11 research outputs found

    ์œ ํ•œ C*-๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ผ๋ฒจ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ C*-๋Œ€์ˆ˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 8. ์ •์ž์•„.We study the properties of the C*-algebras C*(E,L,B) associated to labeled spaces (E,L,B). It is shown that if C*(E,L,B) is AF, then the labeled space (E,L,B) has no loops. We also prove that some of the known equivalent conditions for usual graph C*-algebras C*(E) to be AF are not necessarily equivalent for labeled graph C*-algebras by providing examples. For this, we use generalized Morse sequences. These examples are also shown to be non-AF simple finite C*-algebras, which contrasts with the fact that the usual simple graph C*-algebras are either AF or purely infinite. Besides, we find a sufficient condition for a labeled space (E,L,B) to give rise to an infinite C*-algebra in the sense that every nonzero hereditary C*-subalgebra of C*(E,L,B) contains an infinite projection.Abstract i 1 Introduction 1 2 Preliminaries 5 2.1 Directed graphs and their C-algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Labeled spaces and their C-algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Generalized Morse sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 AF labeled graph C-algebras 28 3.1 Loops in labeled spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2 Labeled spaces associated with AF algebras . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4 Non-AF nite simple labeled graph C-algebras 47 4.1 Simple nite labeled graph C-algebras of generalized Morse sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5 Labeled graph C-algebras that are not nite 58 5.1 Labeled graph C-algebras whose nonzero hereditary subalgebras are all innite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Abstract (in Korean) 76 Acknowledgement (in Korean) 77 iiDocto

    ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์†ก์ง„์›….์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก ์ดํ›„ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌผ์Œํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ‰์ƒํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ, ํ•™๊ต๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์€ ํ•™์Šต ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ– ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ‰์ƒํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์นœํ™”์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค(SF)์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™ ์žฅ๋ฅด์ด๋‹ค. ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํญ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์„œ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?, ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด ๋„ค ๋ช…(์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž J, M, S, Z)์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…์„œ๋ชจ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 30๋Œ€ ์ง์žฅ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  4์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 3ํšŒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐ ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋‹น ์•ฝ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™ ์งํ›„ ๊ฐ ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ๋‹ดํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ฉด๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก  ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋…์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ๋‹ดํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋…น์Œ ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ง€์†์  ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž์™€ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ง€ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ง€ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ž์œ ๋„์™€ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณต๋™ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ž์œ ํ† ๋ก  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์‚ฝ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก ์ „๊ณต์ž์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 3ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด SF๋‹ค์šด SF๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์ธ์‹, ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด, ํฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์  ํŠน์ง•์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ํฅ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘์  ํฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒํ™ฉ์  ํฅ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ „์ด์™€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™ ์‹คํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ ์† ๊ณผํ•™ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”, ๋งŒํ™”, ์—ฐ๊ทน ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์ , ์ •์˜์  ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Most adults whom the researcher has met regarded science being difficult and irrelevant to their daily lives. It still remains a question mark how science remains meaningful in people daily lives after their formal education. Despite the introduction of "Lifelong learning in science" and "Enjoyment of science culture" as one of the main goals of science education, there are handful scope of discussions on science education for adults. Therefore, this study recognized the need to explore various aspects of science education beyond the boundary of education within school-age, schools and students. Promoting a positive attitudes toward science is one of the important goals of science education in itself. For the development of science to leverage socially positive effects, social acceptance is crucial part which depends on citizens' attitudes toward science. In addition, since interest and enjoyment are important factors that lead to motivation in learning, positive achievements in the affective domain of science education are required not only in schools but also outside schools and lifelong learning. As such, the importance of attitudes toward science is increasing, practical discussions on how to enhance adults attitudes toward science are insufficient. Therefore, the researcher decided to explore the possibility of cultivating positive attitudes toward science starting from the perspective of science culture. Enjoying science as a culture means enjoying science-related activities based on an understanding of science with science-friendly attitudes. Science Fiction(SF) is a literary genre that combines scientific thinking and imagination to present alternative worlds. Book discussions expand the breadth and depth of thinking through the process of sharing thoughts and provide a meeting place where pleasant learning takes place based on the practicality and openness. Paying attention to these functions of SF and book discussions, the researcher selected the case of the book discussions utilizing SF by adults who have been proactive in reading books and enjoying discussions. The research questions are as follows. "First, what are the characteristics of adults book discussions of SF?" "Second, How participants attitudes toward science are presented during the discussions?" There are four participants in the study (J, M, S, and Z), all of whom have engaged in a book club and have not majored or are working in science disciplines. They read three different SFs and participated in book discussion were carried out per each SF which lasted about two hours per each discussion over three months. In addition, post-interviews were conducted immediately after each book discussion session to analyze the discourse among participants during book discussion, and individual in-depth interviews were conducted to examine the attitudes of each participant when the book discussions with three different books were over. The researcher participated in this study as a 'researcher as a participant', and did not intervene in the book discussions except for observation and coordinating the discussion. Throughout the study, observation journals were recorded, book journals of participants were collected, and semi-structured individual interviews and discourses during book discussions were recorded and transcribed. The data were qualitatively analyzed several times using the constant comparative method. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the characteristics of adult learners and informal learning setting were identified. The motivations for participants to start SF book discussions were activity-oriented and learning-oriented, and autonomy was important element to carry out book discussions. Adult participants had difficulty in their participation due to lack of time due to social roles and workloads, but they forced themselves driven by the sense of responsibility to participate for group work. In addition, unique roles and interactions among the participants enabled the discussions to be more dynamic and balanced. Second, as scientific thinking is illustrated in SF, the participants also demonstrated scientific attitudes during their discussions. Participants understood the interactions between science and society by predicting the future society with ethical concerns through 'thought experiments'. And through these activities the participants attitudes on science-society relationship have been broadened. In addition, the participants experienced extrapolation, a logical reasoning activity, and explored curious aspects of science they had with the touch of help from the researcher, whose academic background is in science. In the last session they were able to define what makes SF to be itself. Through these discussions, participants' understandings of the genre of science fiction were deepened. Third, the participants' attitudes toward science were 'dichotomous perceptions', 'lowered burden on understanding of science', 'development of interests', and 'perception of enjoyment'. Participants' dichotomous thinking on "humanities and science" led to low confidence in science since they identified themselves belong to humanities group during the book discussions, which limited their active engagement in discussion regarding science. On the other hand, narratives, a textual feature of science fiction, were found to lessen cognitive overload and the burden of understanding on science by providing scientific knowledge with context. Some participants also experienced the development of interests during the discussion. Participants were observed to experience their interests transiting from fiction and book discussion, the objects of direct interest, to science, the object of indirect interest. In addition, the situational interests triggered by the SF book discussion, a temporary external stimulus transformed into a persistent personal interest. Finally, a change in the participants perception of science and science cultural activities for enjoyment, rather than mere understanding, has been witnessed. The conclusions and meanings of this study based on the above results are as follows. First, in a informal learning environment, science cultural activities by adults were found to have individual and special characteristics. Therefore, it is very important to consider the individual characteristics and context of participants, not a universal approach, when implementing science cultural activities for adults. Second, this study revealed what is the perception of science that creates a "science hiatus" for adults after graduation. These results showed that in order for participants to enjoy science with interests, it must be preceded by reducing dichotomous thinking and the psychological burden of fully understanding on science. Finally, it was revealed that in order to enhance positive attitudes toward science through science cultural activities, it can be effective to incorporate science starting from the existing interests of individuals. The meanings and implications of this study based on the above results are as follows. This study is meaningful in that it explored daily scientific activities for adults while focusing on scientific culture, which has not been dealt with much in science education research. It explored scientific activities in adults daily lives as focusing on an aspect of science culture, which has not been dealt much in research for science education. In addition, this study depicted a case study of how science fiction positively influences science-related attitudes. The suggestions and implications from the conclusion of this study are the followings. This study suggests the need to create an environment to develop and support various informal science programs in a bottom-up approach with emphasis on interests of citizens, rather than a top-down approach driven by government and institutions. Along with a broadening understanding on science education and science cultural activities that encompass the demands from various classes, research on science cultural activities, particularly for the enjoyment of adults, need to be studied in multifaceted ways.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 5 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  8 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1. ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก 9 ๊ฐ€. ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํŠน์ง• 9 ๋‚˜. ์„ฑ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 11 (1) ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ํ‰์ƒํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ด€์  12 (2) ๋น„ํ˜•์‹๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ด€์  14 (3) ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ด€์  16 ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ํƒœ๋„ 19 2. ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  22 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 22 ๋‚˜. ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 26 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 29 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 29 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 29 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 31 ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜ 35 ๋ผ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋„์„œ 37 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 41 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 41 ๋‚˜. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 43 ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 48 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 1. ์„ฑ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก  ํ™œ๋™ ๋ชจ์Šต 49 ๊ฐ€. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ • 49 ๋‚˜. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ† ๋ก  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 58 2. ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒœ๋„ 69 ๊ฐ€. 1ํšŒ์ฐจ ์ข…์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์›: ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ 69 ๋‚˜. 2ํšŒ์ฐจ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ—ค์ผ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ: ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 73 ๋‹ค. 3ํšŒ์ฐจ ํ•œ๊ตญ SF ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น: ๊ณผํ•™์†Œ์„ค ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ 80 3. ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ 85 ๊ฐ€. ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์ธ์‹: "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ์„œ" 85 ๋‚˜. ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด: "๊ณผํ•™์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ผ์š”." 90 ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ: "๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ." 94 ๋ผ. ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„: "๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ๋‚˜." 101 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  109 1. ์š”์•ฝ 109 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  110 3. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 112 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 114 ๋ถ€๋ก 129 Abstract 138์„

    AF-subalgebras of graph C*-algebras

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2008. 2.Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ๋ฌธ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜์ง€์‹์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต, 2011.8. ๊ถŒ์˜ค๋Ÿ‰.Maste

    Methionyl tRNA Synthetase์˜ CDK4๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) are housekeeping proteins involved in protein synthesis, transferring amino acid to their cognate tRNA. In mammalian cells, nine of these ARSs are forming a complex which is named multi-synthetase complex (MSC) to work more efficiently. MRS also involved in MSC. Recently, many study shows that MRS has many other non-canonical functions as well as participates to protein synthesis. In previous study, researchers reported that MRS transfers into nucleus dependent on mitogenic signal and promotes biogenesis of rRNA in nucleoli. In this study, we determined that MRS has new non-canonical function related to regulate cell cycle. We supposed MRS has relation of cell proliferation because expression of MRS is increased in some cancer and MRS move to nucleus dependent on growth signal. We confirmed that MRS effects on cell proliferation in growth condition according to the level of MRS expression. Especially, we founded that MRS modulates transition from G1 to S phase by analyzing flow cytometry. To see how MRS regulates G1/S phase transition, we check the relationship of MRS and other molecules which are relate to cell cycle. As a result, we realized that MRS interacts with CDK4. CDK4 is a important molecule regulating cell cycle and CDK4 controls transition from G1 to S phase by phosphorylating Rb protein. MRS increases stability of CDK4 by blocking ubiquitination of MRS. As MRS reduces the amount of degradation of CDK4, MRS helps CDK4 to transfer into nucleus for regulating cell cycle in growth condition. Therefore, this study suggests MRS has novel function related in cell cycle and effects on cell proliferation. Also, this study suggests MRS seems to be a novel target as a cancer drug by blocking role of MRS related to cell proliferation.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase(ARS)๋Š” tRNA์— ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 20๊ฐœ์˜ ARS์ค‘ Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase(MRS)์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ARS๋Š” ์กฐํšจ์†Œ์ธ AIMP1, 2, 3๋“ค๊ณผ Multi-synthetase comlex(MSC)๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ MRS์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธ methionine์„ tRNAMet์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด‰๋งค ์ž‘์šฉ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, mitogenic signal์— ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ rRNA์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ, ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” MRS๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MRS๊ฐ€ colon cancer, brest cancer์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•”์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ MRS ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์ƒ์— ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€์—ฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์‹ ํ˜ธ(NLS)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ MRS๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” A549 ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ MRS์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ G1๊ธฐ ์—์„œ S๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, MRS๋Š” G1๊ธฐ์—์„œ S๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ CDK4์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. CDK4๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ํšจ์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์„ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” MRS๊ฐ€ CDK4์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด CDK4์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, MRS์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด CDK4๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ €ํ•ด๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์†Œ์ธ MRS๊ฐ€ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์™ธ์— ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐํžŒ MRS์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์•”์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์•ฝ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 01 CONTENTS-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 03 LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------- 05 โ… . INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------- 07 โ…ก. MATERIALS AND METHODS ---------------------------------------------- 10 1. Materials -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2. Cell culture ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3. DNA transfection ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4. RNA interference ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 5. Western blot analysis ----------------------------------------------------------- 12 6. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR ---------------------------------------------------- 13 7. Propidium iodide staining and cell cycle assay ---------------------------- 14 8. BrdU cell proliferation assay -------------------------------------------------- 15 9. Cell fractionation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 15 10. GST fusion protein purification and pull-down assay ------------------ 16 11. Immunofluorescent staining ------------------------------------------------- 17 12. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot ----------------------------------- 18 โ…ข. RESULT------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 1. Growth signal dependent localization of MRS ---------------------------------19 2. Growth signal dependent MRS effects on cell proliferation ---------------- 19 3. Modification of MRS in growth environment --------------------------------- 20 4. MRS effects on cell cycle by regulating transition from G1 to S phase --- 21 5. MRS interacts with CDK4 -------------------------------------------------------- 21 6. MRS reduced level of CDK4 protein ---------------------------------------- 22 7. MRS regulates stability of CDK4 protein -------------------------------------- 23 8. MRS blocks ubiquitination of CDK4 protein ------------------------------24 9. MRS blocks transfer of CDK4 from cytosol to nucleus -----------------24 โ…ฃ. DISCUSSION----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 โ…ฅ. REFERENCE----------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 โ…ฆ. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40Maste

    ๆผข่ชž์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    Machine Learning based Analysis on Maneuvering Data in Port for Automatic Berthing

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    As interest in autonomous ships has increased in recent years, various research on collision avoidance, route optimization, and automatic berthing of ships are being actively conducted. Among such research topics, the docking process is one of the most sophisticated areas of research as it consists of complex maneuvering movements in a narrow port, and is greatly affected by environmental disturbances. Unfortunately, accidents still occur, especially during the berthing process and pilotage. Therefore, by making the berthing process automatic, it is widely acknowledged that the entire docking process can become more efficient. Also, automation will eliminate the need for human pilotage which has been the major cause of accidents. Generally, in order for a ship to berth, an experienced pilot, crew, and tugboat are required. However, since automatic berthing is performed without manpower and tugboat, automatic berthing guidance and control system needs to be highly accurate. In this thesis, three studies were conducted for automatic berthing; Pilot research was conducted in relation to manpower and two studies on trajectory analysis and berthing velocity were conducted for automatic berthing induction. Piloting can be split into two types: sea piloting (navigation in fairways) and harbour piloting (maneuvering of the ship in the harbour area). In this study, ship berthing velocity data (harbour piloting) and trajectory data (sea piloting) were used as the main maneuvering data for automatic berthing. This is because the berthing velocity has the greatest influence on the amount of impact generated by contact between the ship and the dock facility, and trajectory data is the record of pilotage on which the automatic berthing will be based. This study focused on optimal berthing velocity calculation based on ship berthing velocity. In order for the ship to dock safely, the appropriate berthing velocity should not be exceeded and the berthing energy should be smaller than the absorbed energy of the fender. This study intends to derive the allowable berthing velocity for different ship sizes by taking fender performance and berthing capability into account, and defines the extrapolated berthing velocity as the relative value calculated according to ship size and the berthing capability of the pier. The regression equation for allowable berthing velocity by ship size was derived by calculating the berthing energy for different fender performances. The study also focused on automatic berthing (Automation of the entire berthing process). However, since it is technically impossible for an off shore vessel to be completely automated, several other methods that aid such vessels are necessary. One way to achieve this is by using shore-based pilotage. A group of experienced pilots on the shore can provide quantitative analysis of data, and help a pilot in the process of automatic berthing. In this process, berthing velocity and berthing energy were employed as basic data, and the mean and standard deviation values for each pilot after preprocessing were used for analysis. As a result of using the agglomerative clustering algorithm, we grouped pilots into three types: cautious, efficient, and hazardous. The clustering algorithm was then applied to analyze the pattern of arrival trajectory data during sea piloting, and as a result, clustering showed the highest performance in spectral clustering. In operating the online control of the autonomous berthing, it is effective to use the predefined trajectory derived from trajectory planning and control input as a reference for tracking control obtained by the optimization problem. Using the trajectory data, a quaternary function through polynomial regression was set as the optimal trajectory (guideline), and the results were compared according to the presence or absence of the guideline through reinforcement learning. A basic study was conducted for automatic berthing to reduce human error through the presentation of allowable berthing velocity and clustering of pilot maneuvering types. In addition, through the analysis of entry patterns and learning of routes through guidelines, a crucial step that contributes to automatic berthing can be completed.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Purpose 1 1.2 Overview 3 2. Analysis on Berthing Velocity Data 4 2.1 Outline of Berthing Velocity Data 4 1) Berthing Velocity 4 2) Data Collection 5 3) Docking Aid System (DAS) 8 2.2 Statistical Analysis 9 2.3 Allowable Berthing Velocity by Ship Size 16 1) Relationship between Berthing Energy and Energy Absorption 16 2) Calculation of Allowable Berthing Velocity by Ship Size 17 3) Derivation of Extrapolated Velocity 23 3. Grouping of Pilotsโ€™ Maneuvering Type 29 3.1 Outline of Analytic Data 29 1) Analytic Data 29 2) Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) 31 3.2 Data Preprocessing 35 1) Missing Value Imputation 35 2) Data Reshaping 36 3) Data Scaling 36 3.3 Agglomerative Clustering 37 1) Ward Linkage 38 2) Dendrogram 39 3.4 Result of Pilotsโ€™ Maneuvering Type 41 3.5 Cluster-Specific Characteristics 46 1) Basic Assumptions of ANOVA 46 2) Results of ANOVA 47 3) Post-Hoc Test 48 4. Analysis on Trajectory Data 49 4.1 Outline and Preprocessing of Trajectory Data 49 4.2 Arrival Pattern Analysis 53 1) (H)DBSCAN 53 2) K-MEANS 56 3) Spectral Clustering 58 4.3 Reinforcement Learning 65 1) DQN 65 2) Create Guideline 68 3) Results 70 5. Conclusion 73 5.1 Conclusion 73 5.2 Future work 76 6. References 77Maste

    Platycodin D Blocks Breast Cancer-Induced Bone Destruction by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis and the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells

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    BACKGROUND: Metastatic breast cancer cells are frequently associated with osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, resulting in severe bone destruction and increased mortality in patients. Platycodin D (PD) isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum is a triterpenoid saponin with anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic potential. METHODS: The in vivo activity was determined in mice with the intratibial injection of human metastatic breast cancer cells. Osteoclast formation and activity were detected using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and calcium phosphate-coated plates. The expression of osteoclastogenesis-inducing molecules was detected by RT-PCR and western blotting in RANKL-treated bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Cell viability and DNA synthesis were measured with MTT and BrdU incorporation assays. The induction of apoptosis was estimated using TUNEL staining and a caspase-3 activity assay. RESULTS: The oral administration of PD inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell-induced osteolysis in an intratibial mouse model. PD treatment blocked RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by inhibiting the expression and nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and c-Fos in BMMs and consequently reduced osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Furthermore, PD treatment induced apoptosis in osteoclasts and inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION: PD may block breast cancer-induced bone loss by suppressing the formation, activity, and survival of osteoclasts, as well as the growth of metastatic breast cancer cells.ope
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