Impacts of cage culture on marine environment.

综述了近 2 0年来国内外关于网箱养殖对环境影响的研究动态和成果 ,包括网箱养殖碳、氮、磷和悬浮物输出造成水体的污染及对沉积物的影响、养殖过程中使用化学药品的污染、养殖鱼类逃逸对渔场生态环境的影响以及外来种、定向育种生物甚至转基因生物养殖所造成的基因污染 ,以及导致了养殖海区各类生物多样性的改变等 .并对海水网箱养殖的可持续发展提出了一些看法和建议The increasing production of sea food mainly depends on the developing mari-culture.Cage culture is intensive-culture and affects enormously their ambient waters.During the past 20 years,cage culture expended very rapidly,and the marine environment of cage area was worsen.This article reviews the impacts of cage culture on the aquatic environment,using studies published in the last 20 years.The impacts are numerous,including water pollution,impact on the sediment,genetic pollution,chemical pollution,and their resulting impacts on biodiversity in coastal sea.We present that we should give priority to study on the aquaculture and environment capacity in cage areas,and through utilizing the integrated culture restore the deteriorated culture environment.福建省科技攻关重大资助项目 ( 2 0 0 2Y0 0 5

Effects of water movement on nitrogen uptake by Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

通过在室外0.5t的玻璃缸桶内对不同放养密度的龙须菜进行流水和静水的氮吸收比较养殖试验,发现龙须菜可以同时吸收介质中的铵态氮和硝态氮;静水导致水体中的pH值升高,最大的上升了1单位以上;龙须菜的吸收造成介质中营养盐的减少,在试验开始3h后,静水组的高放养密度处理中出现氮吸收抑制现象;采用流水方式,水流速度在(160～175)L·h-1范围,养殖介质的条件相对稳定,藻体所吸收的氮量也较多,流水组的2kg和4kg处理分别比静水相应处理多吸收N为5.80、10.25(16∶00)和7.64、11.59mg(18∶00),分别比静水条件增加24、31和18、27%。In outdoor, effects of water movement on nitrogen uptake by different stocking densities Gracilaria lemaneiformis were inspected. From this, the following conclusions can be drawn: the macroalgae can simultaneously absorb ambient ammonium and nitrate; In dead media, the uptake of macroalgae to nutrient led to pH values rose in the media and the highest increase in value above 1. After 3 hours of the beginning, nitrogen concentration was low in the dead media and the restrain happened in the barrel had high stocking density; In flowing media, the conditions was good and steady, the macroalgae absorbed more nitrogen than in dead media, in 2kg and 4kg treatments, the nitrogen uptake quantity was more 5.80, 10.25 mg(16∶00); 7.64, 11.59 mg(18∶00) than counterpoint in dead media, and the ratio was increased 24%, 31%; 18%, 27% respectively.福建省科技攻关重大项目(2002I003,2002Y005

水体及沉积物中微生物的分离、检测与鉴定

微生物在海洋环境中起着非常重要作用,对其的研究技术也在不断地发展。作者综述了海洋水体及沉积物环境中微生物的分离、检测与鉴定等方面的技术方法,并评价它们在微生物工作中的有效性及效率,指出各方法的优点和不足。福建省科技攻关计划重大项目资助(No.2002Y005);; 国家科技部“973”项目资助(No.2001CB409704

Effects of environmental factors on uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G.lichevoides

在实验室条件下,研究光照、温度、盐度及pH对龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和菊花心江蓠(G.lichevoides)N、P吸收速率的影响。结果表明,上述4个环境因子对这两种藻类的N、P吸收速率均有显著影响。其中,对龙须菜N吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度100~240μE.m-2.s-1,温度16~23℃,盐度25~35,pH 8.0~9.0;对P吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度80~200μE.m-2.s-1,温度16~23℃,盐度15~35,pH 8.0~9.0。而对于菊花心江蓠,N吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度120~300μE.m-2.s-1,温度23~33℃,盐度25~40,pH 7.5~9.0;P吸收速率影响的适宜范围分别为:光照强度100~240μE.m-2.s-1,温度26~33℃,盐度15~35,pH 7.5~9.0。Red macroalgae Gracilaria lichenoides and G.lemaneiformis were selected as experimental objects,which have been cultured in a large scale in Fujian Province.The effects of four environmental factors—light intensity,temperature,salinity and pH—on uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by the two macroalgae were studied under laboratory conditions.Ten light intensity grades(20μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),40μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),60μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),80μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),100μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),120μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),160μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),200μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),240μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),300μE·m~(-2)·s~(1)),8 salinity grades(5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40),5 pH grades(7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0,9.5) and 6 temperature grades(8℃,12℃,16℃,20℃,23℃,26℃) were set up for G.lemaneiformis or 8 temperature grades(12℃,16℃,20℃,23℃,26℃,30℃,33℃,36℃) for G.lichenoides.The results show that all of the four environmental factors have significant effects on the uptake rates of N and P by the two algae.The most suitable ranges of the four environmental factors for the uptake rate of N by G.lemaneiformis are at light intensity 100-240μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),temperature 16-23℃,salinity 25-35 and pH 8.0-9.0 respectively,and for the uptake rate of P by G.lemaneiformis,the most suitable ranges are at light intensity 80-200μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),temperature 16-(23℃),salinity 15-35,and pH 8.0-9.0 respectively.The most suitable ranges of the four environmental factors for the uptake rate of N by G.lichevoides are at light intensity 100-240μE·m~(2)·s~(-1),temperature 16-23℃,salinity 25-35 and pH 8.0-9.0,respectively,and for the uptake rate of P by G.lichevoides,at light intensity 80-200μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1),temperature 16-23℃,salinity 15-35,and pH 8.0-9.0 respectively.福建省重大科技项目(20021003);; 宁波市博士基金(2005A610025

Effects of nutrient availability on the uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G. lichevoide

本文在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对龙须菜和菊花江蓠N、P吸收速率的 影响,分别对不同氮和磷的浓度、氮磷比及不同化合态氮对这两种藻类氮、磷吸收速 率的影响进行了实验与分析．结果表明:在适宜范围内,两种海藻对氮、磷的吸收速率 随介质中氮、磷浓度的增加而增加;不同氮磷对两种海藻N吸收速率的影响不存在 显著差异,但对磷吸收速率的影响非常显著,最高对磷吸收速率在介质的氮磷比为 10:1时;海藻对NH4-N的吸收速率随着NO3-N／NH4-N比的降低而增加,对PO43-P的 吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相似,而对NO3-N的吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相反．Effects of nutrient availability on the uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G. lichvoides were studied under laboratory conditions. The uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by these two species were analyzed at different concentrations of N and P, different ratios of N to P and different chemical combination of N and P. The results from the study showed that at the suitable levels of concentrations, the uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by these two species increased with the increase of N and P concentrations in the media. Uptake rates of N by the two species were not significantly different (P>0.05) , but uptake rates of P by the two species were significantly different (P<0.05) at different ratios of N to P. The highest uptake rate of P by the two species occurred at a ratio 10: 1 ( N:P) in the medium. The uptake rates of NH4-N by seaweeds increased with the decrease of NO3-N/NH4-N ratios. The uptake rate of PO4-P by the seaweeds was similar to that of NH4 -N, while the uptake rate of NO3 -N was dissimilar to that of NH4-N.福建省重大项目(2002Y005,2002I003) 宁波市基金项目(2005A610025

Nitrogen nutritional character of Gracilaria as bioindicators and restoral plants of eutrophication

近海环境的污染日趋严重,化学监测方法存在着其固有的缺陷,采用指示性生物来反映变化的水质已越来越为人们所接受。大型海藻江蓠(Gracilaria)为自养生物,易养殖,能忍受盐度、温度等环境条件相对较大的波动,是理想的研究材料;它能对环境中不同形态氮的浓度及来源,通过氨基酸组成、光合色素及组织氮含量等变化作出迅速而灵敏的响应;江蓠生长快,具有大的氮储存能力,及较高的经济价值等特性,已成为水体中营养变化的指示性生物及治理富营养化理想的修复植物。Increasing eutrophication (particular the levels of N and P) of coastal marine environments has led to the development of nutrient monitoring methods. Various shortcomings of chemical analyses have identified the need to develop biological indicators (bioindicators) that can be used to detect available nutrient concentrations. Gracilaria, a kind of red macroalgae, appears to be responsive to the nutrient forms and bioavailable concentrations in water columns through variations in their tissue nutrient content, photosynthetic pigments and amino acids composition. The observed variations facilitated the development of an index for each N source, and the N source index was used to predict the dominant source of N being assimilated by the macroalgae, thus providing a sensitive bioindicator of nitrogen. Furthermore, Gracilaria has characters of rapid growth, larger capacity of nitrogen storage and favorable value. So they appear to be some very good remediation plants of eutrophication.国家"973"重点科技项目(2001CB409704);; 福建省科技攻关计划重大项目(2002I003,00ZY005

Advance in measured techniques of aquatic bacterial counting and cell sizes

水生细菌的数量与菌体大小是海洋微生物研究的关键参数.随着技术的进步,测定这些参数的方法有了很大的发展.本文介绍了其测定技术的发展历程,并对已有的测定方法进行了介绍、归纳和评述,认为流式细胞仪测定法是测定细菌数量与菌体大小较为合适的方法.Bacterial counting and cell size are key parameters in theresearch on the marine ecosystems. However, the methods to measure these parameters aredeveloping with the modern technology. The development course on the methodsis reviewed in this paper. At the same time, the methods to measure these parameters are introduced, compared and evaluated. Among them, flow cytometry is considered as the most available method, which can offer the possibility of assessing not only the number of bacteria with great speed and precision, but also the size of (individual) cells

Influences of adding macroalgae Gracilaria lemaneiformis to Skeletonema costatum's bloom

江蓠属大型海藻具有产氧强及高效吸收营养盐的特点,可用来缓冲赤潮消亡、 崩溃造成的生态影响．本文的研究是在已发生骨条藻赤潮的系统中添加龙须菜,调节 及缓冲赤潮系统的生态脆弱性．结果表明,水体中2kg/m3密度的龙须菜可以较好地 供应氧及稳定pH,并大量吸收营养盐及控制水体中的异养细菌的剧增,此外,该密度 龙须菜的添加还能促进介质中单一微藻种群的改变,使得系统中的优势微藻种类的 增加和丰度的下降．The die-out or crash of HAB is the most serious phase to enanger fishery. Macroalgae, Gracilaria , hold several characteristics, such as high ability to produce oxygen, rapid uptake to nutrients, can be used to buffer and modulate negative effects of HAB. This article investigated the function of G. lemaneiformis in system with Skeletonema costatum bloom, the result is as followed: G. lemaneiformis of 2 kg/m3 is enough to provide water bodies with dissolved oxygen ( DO) and stabilize pH value as well as uptake nutrients and bacterium control. Moreover, this density of macroalga can promote tha variation of phytoplankton population, increasing dominant species and decreesing, microalgal abundance.福建省重大科技攻关项目(2002Y005,20021003) 宁波大学校人才基金资助项目(2004698) 宁波市基金资助项目(2005A610025

Diurnal vertical migration of planktonic Ostracoda in IONESS system

根据IONESS系统对浮游动物的分层采样结果,研究浮游介形动物的昼夜垂直移动.浮游介形类存在着整个类群的昼夜垂直移动,白天其丰度最大值记录于200～300m层,并往上层水域递减,而夜间则明显往上层密集,丰度最大值提升至50～100m层;就物种多样性而言,由于工作水层(0～1000m)以深水层的众多种类于夜间上升至1000m以浅水层,导致工作水层内总种数由白天的49种剧增至夜间的78种,增幅达60%,各分层的种类数都有较明显的增加,750～1000m层的增幅最大,达150%,其次为50～100m层(增幅达125%);各种浮游介形类有不同的昼夜垂直移动模式,但绝大多数种类属于夜间上升型,少数种类属于不敏感类型,极少数种类却具夜间下降的移动特点.浮游介形类虽具明显的昼夜垂直移动,但这一变动往往局限于一定水深范围,从而反映出介形类的层状分布特点,可划分为广深分布型、上层分布型、中层分布型和下层分布型.The diurnal vertical migration of planktonic Ostracoda is studied based on the analysis of stratified samples of zooplanktons in the IONESS system. The whole taxa of planktonic Ostracoda migrates vertically and diurnally, its greatest abundance by day occurs at 200～300 m layer and decreases upward and at night occurs at 50～100 m layer but increases upward. Numerous species at the layers lower than the working layer (0～1 000 m) migrate upward at night to the layers shallower than 1 000 m. As a result, the total number of species in the working layer increases sharply from 49 species by day to 78 species at night, with an increase amplitude of 60%. The number of species increases rather distinctly at various layers, firstly at the layer of 750～1 000 m with an amplitude of 150% and secondly at the layer of 50～100 m with an amplitude of 125%. Different planktonic Ostracoda takes different mode of diurnal vertical migration, a great majority of species take the mode of upward migration at night, less number of species take insensitive mode and a fewer number of species take the mode of downward migration at night. The diurnal vertical migration of planktonic Ostracoda, which is distinct in this regard, is restricted in a certain water depth, demonstrating its features of stratified distribution. Ostracoda may be classified into four modes of distribution, namely, eurybathy distribution mode, upper-layer distribution mode, mid-layer distribution mode and lower-layer distribution mode

Response of some zooplankton to the El Nio in the sea the east of Taiwan Island

国家自然科学基金资助项目(5997604759979025);; 国家"十五""863"计划资助项目(2001AA516010);; 国家杰出青年基金资助项目(50125924)