以數位空間資訊理論與技術監測都會近郊環境林地景生態變遷

永續都市發展須具備豐富的綠資 源為後盾，因此建立台北都會區近郊 環境林多尺度、多時期生態資料庫， 監測都市近郊環境林地景生態，了解 其分佈、變遷過程，就綠資源蓄積量 進行固碳效益評估，以設法提昇都會 環境品質，實為進行都會近郊環境林 生態系永續經營的基礎。 應用遙測技術與地理資訊系統可 推估大尺度環境林空間分佈，具即時 監測優勢；利用多時衛星影像回溯分 析重建歷史時空資料，可探討環境林 地景變遷之生態意義，為研究環境林 地景生態變遷及經營管理所不容忽視 之重要課題。 本研究首先整理前人研究結果， 瞭解永續生態都市意涵，以及數位空 間資訊理論與技術；次將台北都會區 1986、1990、1995、2001、2002 五年 度各期SPOT 衛星影像，輔以地形圖、 航空照片正射影像及前人研究建立之 綠資源調查成果圖等，進行影像分 類、建檔；藉由差異化植生指數(NDVI) 探討植生錄度分布及其變化情形，以 探討臺北都會近郊環境林之分佈與變 遷，可應用於推估都會區域環境品質 之影響。 研究結果顯示，各期衛星影像分 類部份，在利用已知資料進行訓練樣 區的選取下， 以Transformed Divergence 進行波譜分離，結果顯示 其分類度確度分別可高達93％以上。 以影像分類結果應用GIS 製作各期小 比例尺土地利用圖，探討台北都會近 郊環境林之分佈與變遷。 台北都會近郊環境林高密度植被 部份，各期以1986 年之所佔面積最 高，其次依序是2002 及1995 年；中 密度植被則以2001 年最多；而低密度 植被部份則以1990 年面積最大；另本 研究之NDVI 值經轉算，其三組類之光 譜特徵值介分別對應草地與農地、雜 林地及林地等。然本區之NDVI 值受地 形因子影響，在山谷陰影區域與都市 近郊農地之植生綠度值重疊，難以完 全分離，故於本區無法有效應用，若 以樣區材積調查資料應用推估固碳量 將產生大誤差，需於其他區域進行相 關研究，以利後續探討NDVI 是否可有 效在都市近郊區域內推估應用之課 題。Green resource is one of the essential elements for sustainable urban development. Therefore, building a 1 multi-scale, multi-temporal ecological database of the environmental forests is a fundamental work for sustainable forest ecosystem management. The database can be used to monitor the landscape changes; to understand the distribution of green resources and ecological succession; and to estimate the benefit of carbon sequestration for improving the environmental quality of the metropolis. Remote sensing techniques and GIS, possessing the advantages of real-time monitoring, can be used to estimate large scale spatial distribution of environmental forests. Historical temporal and spatial data can be rebuilt by using multi-temporal remote sensing images, therefore can be used to investigate the ecological significance of forest landscape changes. It has become an important topic for the research of forest landscape ecological changes and management. This study used SPOT images, obtained in 1986, 1990, 1995, 2001, 2002, topographic maps, aerial orthophotos, and green resource inventory data resulted from other studies to perform image classification. The greenness distribution and changes of vegetation was derived from the normalized difference vegetation index, and the distribution and changes of environmental forest of Taipei suburbia was evaluated. The result can be used to evaluate the effects of environmental quality on the Taipei metropolis. Training samples were selected with known data, and Transformed Divergence was used in image classification. The results indicate that the classification accuracy is greater than 93%. GIS was applied to produce land use maps from the classification results, then the environmental forest distribution and changes of Taipei suburbia was evaluated. For the high-density vegetation, the forest area in 1986 was the largest, and 2002, 1995 in subsequent order; medium-density vegetation was mostly found in 2001; whereas the low-density vegetation occupied the largest area in 1990. Moreover, the NDVI values indicate that spectral signature of these three categories correspond to grassland, farmland, and forestland, respectively. However, the NDVI value was affected bye the topographic factors of the study area. The vegetation greenness values of the shadow area in the valleys and the farmlands in suburbia was not separable, therefore can not be used effectively for the study area. Estimation of carbon sequestration using the tree volume measured for the sample plots may result in large errors. Further study is suggested to investigate the feasibility of using NDVI to estimate environmental forest in city suburbs

數位航遙測與地理資訊系統輔助監測南仁山自然保護區森林植群動態變化(3/3)

生態體系具有動態變化之特性， 因此了解其變遷過程以制定適當的保 育政策，為維持整個生態系統生物多 樣性的基礎；然森林生態系係由林中 之動物、植物及其生存之環境所共同 組成，故其發展自必有干擾因子存 在，而探討此等干擾因子之作用程度 與影響範圍，又當為研究森林生態系 變遷及經營管理所不容忽視之重要課 題。 本研究首先整理前人研究結果與 現場調查資料以研判影響南仁山生態 保護區植群社會發展之機制；次將南 仁山區域1976、1989、1997 三年度航 空照片判釋、分類、數化、建檔後， 以Shannon 多樣性指數探究各影響機 制干擾區與非干擾區之地景生態系統 變化，並藉由t 測驗檢定其間差異；最 後由檢測結果探討該保護區經營管理 之相關課題。 研究結果顯示，水份因子、東北 季風等自然因素，以及道路開發、人 工造林、邊緣效應等人為因素，均確 實為影響南仁山生態保護區植群社會 發展之機制，而由地景變遷之t 檢定結 果顯示，保護區之成立對於不同干擾 因子之效用並不相同。就經營管理面 而言，影響其生態體系發展的天然因 素長久以來便已存在，當可視為一恆 定之常態因素，故其因應之道僅需避 免對脆弱地帶造成破壞即可；而人為 干擾則需視干擾程度與影響範圍之不 同分別研擬經營策略。A dynamic ecosystem is compose of animal, plant, and environment. In order to keep the biodiversity and make the strategy of management, it is essential for understanding vegetation succession. In a dynamic ecosystem, there are many disturbed factors, so to know where and how they work are the most important things for understanding vegetation succession. In this study, disturbed factors of vegetation society are decided by references and survey data, land cover types at Nanjenshan ecological reserve were interpreted from aerial photos of 1976, 1989, and 1997. Those classified digital data were used to derive Shannon diversity index for mining the dynamics change of landscape ecosystem in different disturbed factor. T-test was applied to detect the landscape differentiability between every two periods. Results of this study show that the moisture, northeaster monsoon, road establishment, afforestation, and human exploitation are actually the disturbed factors of vegetation society. The Nanjenshan ecological reserve is effective in tending to a stable high-density forest vegetation society, but the administrative department should make proper starages for the distubed factors individually

數位航遙測與地理資訊系統輔助監測南仁山自然保護區森林植群動態變化(2/3)

自然保護區設立之目的，在遵循生態 原則，維持生物多樣性；保育與復育受威 脅或瀕臨絕種之生物物種；保存固有物種 族群；維護代表性生物社會與生態系之活 絡網路；建構多樣性林分結構；保護生態 系完整；復育已破壞的生態系，並依地景 生態進行適應性經營。欲達成此一目標， 自然保護區生態系統之時空資訊，應整合 數位航遙測與地理資訊系統予以完整建 立，再藉由後續的分析與監測，探討歸納 出適當的經營管理方案。因此，本研究擬 以南仁山自然保護區為試區，利用數位航 遙測技術與地理資訊系統，結合地景生態 學與空間分析理論，探討區內森林植群分 佈及其動態變化，以關權責單位經營管理 之參考。 本研究計畫全程三年，目標在建立南 仁山自然保護區資料庫，探討其森林植群 動態變化模式，並研擬經營管理策略。本 年度子題為「南仁山地區多尺度地景生態 資料庫之建立」，現已完成該自然保護區基 礎資料之建立工作。而為探討南仁山自然 保護區植群之變遷情形，本研究以之不同 時期SPOT 衛星影像為材料，參考前人對 於當地之研究結果，將其分為水體、沙灘 與裸露地、草生地、農業用地、向風林型、 背風林型與溪谷林型等七類後，利用非監 督性分類、監督性分類（最大概似法）及 模糊理論分類法進行影像分類，其結果顯 示農業用地之使用有減少現象，而植群社 會亦確有變遷之情形產生。The objectives of establishing nature reserves, complying with the ecological principles, are to maintain biodiversity, conserve and restore threatened or endangered species, conserve native species, maintain representative bio-society and ecological network, construct diverse forest stand structure, protect the integrity of ecosystems, restore damaged ecosystems, and perform adaptive management based on landscape ecology. To achieve the goals, the temporal and spatial information of the ecosystems of the nature reserves must be established in order to derive appropriate management alternatives through successive analyses and monitoring. Therefore, this study intends to use the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve as the study site, and employ digital photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information system in combination with theories of landscape ecology and spatial analysis to explore the 3 forest vegetation distribution and its dynamic changes within this area. This study is a three-year project. The overall objectives are to establish database of the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve, to examine the model of dynamic changes of forest vegetation, and to plan the management strategies. In the first year, we established the multi-scale landscape ecological database for the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve. And in order to explore the dynamics of vegetation types, we used different times SPOT images as materials, divided study area into seven parts, including water, sandy beach and uncovered land, agricultural land, grass land, windward vegetation type, leeward vegetation type, valley vegetation type. Using unsupervised classification, supervised classification and fuzzy set classification to classify the vegetation types of study area, we found the agricultural land was reduced and all the vegetation types were dynamics

數位航遙測與地理資訊系統輔助監測南仁山自然保護區森林植群動態變化(1/3)

自然保護區設立之目的，在遵循生態 原則，維持生物多樣性；保育與復育受威 脅或瀕臨絕種之生物物種；保存固有物種 族群；維護代表性生物社會與生態系之活 絡網路；建構多樣性林分結構；保護生態 系完整；復育已破壞的生態系，並依地景 生態進行適應性經營。欲達成此一目標， 自然保護區生態系統之時空資訊，應整合 數位航遙測與地理資訊系統予以完整建 立，再藉由後續的分析與監測，探討歸納 出適當的經營管理方案。因此，本研究擬 以南仁山自然保護區為試區，利用數位航 遙測技術與地理資訊系統，結合地景生態 學與空間分析理論，探討區內森林植群分 佈及其動態變化，以關權責單位經營管理 之參考。 本研究計畫全程三年，目標在建立南 仁山自然保護區資料庫，探討其森林植群 動態變化模式，並研擬經營管理策略。本 年度子題為「南仁山地區多尺度地景生態 資料庫之建立」，現已完成該自然保護區基 礎資料之建立工作。而為探討南仁山自然 保護區植群之變遷情形，本研究以之不同 時期SPOT 衛星影像為材料，參考前人對 於當地之研究結果，將其分為水體、沙灘 與裸露地、草生地、農業用地、向風林型、 背風林型與溪谷林型等七類後，利用非監 督性分類、監督性分類（最大概似法）及 模糊理論分類法進行影像分類，其結果顯 示農業用地之使用有減少現象，而植群社 會亦確有變遷之情形產生。The objectives of establishing nature reserves, complying with the ecological principles, are to maintain biodiversity, conserve and restore threatened or endangered species, conserve native species, maintain representative bio-society and ecological network, construct diverse forest stand structure, protect the integrity of ecosystems, restore damaged ecosystems, and perform adaptive management based on landscape ecology. To achieve the goals, the temporal and spatial information of the ecosystems of the nature reserves must be established in order to derive appropriate management alternatives through successive analyses and monitoring. Therefore, this study intends to use the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve as the study site, and employ digital photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information system in combination with theories of landscape ecology and spatial analysis to explore the 3 forest vegetation distribution and its dynamic changes within this area. This study is a three-year project. The overall objectives are to establish database of the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve, to examine the model of dynamic changes of forest vegetation, and to plan the management strategies. In the first year, we established the multi-scale landscape ecological database for the Nan-zin-sun nature reserve. And in order to explore the dynamics of vegetation types, we used different times SPOT images as materials, divided study area into seven parts, including water, sandy beach and uncovered land, agricultural land, grass land, windward vegetation type, leeward vegetation type, valley vegetation type. Using unsupervised classification, supervised classification and fuzzy set classification to classify the vegetation types of study area, we found the agricultural land was reduced and all the vegetation types were dynamics