korea to study the link between long-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive decline. Environmental factors, including exposure to air pollution, are modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline, which can delay the timing of development or prevent disease. It is hoped that this study will be used as a basis for policy making to reduce the deepening situation of health inequality caused by modifiable environmental factors. keywords : air pollution, particulate matter, PM2.5, Cognitive disorder, Dementia, Alzheimer's disease Student Number : 2019-20358์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 8 2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 2.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 11 2.4 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 18 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ 19 3.2.1 ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 19 3.2.2 ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 21 3.2.3 ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณต๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ 22 3.3 ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 23 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 4.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 25 4.2 ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 29 4.3 ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 32 4.4 ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 36 4.4.1 ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 36 4.4.2 ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 41 4.4.3 ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 44 4.4.4 ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 48 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 59 ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 65์„
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