INTERANNUAL DYNAMIC of LITTER FALL of Kandelia Candel MANGROVE AND ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE LITTER IN JIULONGJIANG ESTUARY, FUJIAN PROVINCE,CHINA

福建九龙江口红树林生态系统研究的一个主要部分。通过对秋茄红树群落凋落物进行为期11A（1982~1992年）逐月连续测定。结果表明：凋落物产量年际波动在651.2~1108.6g/M2A，11A平均为862.9g/M2A，其中，叶占总量的63.3%，枝15.9%，果15.3%，花5.5%。不同年份凋落物量变化率（r）为1.7。1年中凋落物量以夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。凋落物能流量达12702~21664kJ/M2A，年际均值为16832kJ/M2A，其中春季3847，夏季6557，秋季4214，冬季2214（kJ/M2）。各组分能流量分别为：落叶10756，落枝2683，落花930，落果2453（kJ/M2A）。大量凋落物可为近海河口海洋生物提供可持续利用的有机物质和能量来源。This paper is a part of the studies on the mangrove ecosystem in the estuary of Jiulongjiang River in Fujian Province.The litterFall of Kandelia candel mangrove community was collected For a period of 11 years From 1982 to 1992.The results showed that the annual litter production ranged From 651 2 to 1108 6 g dw/m 2·a.The mean value was 862 9 g/m 2·a of which litter leaF comprised 63 3%,branch 15 9%,Fruit 15 3% and Flower 5 5% respectively.The yearly litterFall Fluctuation rate was 1 70.Seasonal trends in total litterFall was in the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter,which coincided with increasing temperatures.The energy Flow through the litterFall was estimated at 16 832 kJ/m 2·a of which 3847 kJ/m 2 were in spring,6557 kJ/m 2 in summer,4214 kJ/m 2 in autumn and 2214 kJ/m 2 in winter.In the Four litter Fractions,leaF contributed the largest proportion with 10 756 kJ/m 2·a,branch 2683 kJ/m 2·a,Fruit 2453 kJ/m 2·a and Flower 930 kJ/·a.This is an important energy source available to the Food chains of marine organisms in the mangrove region of the estuary.国家自然科学基

Effects of Cadmium and Naphthalene on Germination and Growth of Seedlings of Mangrove Plant Avicennia marina

为探讨白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗对重金属镉(Cd)和多环芳烃萘(Nap)复合胁迫的响应,采用砂基栽培,对其幼苗的萌芽和生长进行了研究。结果表明,Cd、Nap复合胁迫对白骨壤萌芽的抑制效应较单一胁迫明显,胁迫前期幼苗成活率提高,胁迫后期则降低。胁迫栽培45 d,10 mg L~(–1)的Nap在叶形态、茎高及各器官生物量上能够减轻Cd胁迫的影响,但增强对根长的抑制作用,10 mg L~(–1) Nap-25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的叶面积、叶长、叶宽、茎高及全株生物量分别比25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的提高9.6%、7.9%、7.4%、5.1%和20.2%,但根长则比150 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的下降11.1%。至胁迫栽培90 d,各处理间幼苗器官及全株生物量无显著影响,复合胁迫对叶形态、茎高和根长等的抑制作用要强于单一Cd胁迫。因此,随着复合胁迫时间的延长,Cd和Nap对白骨壤幼苗的生长由拮抗效应转变为协同效应。In order to understand the response to combined stresses of cadmium(Cd) and naphthalene(Nap), the germination and growth of mangrove plant Avicennia marina seedlings were studied cultured on sand in greenhouse. The results showed that the inhibition effect of seedling germination under Cd-Nap combined stress was more obvious than that under Cd stress. The survival rate increased at early stress stage, and then decreased at later stress stage. After cultured for 45 days, the inhibition effect of Cd on leaf size, stem height and biomass relieved treated with 10 mg L~(–1) Nap, while inhibition effect on root growth enhanced. Compared to treatment with 25 mg L~(–1) Cd, the area, length, width of leaf, stem height and biomass treated with 10 mg L~(–1) Nap-25 mg L~(–1) Cd increased by 9.6%, 7.9%, 7.4%, 5.1% and 20.2%, respectively, while root length decreased by 11.1% compared to treatment with 150 mg L~(–1) Cd. When cultured for 90 days, the inhibitive effect of Cd-Nap stress on leaf size, stem height and root growth was stronger than that of Cd stress, but there was no significant difference in biomass. Therefore, with extension of combined stress time, the antagonistic effect of Cd-Nap on A. marina seedling growth turned into synergistic effect.福建省自然科学基金项目(2015J01169)资助~

Absorption and distribution of K,Na and Mg in Avicennia marina seedlings under cadmium stress

采用砂基栽培,研究重金属镉(Cd)不同胁迫浓度(0、0.5、5、25、50、100和150Mg·l-1)和胁迫时间(45和90 d)对红树植物白骨壤幼苗钾钠镁吸收与分配的影响.结果表明:白骨壤各器官对Cd的吸收和累积均表现为随Cd胁迫浓度上升而增加,随胁迫时间增加而增加的趋势;进入植物体内的Cd主要富集在根部,其次是凋落子叶,在150 Mg·l-1浓度下分别占累积总量的66.9%和16.3%,这对减少Cd对植物全株的危害具有积极意义.受Cd胁迫影响90 d后,根和茎中nA含量呈上升趋势,叶和子叶中呈下降趋势;根和子叶中k含量呈下降趋势,茎和叶中变化不明显;Cd胁迫90 d后各器官(根、茎、叶和子叶)中Mg含量均低于对照,且与Cd含量呈显著负相关.In this paper,mangrove seedlings Avicennia marina were treated with various contents of cadmium( 0,0.5,5,25,50,100,150 mg·L-1).These seedlings were cultivated by man-made seawater with a salinity of 15 in sand for 90 days in a greenhouse.The absorption and distribution of elements contents( K,Na and Mg) under cadmium stress were investigated at 45 th and 90 th day,respectively.The results showed that the enrichment of cadmium in the different components of seedlings increased with the increasing cadmium stress level and exposure time.The cadmium contents in roots and cotyledons were relatively higher than in the other components,accounting for66.9% and 16.3% of cadmium in the seedlings under the 150 mg·L-1cadmium stress,respectively.The fall of cotyledons could reduce the damage of cadmium stress to the whole seedlings.The Na contents increased in roots and stems and decreased in leaves and cotyledons after cadmium stress for 90 days.The K content decreased in roots and cotyledons,while had no significant change in stems and leaves.The Mg content in roots,stems,leaves and cotyledons of seedlings treated with cadmium for 90 days were lower than those of the control,and were negatively related to the cadmium content.福建省自然科学基金项目(2010J05098); 国家海洋局环保司2013年业务性科研课题-国家海洋环境保护与监测项目资

Effects of chromium(Ⅲ) on the seedling growth of mangrove species Avicennia marina

采用砂基栽培,研究重金属铬(III)不同胁迫强度(0、100、200、300、400、500、600、800mg.L-1)和胁迫时间(25、45和150d)条件下,对红树植物白骨壤(Avicenniamarina)成熟胚轴萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:Cr(III)胁迫(0～800mg.L-1)对白骨壤成熟胚轴的初期萌发无明显的影响。胁迫栽培45d时,随着Cr(III)浓度的提高,白骨壤幼苗苗高生长、根系生长及各组分生物量和总生物量均表现出逐渐下降的趋势,但下降幅度不大。当胁迫时间延长至150d时,Cr(III)浓度在100mg.L-1时对幼苗的生长影响不明显,而浓度在100mg.L-1以上,达到200mg.L-1以上水平,则对幼苗根系生长、苗高、叶片大小及生物量生长均具有明显抑制的作用,并将随胁迫时间的增加而加剧。By the method of sand culture,this paper studied the effects of different concentration chromium(Ⅲ)(0,100,200,300,400,500,600,800 mg·L-1) on the matured hypocotyl germination and seedling growth of Avicennia marina on 25,45 and 150 days of treatment.The results showed that the germination of matured hypocotyl was not obviously affected by Cr(Ⅲ) during the early germination period.When the stress reached 45 days,the growth of stem height,root,and component and total biomass was decreased with increasing Cr(Ⅲ) concentration,but the decrement was not remarkable.With the stress prolonging to 150 days,low Cr(Ⅲ) concentration(100 mg·L-1) didn't have obvious negative effects on the seedling growth,but > 100 mg·L-1,especially >200 mg·L-1 of Cr(Ⅲ) inhibited the growth of root,stem length,leaf size,and biomass distinctly,and the effects would be more severe with extending stress time.福建省自然科学基金计划资助项目(D0710025

Difference analysis on effects of single and combination stresses of Cd and Nap on physiology of mangrove Avicennia marina seedlings

采用砂基培养法,对不同浓度镉(Cd)(0、25和150 Mg·l-1)和萘(nAP)(0和10 Mg·l-1)单一及复合胁迫45和90 d后红树植物白骨壤〔AVICEnnIA MArInA(fOrSk.)VIErH.〕的叶片叶绿素含量,根尖和叶片的MdA、AS A和可溶性蛋白质含量及SOd和POd活性,根、茎、子叶和叶片中的Cd含量进行了比较分析。结果表明:胁迫处理45 d时,Cd-nAP复合胁迫处理组的叶片叶绿素A含量、根尖和叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量及SOd和POd活性大多显著高于相同浓度Cd单一胁迫处理组,叶片叶绿素b含量显著低于后者,CHlA/CHlb值显著高于后者。胁迫处理90 d时,与相同浓度Cd单一胁迫处理组相比,Cd-nAP复合胁迫处理组叶片的叶绿素A、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以及CHlA/CHlb值,根尖和叶片的MdA和AS A含量总体上无显著差异,而根尖和叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量和POd活性及根尖的SOd活性均显著提高。经Cd-nAP复合胁迫处理后白骨壤幼苗的根、茎、子叶和叶片中的Cd含量总体上高于相同浓度Cd单一胁迫处理组,且随胁迫时间延长其差异越来越明显。研究结果显示:在Cd-nAP复合胁迫条件下Cd和nAP具有协同作用,随胁迫时间延长和Cd浓度提高,Cd-nAP复合胁迫对白骨壤幼苗的伤害逐渐增强,并能够促进各器官对Cd的累积。Chlorophyll content in leaf,MDA,As A,soluble protein contents and SOD and POD activities in root tip and stem,Cd content in root,stem,cotyledon and leaf of mangrove Avicennia marina( Forsk.)Vierh.of different treatment groups after single and combination stressed for 45 and 90 d with different concentrations of cadmium( Cd)( including 0,25 and 150 mg · L- 1) and naphthalene( Nap)( including 0 and 10 mg·L- 1) were comparatively analyzed by sand culture method.The results show that when stressed for 45 d,Chla content in leaf,soluble protein content and SOD and POD activities in root tip and leaf of Cd-Nap combination stress treatment group are mostly significantly higher than those of single stress treatment group with the same concentration of Cd,Chlb content in leaf is significantly lower than that of the latter,and Chla / Chlb ratio is significantly higher than that of the latter.When stressed for 90 d,compared with single stress treatment group with the same concentration of Cd,there are generally no significant differences in Chla,Chlb and total chlorophyll contents and Chla / Chlb ratio of leaf,MDA and As A contents in root tip and leaf of Cd-Nap combination stress treatment group,while soluble protein content and POD activity in root tip and leaf and SOD activity in root tip are all increased significantly.After treated by Cd-Nap combination stress,Cd content in root,stem,cotyledon and leaf of A.marina seedlings is generally higher than that of single stress treatment group with the same concentration of Cd,and their differences are more and more obvious with prolonging of stress time.It is suggested that under condition of Cd-Nap combination stress,Cd and Nap have a synergistic effect,with prolonging of stress time and increasing of Cd concentration,damage of Cd-Nap combination stress to A.marina seedlings enhances gradually and Cd-Nap combination stress can promote the accumulation of Cd in different organs.福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2010J05098); 国家海洋局海洋环境保护司2013年业务性科研课题(HD130701

东山岛植被资源和物种多样性特征

调查100块样地共1hm2并野外植被填图，岛上含维管植物84科160属184种，植物区系为热带、亚热带分布成分占总属数85．7％。对岛上16个群落中的植物种数和个体数作了物种丰富度指数D1、多样性指数D2、优势度指数D3、均匀度J等统计，其中相思树群落上述指数依次为8．124、12．502、2．878和71．93％；马尾松群落为8．676、18．468、3．354、83．13％，黑松群落为8．464、11．290、2．732、67．61％。说明该3个群落为相对稳定性较大的群落。各群落乔木种类4种指数变化幅度依次为0．185～2．012、1．017～2．628、0．078～1．006、11．25％～96．39％。灌木层上述指数变化幅度依次为1．083～4．468、2．014～16．028、1．006～2．687、57．49％～96．01％。显示了灌木层种类较为丰富，多样性较高，岛上植物属于闽粤沿海丘陵平原亚热带雨林区

Adaptive Photon Tracing with Visual Importance Guidance

针对随机光子追踪方法绘制光照条件困难的场景的效果差、收敛慢问题,提出一种基于视点重要度的自适应光子追踪方法.首先根据场景的视点重要度构造视点重要 度图,并基于视点重要度和光子路径可见性来构造新的重要性函数;然后结合自适应马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法和分布交换技术采样该函数,以产生新的光子路径;最 后设计了一种新的采样分布选择策略,先计算执行分布交换的概率,再根据概率决定生成新路径的采样分布.实验结果表明,该方法能高效地绘制困难光照场景,绘 制结果具有较高的质量.Concerning the problem that uniform photon tracing becomes inefficient when rendering scenes with difficult lighting condition, a visual importance based adaptive photon tracing approach is proposed. This approach firstly computes visual importance and constructs a visual importance map. Then, a novel importance function based on visual importance and photon path visibility is devised. Second, a hybrid method based on adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo and replica exchange is proposed to sample the importance function and generate new photon paths. Finally, a new strategy for choosing sampling distributions is designed. Replica exchange probability is computed in advance and the sampling distribution is estimated according to the computed probability. Experimental results show that this approach can efficiently render the scenes with difficult lighting condition, while producing high-quality result

improved energy-aware aodv routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

在AODV路由算法的基础上,综合考虑节点剩余能量和跳数,提出了一种新的节能路由策略.该策略同时对数据包和路由控制包进行功率控制,改进了Hello机制.仿真结果显示该策略显著地提高了节能效果,延长了网络的生存时间

multi-uav route planning based on pso

本文针对多无人飞行器(UAV)协同执行任务的应用场景,提出了一种综合考虑任务分配和航迹规划因素的航迹规划算法。该算法借鉴微粒群算法(PSO)的思想,采用新的编码方式和优化策略。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性