38 research outputs found

    政策工具與地方公共支出−臺灣地方政府的實證研究

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    Musgrave(1969)及Rostow(1971)則認為在經濟成長和發展的初級階段,公共部門投資占整個國家經濟投資極高的比重,如為社會提供道路、交通、教育和衛生等必要性高的公共財,以加強資源與市場的聯繫,促進經濟的發展;到了經濟與社會發展的中程階段,政府持續進行公部門的投資,並轉變為日益增長的私部門投資的補充;進入經濟發展成熟階段後,公共支出的主要目標,由提供基礎建設轉向提供教育、衛生與福利等服務。是故不同的經濟和發展階段中,由於所需公共財的需求彈性不同,對政府公共支出之增加程度亦有不同的影響。另外,產業結構的改變和提升帶動生產技術及相關法令的改變,需要政府更多的介入,故都市化、工業化、商業化程度越高,往往也會使政府支出從而擴大。Singh and Plekhanov(2005)認為若地方政府的支出利益僅限於特定轄區居民,而租稅卻是透過補助款機制尤其他轄區所課得,該轄區內的居民只須負擔小部份賦稅,卻能享受到補助款的整個利益是不公平的。因此,補助款機制會造成各地方政府對於補助款相互競爭,對自身財政問題缺乏責任感。一國補助款的額度愈大,地方財政赤字問題愈嚴重。Sennoga(2004)提出,當地方政府稅收成長比例小於其公共支出時,勢必要求中央政府提供補助款,此時將導致捕蠅紙效果(Flypaper Effect)。實證研究方面,劉彩卿、陳欽賢(2001)利用1998年度臺灣各鄉鎮(市)公所的財政資料進行分析,結果發現稅課收入及補助款收入愈高的地方政府,財政赤字問題愈嚴重。另外,孫克難(1984)的研究指出,每人上級補助金對每人縣市政府支出具正向影響。Westerlund、Mahdav and Fircozi(2011)利用1963年美國50個州政府的財政資料進行分析,結果發現稅課收入、補助款、非稅課收入以及債務未償餘額,與公共支出均呈現正向顯著性關係。[[abstract]]地方政府的公共支出規模,往往與地方政府的預算收入來源、債務餘額、總產出及黨派性政治因素等具有密切關聯性。本文針對臺灣地區20個縣市政府,自2000起至2012年之追蹤資料進行實證分析,檢驗不同的地方財源收入對於公共支出的影響。實證結果發現各地方政府以稅課收入為財源,易導致公共支出的日益擴張,存在「財政幻覺」效果;以中央補助款為財源,易導致濫支現象,存在捕蠅紙效果;各地方政府也常以公債融通方式籌措資金,惟若不加以節制,將造成以債養債,使財政惡化狀況更為嚴重;另外,也反映出台灣地方政府的公共支出的確伴隨著地方選舉年而擴張,存在政治景氣循環現象。本文乃依據實證結果之政策意涵,研擬相關的政策建議,期作為地方政府規劃公共支出政策的參考。[[conferencetype]]國內[[conferencedate]]20141213[[booktype]]電子版[[iscallforpapers]]Y[[conferencelocation]]東吳大學城區

    家族企業長期資產配置保守嗎?

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    [[abstract]]本研究以家族企業與非家族企業作為對照,採用迴歸進行實證分析。長期經營的成功家族企業,其關鍵在於專業管理的能力,及有效控股的權力。本研究結果發現,家族企業的長期資產配置趨向積極;董事兼任經理人越多、企業規模越大,長期資產配置趨向積極;而本國金融機構持股越多,長期資產配置趨向保守。另外,鋼鐵工業、航運業、觀光事業及文化創意業中的家族企業規模越大,固定資產佔股東權益比率越大;電子通路業、資訊服務業、建材營造及金融業中的家族企業規模越大,固定資產佔股東權益比率越高。家族企業的電腦及週邊、電子通路業、資訊服務業、建材營造及金融業對固定資產佔長期資金的影響為負,電子通路業、資訊服務業、建材營造及金融業中的家族企業對固定資產佔股東權益的影響為負,固定資產佔股東權益比率越高,固定資產佔股東權益比率越低。 In this research, family owned enterprises and non-family owned enterprises were selected for comparison. Regression analysis was conducted to provide an empirical study. It is found that the key to long-term success of family owned enterprises lies in its professional management abilities and effective control of the board. Data collected shows that long-term asset allocation for family owned enterprises tend to be positively correlated as the business operation increases and when directors are more involved in managerial activities. However, long-term asset allocation tends to be more conservative when there are more domestic financial institutions involving. In addition, the larger the scale of family owned enterprises in the steel, shipping, tourism, cultural and innovative industries, the greater the ratio of fixed assets to shareholders' equity. This has also been observed in electronic retail, information services, construction and financial services industries, where the larger the scale of family owned enterprises the higher the ratio of fixed assets to shareholders' equity. This has also been observed in electronic retail, information services, construction and financial services industries, where the larger the scale of family owned enterprises the higher the ratio of fixed assets to shareholders' equity

    [[alternative]]Policy instruments and public spending for local governments : empirical studies of Taiwanese municipalities

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    碩士[[abstract]]地方政府的公共支出規模,往往與地方政府的預算收入來源、債務餘額、總產出及黨派性政治因素等具有密切關聯性。本文針對臺灣地區20個縣市政府,自2000起至2012年之追蹤資料進行實證分析,檢驗不同的地方財源收入對於公共支出的影響。實證結果發現各地方政府以稅課收入為財源,易導致公共支出的日益擴張,存在「財政幻覺」現象;以中央補助款為財源,亦導致濫支現象,存在捕蠅紙效果;各地方政府也常以公債融通方式籌措資金,惟若不加以節制,將造成以債養債,使財政惡化狀況更為嚴重;另外,也反映出台灣地方政府的公共支出的確伴隨著地方選舉年而擴張,存在政治景氣循環現象。為期地方政府之公共支出決策,更趨合理與建全,本文依據實證結果,研擬未來在公共支出方面之政策建議,包括:地方政府應遵守財政紀律之規範,以防杜財政幻覺效果;地方政府宜提供相關的補助計畫書予中央政府,並由中央持續追蹤補助款之運用,以避免有捕蠅紙效果;中央與地方政府宜制定相關的政策性買票防治方法,以避免存在政策性買票現象。[[abstract]]The amount of public spending of local governments, tend to have a close relationship with the source of budget revenues, debt balance, total output and partisan political factors of local governments. This study focuses on the panel data of 20 local governments in Taiwan, from 2000 to 2012, testing the different revenue sources’ impact of public spending. The empirical results find that taxes as local governments'' revenue resources, it easily leads to the expansion of public spending and exists a "fiscal illusion" phenomenon. Central grants as financial resources, it leads to excessive expenditure and flypaper effect. Local governments often raise funds by bond financing, but if not control well, it will result in debt on debt, and the deterioration of financial situation gets more serious. It also reflects that the increase of Taiwan''s local governments'' spending is indeed followed by the year of local elections, existing a political business cycle phenomenon. To let the local governments’ public expenditure decision-making be more reasonable and sound, this paper based on empirical results and provides some appropriate policy recommendations for future expenditure, including local governments should follow the norm of fiscal discipline to prevent fiscal illusion; local government should provide grants plans to the central government, and the central government should keep track of the use of grants to avoid flypaper effect; the central and local governments should establish laws of bribe prevention to avoid the bribe phenomenon.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 目錄 I 圖目錄 II 表目錄 IV 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究架構 2 第二章 臺灣地方政府之財政概況 4 第一節 地方政府公共支出結構與趨勢 4 第二節 地方政府財政收入來源 11 第三節 地方財政指標分析 19 第四節 地方財政與問題檢討 42 第三章 文獻回顧 45 第一節 財政收入對公共支出的影響 45 第二節 經濟與政治相關變數對公共支出的影響 48 第四章 模型設定與預期結果 50 第一節 實證模型設定及其預期結果 50 第二節 資料來源與變數定義 59 第五章 實證結果與分析 61 第一節 敘述性統計 61 第二節 實證結果 65 第六章 結論與建議 68 參考文獻 70 中文部分 70 英文部分 74 圖目錄 圖1 研究流程 3 圖2 臺灣地區公共支出結構圖 5 圖3 臺灣地區公共支出趨勢圖 5 圖4 五都公共支出結構圖 6 圖5 五都公共支出趨勢圖 6 圖6 北區公共支出結構圖 7 圖7 北區公共支出趨勢圖 7 圖8 中區公共支出結構圖 8 圖9 中區公共支出趨勢圖 8 圖10 南區公共支出結構圖 9 圖11 南區公共支出趨勢圖 9 圖12 東區公共支出結構圖 10 圖13 東區公共支出趨勢圖 10 圖14 五都之財政收支短差占歲出比例 20 圖15 五都之債務未償餘額占歲出比例 21 圖16 五都之租稅依存度指標 22 圖17 五都之補助依存度指標 23 圖18 北區之財政收支短差占歲出比例 24 圖19 北區之債務未償餘額占歲出比例 25 圖20 北區之租稅依存度指標 26 圖21 北區之補助依存度指標 27 圖22 中區之財政收支短差占歲出比例 28 圖23 中區之債務未償餘額占歲出比例 29 圖24 中區之租稅依存度指標 30 圖25 中區之補助依存度指標 31 圖26 南區之財政收支短差占歲出比例 32 圖27 南區之債務未償餘額占歲出比例 33 圖28 南區之租稅依存度指標 34 圖29 南區之補助依存度指標 35 圖30 東區之財政收支短差占歲出比例 36 圖31 東區之債務未償餘額占歲出比例 37 圖32 東區之租稅依存度指標 38 圖33 東區之補助依存度指標 39 表目錄 表1統籌分配稅款比例 13 表2 Hausman Test檢定結果 55 表3相關實證變數預期結果 57 表4變數定義及資料來源 59 表5地方政府2000年至2012年實證變數之敘述性統計 62 表6臺灣各地方政府公共支出函數之推估結果:2000-2012年 67[[note]]學號: 601600371, 學年度: 10

    異分母分數減法之開放試題解題策略自動分析機制

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    [[abstract]]國內的電腦化測驗大部分為選擇題型,雖然有自動計分的優點,但無法得知學生詳細的解題歷程,因此答案可能含有猜測的成分,而建構反應題透過紙筆測驗雖然方便評量且能得知學生詳細的解題歷程,但批改及閱卷對教學者來說是一大負擔;因此,本研究以數學領域「異分母分數減法」單元為例,對學生在解題歷程的多重解題策略、概念技能、錯誤類型進行診斷與分類,建立建構反應題自動分析機制,並以DINA模式與MS-DINA模式進行認知診斷分析。 根據實驗結果本研究之結果如下: 一、同一個題目會有2種或2種以上的解題策略。使用帶分數策略解題的人數比例高於使用假分數策略解題的人數比例,出現的錯誤類型也較多元,但發生錯誤類型的百分率較低。 二、本研究的建構反應題自動分析機制,各建構反應題的解題策略、概念技能、和錯誤類型的專家一致性均達九成五以上,顯示電腦化建構反應題自動化分析成效良好。 三、本研究利用DINA模式及MS-DINA模式評估認知診斷測驗,DINA模式及MS-DINA模式中,模式2、模式3、模式4的平均辨識率及組型辨識率均優於模式1。MS-DINA模式中的平均辨識率和組型辨識率優於DINA模式。 關鍵詞:自動化分析、多重解題策略、認知診斷模式、異分母分數減法、建構反應

    以重分類方法評估台灣修訂版簡易營養評估量表預測台灣中老年人死亡風險的改進能力

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    [[abstract]]背景:營養不良是老年人常見的健康問題。簡易營養評估量表 (Mini Nutritional Assessment, MNA) 是老人照護上常用的評估工具。目前已有針對台灣族群修訂的簡易營養評估量表台灣修訂一版 (MNA-T1) 及修訂二版 (MNA-T2)。然此二修訂版對台灣族群之有效性仍待評估。目的:比較二台灣修訂版對台灣族群死亡風險預測的改進能力。方法:資料來源為1999年及2003年「台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」。選取53歲以上中老年人共4,261人為樣本。以重分類改善指標 (Net Reclassification Improvement,NRI) 及Cox迴歸中Akaike資訊準則 (Akaike's information criterion,AIC) 分析台灣修訂一版及台灣修訂二版預測台灣中老年人追蹤4年死亡風險的改進能力。結果:相對於MNA,MNA-T1與MNA-T2重分類改善幅度分別為0.4% (p=0.726) 和?1% (p=0.454);相對於MNA-T1,MNA-T2的重分類改善幅度則為?1.2% (p=0.052)。Cox迴歸模型僅納入控制變項 (CV) 所得AIC值為8,987.3,而分別加入三版本 (CV+MNA、CV+MNA-T1、CV+MNA-T2) 所得AIC值是8,204.4、8,218.1、8,214.2。表示模型分別加入MNA三個版本後,皆可大幅提高模型與資料的配適程度,唯其差異不大。結論:MNA-T1、MNA-T2對追蹤4年死亡風險的預測能力並未明顯優於MNA。由於目前對個體營養狀態評估仍未有一黃金標準,本研究僅以死亡率作為參考標準,各修訂版的適切性仍需更多研究來釐清

    國中學生參與體育嘉年華活動的集體效能對團隊凝聚力之相關研究

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    [[abstract]]本研究目的旨在瞭解國中學生參與體育嘉年華活動的集體效能對團隊凝聚力之關係。本研究採用問卷調查法,進行資料的收集與分析。研究對象為參與彰化縣99年度體育嘉年華活動的國中生,以普查方式進行問卷調查。共發出714份,回收646份,回收率97.3%、有效問卷599份,有效率92.7%,有效問卷回收率達90.2%。資料分析採用描述性統計、項目分析、探索性因素分析、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、雪費爾事後比較與Pearson相關等方法。本研究發現:一、受試者背景變項在集體效能方面計有:不同班別、參與意願、比賽目標、運動表現等自變項,在問卷反應的差異上達顯著水準;而在性別、不同年級、不同教練、練習頻率、不同喜愛項目,則無顯著差異。二、受試者背景變項在團隊凝聚力面向計有:參與意願、比賽目標、運動表現等自變項,在問卷反應的差異上達顯著水準;班別、不同年級、不同教練、不同練習頻率、不同喜愛項目、參與項目有部分構面達顯著水準;而在性別無顯著差異。三、集體效能與團隊凝聚力變項間分析中獲得支持。最後,希冀透過本研究的發現進一步將研究結果提供學校辦理體育相關活動與各政府相關活動規劃時之重要參考依據與建議

    [[alternative]]Explore the source why students made error from their logical inference ability on logarithm error.

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    [[abstract]]There are three main purposes for this study. The first is to explore the error pattern and factor of logarithm. The second is to explore the error pattern and factor of logical reference. The third is to explore the relationship between the ability of logically inference and logarithm operation. The whole study is divided into three sub-study (named study 1, study 2 and study 3), each has its own subjects. In study 1, researcher produced an initial hypothesis " there is a positive relationship between the mathematical problem solving ability and the logically inference ability " by observation and test of four gifted mathematically students who are seventh grade and were participated in international mathematical contest to be subjects. And then focused to the error pattern of logarithm operation for testing the hypothesis. In study 2 and 3, 2 and 191 students study in a common high school are respectively involved in this study to proving the possibility of the exit of the hypothesis produced in study 1. In study 1, researcher collecting information by " New Log A " and " Logical Inference A" two instruments made by researcher. And the result showed their performance in the above-mentioned instruments seems to suppose the initial hypothesis. In " New Log A ", some subjects tend to over-explain, in " Logical Inference A" their main error pattern are distributive error and commutative error, and by the continuing interview, the cause of this two error pattern is related to distributive law and algebra operation they had ever learned. In study 2, researcher choosing 2 students to be subjects, including one seventh grade and the other tenth grade who study in different common middle schools, and collecting needed information by " New Log B " and instantaneous interview. Not only explore the error pattern of general students in logarithm operation but also attempt to probe how they interpret and use the abstract formula. The result showed the error pattern they made is more than the subjects in study 1, especially the transformative error. By instantaneous interview, this kind of error might form by the initiative interpret of students in abstract logarithm formula. Besides, the tenth grade student who had learned logarithm made more distributive error than the eighth grade student never learned about logarithm. The most possible reason is concerned about that if someone had learned logarithm, transformative error will reduce and distributive error will increase after learning. The above-mentioned condition seems to appear that students' performance in logarithm operation is affected easily by prior knowledge. In addition, the circumstance also demonstrated the difficulty in utilizing formula is related to memory and the impotence in mastering the formula. Besides, students suggested that the operation signal should not only have meaning and be short, but also not with much meaning in it. Study 3 inherited the outcome of study 1 and 2. To inspecting the hypothesis and realizing generally which prior knowledge or experience could influence the logarithm error student made, researcher chosen 191 junior school students who haven't learned about logarithm to be subjects and collected material by " New Log C " and " Logical Inference B". There were three main finding in this sub-study. The first is concerned subjects' performance in " New Log C ". Subjects never learned logarithm produced many expected error pattern including distributive, commutative and transformative error, moreover, comparing with another logarithm error pattern research were involved senior high school students, the outcome appeared the emerge rate of some error patterns will decrease by instructing, but increase by giving them guidance. The second is their performances in " Logical Inference B". The result displayed that they aren’t good at it and the cause they made error is concerned about their explain. The third is connected with the factor of subjects’ performance in logarithm. By the regress analysis with age, mathematical achievement and logical inference ability this three independent variables, they could forecast 13% performance in logarithm. Furthermore, the three independent variables have no big difference in abstract logarithm. This finding seems to appear that there doesn’t exit the original relationship between two ability. In a word, researcher built and tested the hypothesis by observing phenomenon in study 1, and then proposed the problem progress to the following study 2 and 3. In the series of explored process, it is found that regarding the inference junior student made should be trained, in addition, students have various error patterns in logarithm, and the reason why they made error is related to prior knowledge and over-inference of formula. Although there is a weak relationship between the logical inference ability and logarithm problem solving ability in proving the hypothesis, but it might be concerned with the difficulty of instrument. As a result of the whole study is with primitive explore, the future research could continue the problem induced from the above three sub-study and the relationship between this two ability. Finally, researcher suggest that teacher should notice the prior knowledge ability of formula of student when they instruct the logarithm.

    Plasticity of Hepatocytes in liver regeneration

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    肝細胞是一種具有高度可塑性的細胞。在大部份的肝傷害後,肝臟修復工作主要藉由成熟肝細胞增生來修補受損的區域。然而,在特殊肝損害的情況下,成熟肝細胞亦可轉變為兼具有幹細胞的特性,它們可能經由肝細胞去分化或是轉分化的過程參與肝臟修復,這些過程涉及複雜的信號轉導途徑,調控機制仍不清楚。 關於卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)、小肝細胞樣祖細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)和肝細胞(Hepatocytes)在肝臟修復過程中所扮演的角色及細胞分化源由的關連性仍然備受爭議。SHPCs是一種肝祖細胞(Heaptic progenitor cells),同時具有胚胎肝母細胞(Hepatoblasts)、卵圓幹細胞和成熟肝細胞的表型特徵。為了探討成熟肝細胞和SHPCs細胞分化祖源的關連性,我們應用一個能夠產生50% DPPIV陽性肝細胞的DPPIV chimeric liver的動物實驗模式,大鼠在接受Retrorsine及部分肝切除(Hepatectomy, PH)處理之後,會誘發SHPCs集群的生成,利用DPPIV蛋白表現可以標定追蹤成熟肝細胞的位置以及偵測SHPCs是否具有 DPPIV 蛋白表現。結果在所有的分析樣品內,我們都沒有觀察到任何DPPIV陽性的SHPCs集群。此外,在連續組織切片中使用gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase(GGT,胚胎肝母細胞的標誌)和glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase,成熟肝細胞的標誌)染色進行分析,顯示SHPCs集群是一個包含了不同分化階段肝細胞的異質群體(Heterogeneous population)。在後續連續切片中,使用免疫螢光雙染色分別標示卵圓幹細胞特定標誌(CK-19/OV-6, laminin, EpCAM)和肝細胞的特定標誌(HNF-4α, C/EBPα),也發現卵圓幹細胞的增生和SHPCs集群生成可能是有相關性。4,4’-Methylenedianiline(DAPM)是一種膽道毒素,會破壞膽管週圍細胞進而抑制卵圓幹細胞的活化。在暴露於Retrorsine的大鼠模式中,利用DAPM藥物重複處理全面性抑制卵圓幹細胞的活化,誘發SHPCs集群的生成,亦沒有發現SHPCs集群的產生。另外,將分離出來的DPPIV陽性卵圓幹細胞移植進入已暴露Retrorsine的DPPIV-deficient大鼠肝臟內再進行部分肝切除術後,可以發現有DPPIV陽性SHPCs集群的存在。這些結果強烈顯示,成熟肝細胞無法經由去分化產生SHPCs集群,SHPCs集群可能是由卵圓幹細胞分化而來。 為了探討肝細胞轉分化為膽管上皮細胞(Biliary epithelial cells, BECs)的潛力,在第二部份的研究中,我們使用DAPM和D-galactosamine(DAPM + D-gal)建立急性肝臟及膽道損傷(Acute hepatio-biliary injury)的大鼠實驗模式,進行DPPIV陽性肝細胞移植,利用DPPIV蛋白標記來追蹤移植細胞位置及移植細胞分化狀況。另外,應用DPPIV chimeric liver大鼠模式,分別給予DAPM+D-gal和DAPM+BDL傷害,誘發急性肝臟及膽道損傷和慢性膽道的損傷,探討DPPIV陽性肝細胞在不同肝臟受損情況下如何參與肝臟修復。結果顯示,成熟肝細胞可以逐步轉分化成為BECs。在急性肝臟及膽道損傷進行肝細胞移植的實驗,移植的DPPIV陽性肝細胞會滯留於肝門靜脈內,沿著肝門靜脈增生慢慢排列形成雙層板狀的結構。在雙層板結構內,移植的DPPIV陽性肝細胞會逐漸失去原本肝細胞的特性,慢慢出現膽道(Biliary)特有的基因表現,最後形成具有DPPIV蛋白表現的膽管(Bile duct)。在DPPIV chimeric liver誘發急性肝臟及膽道損傷和慢性膽道損傷的研究,我們觀察到位於肝門靜脈週圍能夠表現膽道特異基因(HNF-1β)的細胞也都具有DPPIV蛋白表現,這些細胞會延續連接到具有DPPIV蛋白表現的膽管。為了進一步確認移植肝細胞和膽管生成的關聯性,應用DPPIV chimer liver動物模式,在誘發急性或慢性膽道損傷之前,先給予動物Retrorsine處理,經由抑制肝細胞的增生阻礙DPPIV陽性BECs的生成,我們沒有發現DPPIV陽性BECs存在。這些結果顯示,在急性和慢性膽道損傷的環境中,成熟肝細胞可能會經由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制的方式轉化成為BEC進行膽道的再生修復。過程可能會受到Notch信息傳遞所調控。 綜合我們的研究,肝細胞具有很強的可塑性,在不同的肝損傷環境中,可以針對肝臟修復的需求,適時進行細胞轉變參與肝臟修復,有時也會與卵圓幹細胞互相配合來執行肝臟的修復工作。讓我們對於了解肝臟修復再生作用的機制可以更邁前一步。Hepatocytes are cells with high plasticity. Mature hepatocyte proliferation is usually responsible for liver regeneration after most causes of injury. However, under the special contribution of liver damage, mature hepatocytes can function as facultative stem cells for each other and replenish the inhibited cellular compartment by a process of trans-differentiation, involving complex signaling pathways. Mechanism of its regulation is still unclear. The potential lineage relationship between hepatic oval cells, small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs), and hepatocytes in liver regeneration is debated. SHPCs are a type of progenitor cells group and express phenotypic characteristics of fetal hepatoblasts, hepatic oval cells, and mature hepatocytes. To test whether mature hepatocytes can give rise to SHPCs, rats with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) chimeric livers, which harbored endogenous DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes and transplanted DPPIV-positive hepatocytes, were subjected to retrorsine treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (PH). DPPIV-positive hepatocytes comprised about half of the DPPIV chimeric liver mass. Tissues from DPPIV chimeric livers after retrorsine/PH treatment showed large numbers of SHPC clusters. None of the SHPC clusters were stained positive for DPPIV in any analyzed samples. Furthermore, serial sections stained for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT, a marker of fetal hepatoblasts) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, a marker of mature hepatocytes) showed SHPCs are a heterogeneous population of cells at different stages of differentiation in hepatic progenitor cell and hepatocyte lineage. Using double immunofluorescence staining for markers specific for hepatic oval cells (CK-19/OV-6, Laminin, EpCAM) and hepatocytes (HNF-4α, C/EBPα) in serial sections, we find that a lineage relationship was present within a single oval cell proliferation and between oval cell proliferations and SHPC clusters. Extensive elimination of oval cell response by repeated administration of 4,4’-methylenedianiline (DAPM) to retrorsine-exposed rats impaired the emergence of SHPC clusters. DPPIV-positive hepatic oval cells are transplanted into the DPPIV-deficient rat subjected to retrorsine treatment and followed by partial hepatectomy. The DPPIV-positive SHPC clusters is observed. These findings highly suggest the hepatic oval cells but not mature hepatocytes as the origin of SHPC clusters in retrorsine-exposed rats. However, we have recently used in vivo lineage tracing technique in rats and resolved the debate on the lineage relationship between mature SHPCs in retrorsine-exposed rats after PH. We have demonstrated that mature hepatocytes do not give rise to SHPCs. Taken together, these studies prompted us to hypothesize that being a terminal differentiated cell type, mature hepatocytes can not convert into BECs in the damaged livers. Therefore, whether hepatocytes can convert into biliary epithelial cells (BECs) during liver injury is much debated. To test this concept, we traced the fate of genetically labeled (DPPIV-positive) hepatocytes in hepatocyte transplantation model following acute hepato-biliary injury induced by DAPM and D-galactosamine (DAPM + D-gal) and in DPPIV-chimeric liver model subjected to acute (DAPM + D-gal) or chronic biliary injury caused by DAPM and bile duct ligation (DAPM + BDL). In both models before biliary injury, BECs are uniformly DPPIV-deficient and DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes are restricted to proliferate by retrorsine. We found that mature hepatocytes underwent a stepwise conversion into BECs. In the hepatocyte transplantation model, DPPIV-positive hepatocytes entrapped periportally proliferated and formed two-layered plates along portal veins. Within the two-layered plates, the hepatocytes gradually lost their identity, proceeded through an intermediate state, acquired a biliary phenotype, and subsequently formed bile ducts along the hilum-to-periphery axis. Additionally, in DPPIV-chimeric liver model, periportally located hepatocytes expressing HNF-1β were exclusively DPPIV-positive and were in continuity to DPPIV-positives bile ducts. Inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation by additional doses of retrorsine in DPPIV-chimeric livers prevented the appearance of DPPIV-positive BECs after biliary injury. Moreover, enriched DPPIV-positive BEC/hepatic oval cell transplantation produced DPPIV-positive BECs or bile ducts in unexpectedly low frequency and in mid-lobular regions. These results together suggest that mature hepatocytes but not contaminating BECs/hepatic oval cells are the sources of periportal DPPIV-positive BECs. These findings highly suggest that mature hepatocytes contribute to the biliary regeneration in the environment of acute and chronic biliary injury through a mechanism similar to fetal development of biliary duct without the need of exogenously genetic or epigenetic manipulation. The Notch signaling pawthay may regulate this response. Finally, these results showed hepatocytes have a strong ability for regeneration during liver damage in various environment. Hepatocytes can self-replicate proliferation or transdifferentiation to repair the liver.中文摘要 i 英文摘要 iv 博士論文容 第一章、緒論 1 第二章、研究方法與材料 10 2.1 實驗動物 10 2.2 利用Retrorsine加上D-galactosamie處理建立急性肝傷害的動物模式 10 2.3 肝細胞(Hepatocytes)的分離及移植 11 2.4 產生具有DPPIV嵌合型肝臟(DPPIV chimeric liver)的大鼠動物模式 11 2.5 產生誘導小肝細胞樣幹細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)增生之動物模式 12 2.6 利用外加4,4’-Methylenedianiline (DAPM)來破壞卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)的生成 13 2.7 建立急性肝臟及膽道損傷(Acute hepatio-biliary injury)的動物模式 13 2.8 卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)的分離和特徵 14 2.9 在具有DPPIV嵌合型肝臟(DPPIV chimeric liver)大鼠誘發急性肝臟及膽道損傷(Acute hepatio-biliary injury)和慢性膽道的損傷(Chronic biliary injury) 15 2.10 肝臟組織切片及Morphometric分析 15 2.11 組織化學染色法與免疫組織染色法 16 2.12 定量即時PCR(Real-time PCR)分析 17 2.13 實驗設計 17 2.14 統計分析 23 第三章、結果 24 第一節、小肝細胞樣幹細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)不是由成熟肝細胞去分化(Didifferentiation)而來,而是從卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)分化成的 24 3.1.1移植肝細胞進入急性肝受損動物模式建立一個DPPIV chimeric liver大鼠的動物模式 24 3.1.2小肝細胞樣幹細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)不是源自於成熟肝細胞去分化(dedifferentiation) 25 3.1.3小肝細胞樣幹細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)可能是卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)分化而來 27 第二節、探討在膽道損傷(Biliary injury)情況下,成熟肝細胞可以轉分化(Transdifferentiation)為膽道細胞進行膽道的再生修復(Biliary regeneration) 31 3.2.1在膽道損傷中,成熟肝細胞會藉由轉分化(Transdifferentiation)成為膽道細胞(Biliary cells)來進行膽道的再生修復(Biliary regeneration) 31 3.2.2利用卵圓幹細胞移植及再抑制肝細胞的實驗,確認成熟肝細胞在肝組織內可進行轉分化的能力 35 3.2.3成熟肝細胞可能會藉由Notch signaling pathway來調節轉分化(Transdifferentiation)的機制 37 第四章、討論 40 第一節、小肝細胞樣幹細胞(Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, SHPCs)不是由成熟肝細胞去分化(didifferentiation)而來,而是由卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)分化而來 40 第二節、探討在膽道損傷(Biliary injury)中,成熟肝細胞可以轉分化(Transdifferentiation)進行膽道的再生修復(Biliary regeneration) 47 第五章、展望 54 論文英文簡述 56 參考文獻 63 圖表 71 圖一、第一部分實驗假說 71 圖二、實驗設計1 72 圖三、在Retrorsine/PH處理前(A,B)和處理後(C,D)的DPPIV chimeric liver組織學結構 73 圖四、成熟肝細胞不會生成小肝細胞樣幹細胞(SHPCs) 74 圖五、小肝細胞樣幹細胞(SHPCs)集群為肝祖細胞(Hepatic progenitor cells)和肝細胞譜系間處在不同分化階段的異質群體(Heterogeneous) 76 圖六、卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)的增生現象與小肝細胞樣幹細胞(SHPCs)集群的關連性(1) 77 圖七、卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)的增生現象與小肝細胞樣幹細胞(SHPCs)集群的關連性(2) 79 圖八、卵圓幹細胞(Hepatic oval cells, OCs)的增生現象與小肝細胞樣幹細胞(SHPCs)集群的關連性(3) 80 圖九、第一部分結論 82 圖十、第二部分實驗假說 83 圖十一、實驗設計2 84 圖十二、在Retrorsine + D-gal和Retrorsine + DAPM + D-gal急性肝臟或損傷膽管模式中,卵圓幹細胞活化及形成的膽道的組織動力學的變化 86 圖十三、在急性肝臟及膽道損傷(Acute hepatio-biliary injury)的環境下,移植DPPIV陽性肝細胞可以經由逐步轉分化成為膽管上皮細胞(Biliary epithelial cells, BECs)來進行肝修復作用 88 圖十四、在急性肝臟及膽道損傷的環境下,移植DPPIV陽性肝細胞會藉由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs)(1週後) 90 圖十五、在急性肝臟及膽道損傷的環境下,移植DPPIV陽性肝細胞會藉由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs)(2週後) 91 圖十六、在急性肝臟及膽道損傷的環境下,移植DPPIV陽性肝細胞會藉由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs)(4週後) 93 圖十七、移植肝細胞會藉由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs)之卡通圖示 95 圖十八、在DPPIV chimeric liver的大鼠來誘發急性肝臟及膽道損傷(Acute hepatio-biliary injury)(DAPM + D-gal)和慢性膽道的損傷(Chronic biliary injury)(DAPM + BDL)中,DPPIV陽性的肝細胞轉分化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs) 96 圖十九、在肝細胞移植的動物模式中,觀察到的DPPIV陽性BECs是源自於成熟的肝細胞所轉變成的,而非來自於含有BECs/卵圓幹細胞的污染液的 98 圖二十、在DPPIV chimeric liver的動物模式中,觀察到的DPPIV陽性BECs是源自於成熟的肝細胞所轉變成的,而非來自於含有BECs/卵圓幹細胞的污染液的 100 圖二十一、成熟肝細胞經由類似胎兒發育過程的膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉分化成的膽管上皮細胞(BECs)可能是經由Notch signaling所調控的 102 圖二十二、實驗總結論 105 圖二十三、胚胎發育膽管生成之卡通圖和移植肝細胞在急性肝臟及膽道受損環境下會藉由類似膽管板(Ductal plate)結構機制來轉化成為膽管上皮細胞(BECs)之卡通圖示 106 附錄 11

    The Adjustment of Taiwan’s Rice Policy: An Economic Analysis

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    在整個台灣農業發展過程中,由於稻米產業部門之結構調整緩慢、平均農家經營規模小及農民年齡偏高等,造成台灣稻米產業競爭力提升之阻礙,因此稻米產業政策有調整之必要性。本研究主要目的在於研擬我國稻米產業之直接給付措施,並就這些措施之農民所得與政府財政負擔進行可行性分析。 參酌各主要國家實施直接給付措施之經驗,本研究研擬包括:稻米直接給付措施(方案A)、有較嚴格資格認定之稻米直接給付措施(方案B)、設定領取者經營面積上限之休耕給付措施(方案C)、生態環境與景觀維護直接給付(方案D)、與環境和諧農法直接給付(方案E)等措施。 根據本研究結果顯示,在稻穀保價收購措施下,稻農每公頃收入中有42.09%來自繳交公糧,若以稻米直接給付措施(方案A)取代現行稻穀保價收購措施,則市場價格較目前下跌15%幅度內,農民收入將至少可維持目前水準,然其直接給付收入占總收入比例將降至18%,顯示農民的收入不會受影響但收入結構將會受到影響。若以分別設定面積、產品品質、總補貼金額與年齡等較嚴格領取資格之稻米直接給付措施(方案B)取代現行稻穀保價收購措施,則市場價格較目前下跌15%幅度內,符合領取資格之農民收入將至少可維持目前水準,而農民領取之直接給付收入占總收入比例將在16%以下。 若政府以與環境友善的直接給付之方案C、方案D與方案E取代目前的休耕給付措施時,根據本研究之設定情況來估計,將會使政府財政負擔較目前休耕給付措施之94億元至多減少33.02%。Suffering from slow structural adjustment, small farm size, and aging farmers, agricultural policy reform is indispensable. The purpose of this research is to set up various hypothetical schemes of direct payment policy and to examine their feasibilities in which from the farmers’ income and government financial burden are my primal interests. Searching through the experiences of developed countries, direct payment program is either of income support or of ecological concern. The former includes unrestricted rice direct payment (case A), rice direct payment with restrictions on acreage, rice quality, subsidy cap and age (case B); the later consists of set aside payment with acreage restriction (case C), ecological and landscape payment (case D), and payment for environmentally friendly farming (case E). My conclusion suggests that either type of direct payments can be the candidates to replace the rice price support program. Under the unrestricted case A, the average farmer’s income can be intact even if the current rice price drops up to 15 %. The government budget will be significantly relieved because only 18 % of the average farmer’s income comes from the direct payment compared to 42.09 % of that comes from the current rice price support program. When more restricted case B is introduced, the government’s contribution to the farmer’s income can be lessened to only 16 % in the most restricted case without scarifying the farmer’s income. Instead, if the government adopts the environmentally friendly type of direct payment like case C, case D and case E in our hypothetical setting, the most optimistic estimation tells that the government can save up to 33.02% of its current NT$9.4 billion outlays on current set aside program.口試委員會審定書 i 謝辭 ii 中文摘要 iii 英文摘要 iv 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究方法與流程 3 第三節 文章架構 4 第二章 WTO與農業直接給付之相關規範 5 第一節 WTO農業協定中與直接給付相關規定 5 第二節 WTO新回合農業談判中與境內支持相關議題談判進展 10 第三節 小結 14 第三章 主要國家實施直接給付措施之經驗 16 第一節 歐盟與日本之境內支持結構 16 第二節 歐盟之農業政策調整 20 第三節 日本之農業政策調整 34 第四節 日本與韓國之稻米政策改革 43 第五節 主要國家農業政策改革對我國之啟示 46 第四章 台灣稻米產業補貼措施之問題與挑戰 47 第一節 台灣實施之稻米補貼措施 47 第二節 我國現行稻米補貼措施所面臨之挑戰 61 第三節 小結 68 第五章 文獻回顧 69 第六章 理論模型 81 第一節 基本分析架構 81 第二節 比較靜態分析 88 第三節 小結 95 第七章 稻米產業直接給付措施之研擬 96 第一節 稻米之直接給付措施 96 第二節 休耕地利用之直接給付措施與其他配套措施 102 第八章 評估未來我國稻米產業可行之直接給付措施 108 第一節 稻米之直接給付措施(方案A) 108 第二節 有較嚴格資格認定之稻米直接給付措施(方案B) 119 第三節 環境直接給付下相關措施評估 134 第九章 結論與建議 141 第一節 結論 141 第二節 建議 145 參考文獻 149 圖目錄 圖3-1 歐盟農業政策改革之歷程 21 圖3-2 近年來歐盟農業政策改革過程中直接給付之調整過程 22 圖3-3 歐盟擴大之過程 23 圖3-4 歐盟共同農業政策第一與第二支柱間之關係 25 圖3-5 歐盟2004年共同農業政策之支出 26 圖3-6 日本近年實施之直接給付 38 圖3-7 日本品目橫斷經營安定對策—水田作物 40 圖3-8 日本型直接給付 41 圖3-9 日本稻作實施直接給付之模式 43 圖3-10 韓國稻作實施直接給付之模式 44 圖4-1 我國境內支持之結構 55 圖4-2 我國綠色措施之結構 59 圖4-3 我國稻米AMS占總AMS之比例 61 圖4-4 我國歷年稻米種植面積與休耕轉(輪)作面積 62 圖4-5 我國歷年稻穀保價收購措施與休耕補貼措施之財政支出64 圖7-1 台灣稻米直接給付措施之模式 99 表目錄 表3-1 歐盟與日本境內支持之比例 17 表3-2 歐盟與日本綠色措施之內容及結構,1995-2001年 19 表4-1 台灣歷年稻穀保價收購標準 49 表4-2 水旱田利用調整後續計畫獎勵與補貼標準之演變 53 表4-3 我國境內支持之結構 54 表4-4 我國實施綠色措施項目與農業協定附件2之對照 57 表4-5 綠色措施類別及其支出占綠色措施比例,1990-1995年與2003年 58 表4-6 屬綠色措施直接給付措施內容及支出,1990-1995年與2002年 60 表4-7 各產業之經營規模分佈情況 64 表4-8 各產業勞力之年齡結構 65 表4-9 歷年台灣與日本農家與非農家所得之比較 67 表6-1 固定給付與變動給付之影響效果 95 表7-1 台灣稻米產業直接給付措施之研擬 107 表8-1 方案A1-A3之固定給付標準與變動給付標準 108 表8-2 我國近三年(2004-2006年)收穫盛期之稻穀價格與單位面積產量 109 表8-3 計算各市場價格下跌幅度對情境A1-A3下農民收入之影響 114 表8-4 計算各市場價格下跌幅度在情境A1-A3下財政負擔之影響 117 表8-5 情境A1-A3之政策評估效果 119 表8-6 設定最小面積限制下稻米直接給付(情境B1)之政策財政支出 122 表8-7 設定最小面積限制與80%達品質要求稻米直接給付(情境B2)之政策財政支出 127 表8-8 設定最小面積限制與補貼金額上限之稻米直接給付(情境B3)之政策財政支出 130 表8-9 設定年齡限制之稻米直接給付(情境B4)之政策財政支出 134 表8-10 維持現行補貼水準但調整各類補貼面積比例之模擬方案 136 表8-11 環境給付之財政支出—面積調整但單位面積給付標準不變 137 表8-12 環境直接給付之財政支出—面積比例與單位面積給付標準均作調整 13
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