A Study Of Attribution And Due Diligence In State Responsibility

在国际法的发展过程中，一直存在这样一个问题：国家在何种情况下应当为其管辖下的个人的行为负责？几个世纪以来，虽然国际法的理论和实践关于这个问题的答案存在很多不同的标准，但是在其纷繁复杂的争论背后，发展出了两种学说或可以说是两种理论用以研究和探讨这个问题：一是归责原则，二是适当注意义务规则。本文第一章首先介绍了国家责任形式的历史发展，因为这两个原则就是在国家责任形式的发展过程中不断发展完善的，并且彼此相互交错，无法截然分开。归责原则关注的是何种情况下个人行为可以归因给国家成为国家行为，从而使国家承担责任，适当注意义务学说则关注那些不能归责的个人行为，国家是否应当以及在何种情况下应当负责。第二章对归...In the development of the international law, there is an inherent problem: in what circumstances do the subjects of international law shall bear responsibility for actions of individuals? Over the centuries, the standard according to which international law has held its subjects accountable for actions of individuals has varied greatly. This Article traces the historical development of the two con...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_国际法学(含国际公法、国际私法、国际经济法)学号：20030812

Optimization for online open communication network channel allocation algorithm

针对传统的通信网络信道分配方法进行信道分配时存在信道分配不准确及效率低的问题,提出一种基于干扰度与链路优先级划分的通信网络信道分配方法.由Posisson分布模型建立通信网络节点流量模型,对链路流量及干扰进行评估,建立干扰模型计算出对应干扰程度等级,结合流量模型及干扰模型对分配的信道设计权重值,根据计算出的权值作为选取信道的依据,并根据优先级对网络信道进行分配.实验结果表明,相比传统的信道分配算法,采用改进算法进行信道分配吞吐量较高,信道分配精确度好,具有一定的优势.In order to solve the problem that the inaccuracy channel allocation and low efficiency problem exist when the traditional communication network channel allocation method is used for channel allocation, a communication network channel allocation method based on the interference degree and link priority was proposed. The communication network node flow model was established with the Posisson distribution model to assess the link traffic and interference. In addition, the interference model was established, and the corresponding disturbance degree level was calculated. In combination with both flow model and interference model, the weight for the allocated channel was designed. The calculated weight was taken as the basis of selected channel, and the network channel was allocated according to the priority. The results show that compared with the traditional channel allocation algorithm, the improved algorithm for channel allocation has higher throughput and better channel allocation accuracy, and has a certain advantage. ? 2017, Editorial Department of Journal of Shenyang University of Technology. All right reserved.安徽省高校自然科学研究资助项目(KJHS2016B02);安徽省教育厅质量工程资助项目(2015ckjh089

Design of an MAC protocol for distributed wireless network with low power consumption

为了提高分布式全双工无线网络的能量效率,提出了一种改进的低功耗全双工媒体访问控制（MAC）协议.不同于传统的MAC协议,该MAC协议通过降低数据包以及确认包的传输功率来实现能量有效性.提出的MAC协议支持双向以及单向两种链路,并保持对传统半双工节点具有向后兼容性,实现了较高的吞吐量.通过基于随机几何的方法对提出的MAC协议进行了仿真分析与性能评估,结果证明了其有效性和准确性,是全双工无线网络可行的一种解决方案.In order to improve the energy efficiency of the distributed full duplex wireless network, an improved full duplex medium access control (MAC) protocol with low power consumption was proposed. Unlike the traditional MAC protocol, the proposed MAC protocol could achieve the energy efficiency through reducing the transmission power of data and acknowledgement packets. The proposed MAC protocol supported both bidirectional and unidirectional links, and maintained the backward compatibility to the traditional half duplex nodes, which could achieve a high throughput. The simulation analysis and performance evaluation for the proposed MAC protocol were carried out based on the random geometry method. The results verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method is a feasible solution scheme for the full duplex wireless network. ? 2017, Editorial Department of Journal of Shenyang University of Technology. All right reserved.国家文化部科技创新资助项目（WHBKJCXXM20142554）;国家文化部科技提升资助项目（GJWHKJTSXM20151991）; 江苏省高等教育教改课题资助项目（2015jsjg411

环孢素A在重症肌无力患者中的群体药动学模型的建立

目的:建立环孢素A在重症肌无力患者中的群体药动学模型,了解影响环孢素A代谢的显著影响因素。方法:回顾性搜集82例服用环孢素A的重症肌无力患者的91个血药浓度及其相关资料,利用SPSS软件和逐步回归法分两次建立群体药动学模型,运用内部验证法对模型进行验证。结果:最终所得模型为Ln(Cl/F)=-4.418+1.598Ln(HGB)+0.008W,表明患者的体质量(W)及血红蛋白(HGB)含量对环孢素A在重症肌无力患者体内的代谢影响较大,模型对血药浓度的预测值与实测值误差为15.96%。结论:用SPSS软件和逐步回归法建立的群体药动学型有一定的预测能力,可以用于指导临床给药,并且在样本量增大时,模型会逐渐完善,此法简单易行,值得推广

An ecological study on zooplankton in the northern Beibu Gulf V: the effects of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in summer

2011年8月份于北部湾北部海域5个观测站位获得的分层水样,分析了表层叶绿素A含量和表层微型浮游动物丰度以及类群组成;同时于现场采用稀释培养法研究了该海域浮游植物生长率(μ)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)。分析和测定结果表明:调查海区的微型浮游动物丰度400—1167个/l,类群组成以无壳纤毛虫为主;浮游植物的生长率为-1.50—1.13 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.33—1.08 d-1;推算微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量以及初级生产力的摄食压力分别为28.1%—66.0%和-7.4%—438.4%。相对于中国其他海区,8月份北部湾北部海域微型浮游动物摄食速率处于中等水平。调查期间,广西沿海高生产力海区,浮游植物生长率大于微型浮游动物动物的摄食率,浮游植物生物量处于积累期;涠洲岛以南海域,浮游植物生产力较低,微型浮游动物摄食作用是控制浮游植物生长的重要因素。In August 2011,we quantified the impact of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton production in the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,Vietnam.Shipboard dilution incubation experiments were carried out at five stations to calculate phytoplankton specific growth rates and the specific rates of grazing losses to microzooplankton.Dilution experiments using chlorophyll a( Chl a) as a tracer were used to estimate daily rates in two size fractions; image-analyzed microscopy provided quantitative estimates of microzooplankton standing stock( including ciliate and vertebrate larvae).PFW( particle-free water) was used to dilute seawater to five target dilutions of 0%,20%,40%,60%,and 80%.Microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth rates were estimated by the linear regression of AGR( apparent growth rate) versus dilution factor.We estimated the grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton by calculating the percentage of phytoplankton standing stock and potential primary production ingested.Average total chlorophyll a concentration was( 0.67 ± 0.58) μg / L.Small-celled phytoplankton dominated this particular community.A notable characteristic of the phytoplankton community structure was that nano- and picoplankton made up a significant portion.Aloricate ciliates dominated the microzooplankton samples,in particular Strombidium,which accounted for 27.2% of total aloricate ciliate abundance.In addition,loricate ciliates and copepod nauplii were recorded.Microzooplankton densityvaried from 400 to 1167 ind / L.The horizontal distribution of microzooplankton was greater in nearshore than in offshore waters.Abundance did not differ significantly with chlorophyll a concentration in this study; however,there was a positive correlation between microzooplankton abundance and temperature.The phytoplankton growth rate( < 200 μm) ranged between-1.50 and 1.13 d-1,with the highest values being associated with nearshore waters.Meanwhile phytoplankton mortality due to microzooplankton grazing( 0.33—1.08 d-1) was highest at the same nearshore sites; however,growth rates were low at these sites.Consequently,microzooplankton consumed 28.1%—66.0% of chlorophyll a standing stocks and-8.1%—438.4% of the primary production per day.However,the grazing rate of microzooplankton on nanoplankton( 2— 20 μm) varied from 1.87 to 0.52 d-1,with an average of( 0.94±0.57) d-1.Given that the rates of grazing on phytoplankton of <200 μm were lower than those on nanoplankton,we conclude that microzooplankton prefer to graze on nanoplankton.There was a positive correlation between phytoplankton growth rate and grazing rate; in addition,significant differences between grazing rate and chlorophyll a were found.This suggests that microzooplankton grazing activity is the main factor regulating the community structure and restraining the growth of phytoplankton.During the investigation period, microzooplankton grazing effectively controlled the growth of phytoplankton,consuming 176.2% of primary production on average.When grazing rates are far greater than phytoplankton growth rates,energy is transferred from lower to higher trophic levels more effectively.In the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,microzooplankton largely control the growth of phytoplankton by grazing offshore rather than in nearshore waters where primary production is high.The growth and grazing rates combined promote planktonic ecosystem stability in this area.These results indicate that grazing by microzooplankton is a key process controlling the growth of phytoplankton in this area.海湾公益项目(201005012

Simultaneous determination of 14 phthalate ester residues in animal innards by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization

开展了动物内脏中14种酞酸酯类(PAEs)环境激素残留的气相色谱-电子轰击离子源质谱(GC-EI/MS)分析方法的研究,优化与选择了动物内脏样品的前处理条件。动物内脏样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比为1∶1)混合提取剂超声提取、Florisil硅土固相萃取柱净化与乙酸乙酯-正己烷(体积比为2∶3)混合洗脱剂洗脱和浓缩后,以邻苯二甲酸二苯基酯(DPhP)为内标物,采用GC-EI/MS的选择离子检测方式(SIM)进行定性和定量分析。当猪肝样品的加标浓度水平为100,200,400μg/kg时,加标回收率为60%~110%,相对标准偏差为0.8%~10.3%。除邻苯二甲酸二甲氧基乙酯(DMEP)与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙氧基乙基)酯(DEEP)的方法检出限(MDL)分别为3.30μg/kg与2.25μg/kg外,其余12种PAEs的MDL均不大于1.74μg/kg;线性范围为50.0~800.0μg/kg,相关系数均大于0.9994。该分析方法已成功地应用于6种动物内脏中14种痕量PAEs残留的分析。An analytical multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 phthalate esters (PAEs) in animal innards by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization (GC-EI/MS). After the optimization of different parameters such as the extraction solvent, PAEs were extracted from animal innards with hexane-dichloromethane (1∶1, v/v) in an ultrasonic bath and cleaned up on a Florisil column, then were determined by GC-EI/MS in selected ion monitoring mode with diphenyl phthalate (DPhP) as internal standard. The recovery studies were performed at 100, 200 and 400 μg/kg levels for each PAE, and the recoveries ranged from 60%-110% with the relative standard deviations between 0.8% and 10.3% for different PAEs. The detection limit of the method was less than 1.74 μg/kg for most of PAEs except dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP) and di(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate (DEEP). The method was linear over the range of 50.0-800.0 μg/kg with the correlation coefficients larger than 0.999 4. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of 14 PAEs in six animal innards.国家基础科学人才培养基金(J0630429)项目资