Injection and Mixing Performance in an Elliptical Scramjet Combustor

为了优化超燃燃烧室的工作效率和性能,针对椭圆形超燃燃烧室内的燃料壁面垂直喷射方案,通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟方法对不同燃料喷射方案进行研究,着重分析了不同喷注位置的壁面曲率值、喷嘴直径以及反射激波干扰对流场特征及燃料掺混特性的影响。研究表明,喷注位置的壁面曲率对燃料掺混的影响程度与喷嘴直径相关。当喷嘴直径较大时,壁面曲率值越小,燃料的掺混效率越高,但总压恢复系数越低;当喷嘴直径较小时,壁面曲率的改变对燃料横向喷流方案的掺混效率和总压恢复影响很小。在相同喷射动压比下,不同喷嘴直径方案的流场特征以及燃料喷射掺混特性均存在相似性,缩小喷嘴直径能够提高燃料的掺混效率。就本文的研究状态,喷嘴直径为4mm的方案在燃烧室出口处的掺混效率比直径为10mm方案的高出约46.7%。此外,通道中的激波/掺混层相互干扰会大幅降低燃料穿透深度,但产生的剧烈剪切运动能够提高燃料掺混效率。In order to optimize operating efficiency for a scramjet combustor, different injection cases in an elliptical scramjet combustor were numerically investigated by using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), and effects of wall curvature of different injection positions, injector diameters and reflected shock interaction on injection and mixing performance of transverse jet were analyzed. Results show that effects of wall curvature of injection positions on mixing performance are highly related to injector diameters. For the case with larger injector diameter, decreasing the wall curvature enhances mixing efficiency of the fuel, but damps out the total pressure recovery. However, for the smaller diameter case, variation of wall curvature rarely affects the mixing performance and total pressure recovery. At the same momentum ratio condition, similarities of different diameter cases are found regarding the flow characteristics, injection and mixing performance of different diameter cases. To reduce the injector diameter can effectively improve mixing efficiency of the fuel. For the cases studied in this paper, the mixing efficiency at the combustor outlet of 4mm injector diameter case is higher than that of 10mm case by 46.7%. Additionally, interaction between reflected shock and mixing layer in the combustor substantially reduces penetration height of the jet, but enhances mixing efficiency due to the intense shearing motion induced by the interaction. © 2017, Editorial Department of Journal of Propulsion Technology. All right reserved.国家自然科学基金（51276151;91441128）; 国防基础科研项目（B1420133058）; 中央高校基本科研业务费（20720140540）; 福建省自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金（2016J06011

A New Understanding of Hypersonic Inlets' Startability Criterion

为了判断进气道起动马赫数,基于Kantrowitz起动判据,联系激波关系式和流量连续方程得到一系列等值线,将等值线推广到有入射激波和低马赫数溢流的情况。结果表明这些等值线具有以下特性:等值线连接进气道的内收缩比和总收缩比;等值线是等总压恢复线和等流量线;等值线可由Isentropic曲线方程乘于进气道内收缩段自起动时总压恢复的倒数得到;存在入射激波的起动等值线在设计状态等值线的右侧;有低马赫数溢流的起动等值线在设计状态等值线的左侧;等值线提供了一种联系Kantrowitz和Isentropic曲线的方法。根据以上特性,将等值线应用于高超声速进气道起动问题,并通过实例应用文中的理论判据评估无粘条件下混压式多楔二元进气道来流起动马赫数理论值,与CFD结果吻合较好,误差小于2%,初步探索了理论快速估算进气道起动马赫数的可行性。A series of isolines combining total compression ratio with starting Mach number were acquired by the shock conditions and the continuity equation,based on studies of two-dimensional hypersonic inlet starting mechanism and Kantrowize criterion. These isolines have the following characteristics: The isolines provide a connection between internal compression ratio and total compression ratio. Each isoline has equivalent value of total pressure recovery and mass flow. The isolines can be easily gained by using isentropic criteria equation times the reciprocal of critical starting total pressure recovery of internal duct. The isolines move rightwards because of the incident shock wave and walk leftwards owing to the mass spillage. The isolines provide a mechanism for associating Kantrowitz with isentropic criterion. Conclusively,using these isolines rapidly estimates the inviscid starting Mach number of a two-dimensional mixed-compression multi-wedge hypersonic inlet. The prediction results are in good agreement with the CFD results. The errors are less than 2%,demonstrating the feasibility of this method.国家自然科学基金(51276151;91441128);; 国防基础科研(B1420133058);; 中央高校基本科研业务费(20720140540

福建鲍产业发展形势分析

鲍,素有\"软黄金\"的美誉。自上世纪90年代开始,福建引入皱纹盘鲍与日本盘鲍的杂交鲍并逐渐扩大养殖规模。笔者归纳了福建省鲍的养殖分布及生产情况,结合鲍的消费结构及产业支撑现状发现鲍产业发展过程中的育苗场规划,养殖管理,种质退化,安全用药等方面存在问题,对此提出推进科学养殖,增强环保意识;加强管理制度建设,实现质量监管;加强种质管理,选育新品种;加强技术体系建设;提升产业融合度等建议

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

Selective dynamical imaging of interferometric data

Recent developments in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have made it possible for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to resolve the innermost accretion flows of the largest supermassive black holes on the sky. The sparse nature of the EHT’s (u, v)-coverage presents a challenge when attempting to resolve highly time-variable sources. We demonstrate that the changing (u, v)-coverage of the EHT can contain regions of time over the course of a single observation that facilitate dynamical imaging. These optimal time regions typically have projected baseline distributions that are approximately angularly isotropic and radially homogeneous. We derive a metric of coverage quality based on baseline isotropy and density that is capable of ranking array configurations by their ability to produce accurate dynamical reconstructions. We compare this metric to existing metrics in the literature and investigate their utility by performing dynamical reconstructions on synthetic data from simulated EHT observations of sources with simple orbital variability. We then use these results to make recommendations for imaging the 2017 EHT Sgr A* data sethttp://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205Physic

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring

In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%–28%, peaking at ∼40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ≈46° ± 12° rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150°. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope results. II. EHT and multiwavelength observations, data processing, and calibration

We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5–11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of ∼50 μas, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205Physic

中国心理学会会议论文集

韵律是人类语言的一种重要特征。已有研究大多考查了口头语言阅读理解中韵律特征知觉及其与多种语言信息的的加工机制。却少有研究者深入考查视觉语言信息阅读中韵律信息的加工机制,缺乏对书面语阅读中韵律信息及其与多种信息相互作用机制的深入认识。因此,研究者采用眼球追踪技术,在更加自然的阅读模式下,研究古代汉语诗歌阅读中押韵规则的知觉模式及其与语义信息的交互作用的眼动模式和时间进程,从而加深人们对韵律成份加工的&nbsp;</p