基于潮汐表数据同化的天文潮数值预报模型及其模拟预报效果

[摘要]：潮汐表是利用长期潮汐观测结果经调和分析实现的主要港湾潮汐预报结果, 具有较高的预报 精度, 而通常的天文潮数值预报目前还难以达到潮汐表的预报精度. 本研究在建立常规天文潮数值 预报模型的基础上, 建立了基于潮汐表数据同化的天文潮数值预报模型, 并分别采用这2种模型预 报福建沿岸海域的天文潮. 其结果表明同化模型的预报结果无论是在潮时还是在潮高均明显优于 常规模型; 同化模型能显著地改善所研究的沿岸海域90个水位点中至少45个水位点的潮汐预报 结果, 而其他水位点的预报结果也有不同程度地改善.国家863 计划重大资助项目( 2006AA09A302-6

Study on Selective Liquefaction with Phenol for Fraction Separation of Straw

苯酚液化是木质纤维素液化的重要手段。木质纤维素是不均一的原料，而完全液化研究将其看作是&ldquo;单一&rdquo;的原料。针对这一问题本文以秸秆为原料，采用选择性液化的方式对其进行了苯酚液化，并针对固体产物和液体产物分别进行了应用研究。 针对秸秆原料不均一的特点，采用选择性液化的方式对秸秆进行了液化研究，并比较了选择性液化与完全液化。结果表明：低温下适当的浓硫酸用量、较高的苯酚用量、适当的反应时间有利于保留纤维素而选择性液化半纤维素和木质素，选择性液化条件优化表明在浓硫酸用量为（占总反应体系的比例）3 %，反应温度100 ℃，反应时间30 min，苯酚/秸秆用量（w/w）3，选择性液化达到最佳效果，此时秸秆中纤维素保留率达70 %，而液化产物结合酚含量可达100 %。与完全液化相比，选择性液化反应条件温和，并且保留了大量的纤维素，大大提高了原料利用价值。 利用苯酚选择性液化特点，将其作为秸秆组分分离和增强底物纤维素酶酶解的手段，实现了秸秆组分的有效分离，提高了底物纤维素酶酶解效果。苯酚选择性液化使得秸秆中大量的木质素和半纤维素液化，而保留了纤维素，低温（100 ℃左右），H2SO4浓度3 %～4 %，苯酚/秸秆用量为3～4条件下，苯酚选择性液化可在20 min内快速脱除秸秆中的半纤维素和木质素（木质素脱除率&ge;70 %），而保留纤维素，纤维素回收率&ge;80 %，从而实现了秸秆组分的有效分离。苯酚选择性液化制得的预处理秸秆具有较好的纤维素酶解效果，100 ℃，H2SO4浓度3 %，苯酚/秸秆用量为3，液化时间为60min时得到的苯酚选择性液化残渣酶解率&ge;65 % 。 为考察苯酚选择性液化产物的实用性，文中研究了秸秆选择性液化产物的性质，并以此为原料合成了树脂类胶黏剂。结果表明：浓硫酸用量3 %，反应温度100 ℃，苯酚/秸秆用量（w/w）3时，秸秆苯酚选择性液化产物结合酚含量在0～30 min内呈直线增加趋势，30 min时结合酚含量达到100 %，30 min后液化产物结合酚含量缓慢增加，60 min时液化产物结合酚含量达到120 %。以上述30 min时得到的选择性液化产物为原料合成的树脂类胶黏剂达到GB/T 14732-2006标准。;It&rsquo;s an important way to liquefy lignocelluloses with phenol. Lignocelluloses, which were regarded as homogeneous materials in complete liquefaction, are actually inhomogeneous. In this paper, wheat straw is used as raw material and a selective liquefaction way is proposed to make it liquefied, and at the mean time, application of products from the liquefaction is also being discussed. Based on the inhomogeneity of wheat straw, the selective liquefaction way was used to make it liquefied, and differences between the selective way and the complete way were compared. The results indicated that proper catalyst concentration and reaction time, higher phenol dosage with lower temperature were needed to save cellulose and liquefy hemicellulose and lignin. The optimized conditions for selective liquefaction were H2SO4 (catalyst weight to whole reaction system) 3 %, 100 ℃, 30 min, and phenol/straw ratio 3, in this condition, the recovery content of cellulose was above 70 %, and the combined phenol-to-yield can reach 100 %. Moreover, compared with complete liquefaction, the selective liquefaction, which was more gentle, can rescue cellulose in order to elevate the value of raw material. Based on the characters of selective liquefaction, it can be used as a way for fraction separation and enhancing its enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. The selective liquefaction, where large amounts of lignin and hemicellulose were liquefied with cellulose retained, was suitable for fraction separation, in the case of that 100 ℃, sulfuric acid concentration 3 %～4 %, phenol/straw ratio 3～4, lignin and hemicellulose can be liquefied in 20 min, where the removal content of lignin is above 70 % and the recovery content of cellulose is above 80 %. Furthermore, the unliquefied residues obtained in the selective liquefaction have high susceptibility of enzymatic digestion, enzymatic hydrolysis yields of residues, obtained at 100 ℃, sulfuric acid concentration 3 %, phenol/straw ratio 3 for 60 min, can be as high as 65 % in 48 h. In order to make the liquefied products more practical, properties of the liquefied products have been discussed and phenol-formaldehyde type adhesives have been synthesized from that. Results showed that in the case of 100 ℃, sulfuric acid concentration 3%, and phenol/straw ratio (w/w) 3, the combined phenol-to-yield content of liquefied products was increasing linearly in the initial 30 min, and it could achieve 100 % at 30 min. However, the combined phenol-to-yield content of liquefied products was increasing slowly after that and it could get 120 % at 60 min. In addition, adhesives synthesized from the liquefied products obtained at 30 min could meet the standard of GB/T 14732-2006.</p

秸秆苯酚选择性液化研究

苯酚液化是生物质液化的重要手段,农作物秸秆是一种不均一的原料,而完全液化将其看作是&quot;单一&quot;的原料,针对这一问题本研究采用选择性液化处理方式对小麦秸秆进行了苯酚液化,并对比了选择性液化与完全液化。结果表明:低温下适当的浓硫酸用量、较高的苯酚用量、适当的反应时间有利于保留纤维素而选择性液化半纤维素和木质素;与完全液化处理方式相比,选择性液化反应条件温和,保留了大量的纤维素,大大提高了原料利用价值。通过均匀试验和数据回归分析并实验验证得到选择性液化优化条件为:浓硫酸用量占总反应体系质量分数的3.0%,反应温度100℃,反应时间30min,苯酚与秸秆质量比3∶1,纤维素残留率达70%,而液化产物结合酚质量分数可达100%

Numerical Experiments of Storm Surges Along Fujian Coast

福建沿岸风暴潮灾害严重,为研发具有快速预警能力的福建沿岸风暴潮漫堤预警辅助决策系统,建立了福建沿岸台风暴潮数值模型,并对31个历史台风引起的福建沿岸风暴潮进行了后报模拟,结果与实际较为吻合.进而分别就台风前期近中心最大风速、前期中心移动速度和前期中心移动方向对后期增水的影响进行了数值实验.结果表明:在预报的台风参数的可能变化幅度范围内,前期台风参数对后期增水的影响较小.实验获得的最大绝对差值均远小于一般的风暴潮后报误差.Storm surges induce heavily disaster along the Fujian coast.In order to develop a fast storm surge warning system for Fujian,a one-way nested coupled storm surge numerical model was established and used to simulate the storm surges induced by 31 typhoon landfalls along the Fujian coast.The results were satisfactory and numerical experiments were then performed to study the variability of storm surges induced by the cyclone parameters and which were different from those 6/12 hours before landing.Parameters such as the maximum wind speed,typhoon track,and typhoon velocity were considered in these experiments.The experiments demonstrate that these typhoon parameters,which varied in their possible ranges when they were forecasted,induced little effect on storm surges when typhoons land.And the maximum Absolute discrepant is far smaller than the error of general storm surge prediction.国家863计划重大项目(2006AA09A302-6)资

A tide-storm surge-wave coupled inundation warning system for Fujian coast

基于SWAN模式和MATLAB GUI软件建立了福建沿岸天文潮-风暴潮-台风浪耦合漫堤预警系统。该系统包含天文潮-风暴潮-台风浪耦合计算模式和海堤预警显示两部分:天文潮-风暴潮-海浪耦合水位计算采用自主研发的FETSWCM模式(Finite Element Tide-Storm Surge-Wave Coupled Model),台风浪计算采用SWAN模式(Simulation WAve Nearshore),耦合计算时FETSWCM为SWAN提供风场、水位场及流场,SWAN为FETSWCM提供波浪辐射应力;海堤预警显示基于MATLAB GUI软件交互界面,根据模式计算波浪爬高所及高程结果(天文潮-风暴潮耦合水位与波浪爬高的和)对福建沿岸海堤进行可视化预警报。使用该系统进行两场台风过程福建省沿岸的漫堤后报检验,结果表明:1312号台风过程7条海堤及1319号台风过程东山县8条海堤漫堤预警准确率为87%。A visualized inundation warning system which coupled tide, storm surge and wave was established for the Fujian coast based on FORTRAN and MATLAB GUI. The water raise height coupled tide, storm surge and wave was simulated by FETSWCM, and the wave height was simulated by SWAN. In each step, FETSWCM and SWAN shared wind, water level, current and radiation stress gradient. The warning height is based on the above simulations. The warning of the seawalls along Fujian Coast can display by MATLAB GUI. The warning of typhoon TRAMI and USAGI for 15 seawalls along Fujian Coast were successful with the accuracy of 87%.国家科技支撑计划资助项目(2013BAB04B01

Numerical Experiments of the Influence of Tide on Waves in Taiwan Strait

引用第三代海浪模型SWAn(SIMulATIOn WAVES nEArSHOrE),首先模拟了台湾海峡冬季大风过程所致的海浪,模拟结果与浮标实测波高吻合较好;进而就潮流对海浪的影响进行了数值实验.在不同风速下,模拟了有潮流影响和无潮流影响下的有效波高,结果表明:潮流对海浪有效波高的影响呈现明显的潮周期振荡性质,对同一潮流场,波高振荡的振幅随有效波高的增大而增大,且拟合了波高振荡的平均振幅A与有效波高HS的关系,定量描述潮流对海浪的影响.The third-generation wave model SWAN(simulation waves nearshore) was used to simulate the waves under wind field measured in Taiwan Strait.The simulation results are in good agreement with buoy measured effective wave heights.Then the numerical experiments of the influence of tide on waves were studied.Under the different wind speed,the model SWAN was used to simulate the effective wave heights with and without the tide.The simulation results were compared and found that:first,the effects of tide on the waves showed significant tidal oscillations;for the same tidal field,tidal oscillation amplitude increased with the increasing of the wave height;and the relationship between the amplitude of the wave height a and the effective wave height Hs was conducted to describe the influence of tide on waves quantitatively.海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项

Effect of the 2010 Chile Ocean Tsunami on Seas Surrounding Taiwan

2010年2月27日南美洲智利中部近岸发生强震并引发海啸.利用海啸期间台湾周边海域验潮站的潮位资料,分析了此次海啸对台湾周边海域的影响,海啸波通过太平洋于震后25.5H到达台湾周边海域,最大波高达44CM.进而从理论上讨论了海啸传播时间和波高变化的简单计算方法,并引入了波高衰减因子.结果表明,该简单计算方法能快速且较准确地计算出海啸波的传播时间,引入的波高衰减因子,可在一定程度上为台湾周边海域海啸的方便快捷的预警提供参考.A great earthquake occurred off the central coast of Chile,South America,on February 27,2010,and produced tsunami.The data recorded by tide gauges surrounding Taiwan were analyzed in the study.After 25.5 hours of the earthquake,the tsunami wave arrived at tide gauges through the Pacific Ocean,and the maximum wave height recorded was 44 cm.Then a theoretical method was discussed to calculate the tsunami wave propagation time,otherwise wave height attenuation factor was used to measure the wave height.The results showed that the theoretical method could calculate the propagation time quickly and accurately,and the wave height attenuation factor provides a convenient and efficient reference on tsunami warning for seas surrounding Taiwan.海洋公益性行业科研专研经费项目(200905013-7

Synthesis of mannitol by packed-bed electrocatalytic reactor

自制了DSA电极为阳极,纯镍板为阴极馈电极,阳离子交换膜为隔膜,阴极室填充雷尼镍催化剂的填充床电化学反应器。在雷尼镍填充床电化学反应器中电还原果糖合成甘露醇,考察了雷尼镍用量、阴极馈电极电流强度、果糖起始浓度、槽电压、搅拌速度、支持电解质等因素对电还原反应的影响。结果表明:在无支持电解质存在下,当果糖起始浓度为2.0mol/L,阴极室中雷尼镍填充质量与果糖质量比为3,阴极馈电极电流强度为7A,通电量为2F/mol,槽电压为6V,搅拌速度150r/min,果糖的转化率可达97.68%,采用填充床电化学反应器制备甘露醇,反应效率高,可简化后续产品的提纯过程。A self-made packed-bed electrocatalytic reactor with dimensionally stable anodes （DSA） as anode, Raney Ni powder as cathode and Ni plank as feed electrode was designed. The synthesis process of mannitol in the Raney Ni packed-bed electrocatalytic reactor was investigated. The effects of the quantity of Raney Ni catalyst, current intensity of feed electrode, fructose initial concentration, cell voltage, stirring speed, supporting electrolyte on the fructose conversion were studied. The result shows that under the selected conditions that initiative concentration of fructose is 2.0 mol/L, the mass ratio of Raney Ni to fructose is 3, the current intensity of the feed electrode is 7 A, the electric quantity is 2F/mol, the cell voltage is 6 V, the stirring speed is 150 r/min, and without supporting electrolyte, the conversion of fructose is about 97.68%. As a high-efficient mannitol synthesis, this process becomes a shortcut for purifying the downstream products.广西教育厅项目(2004[20]);广西科学基金项目(桂科自0728055);广西青年科学基金项目(0448091

Typhoon Wind Field Model Based on the Radii of Wind Circle

首先用JElESnIAnSkI台风风场模型及美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)整编的台风资料,计算10级和7级风圈半径,并与气象部门的发布值相比,发现两者存在较大误差.进而,在JElESnIAnSkI台风风场模型的基础上,提出一种基于最大风速半径、10级和7级风圈半径的台风风场模型,并比较两种台风风场模型的风速剖面.结果表明:该模型比包括被广泛应用的JElESnIAnSkI台风风场模型在内的前人提出的台风风场模型都更接近台风风场实况,其中10级和7级风圈半径与气象部门的发布值是一致的.The wind radii of level ten and level seven were calculated by Jelesnianski typhoon wind field model with typhoon data from Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC).The error was considerable when compared to the release value of meteorological department.Thus a new typhoon wind filed model,which was based on the radii of maximum、level ten and level seven wind speed was proposed referring to Jelesnianski model.Then the wind profiles of the two models were compared.The result showed that the typhoon wind field calculated by the new model was more closer to reality than by any other models include the Jelesnianski model,which was popular used.And the wind radii of level ten and level seven in the new model were the same to the release value of meteorological department.海洋公益性行业科研专项(200905013-7

The Simulation of Typhoon Waves in Taiwan Strait

采用第3代海浪模式SWAn(SIMulATIOn WAVES nEArSHOrE),在考虑了波浪折射、底摩擦、破碎、白浪、风能输入、非线性波波相互作用等物理过程的基础上,分别应用JElESnIAnSkI模型风场、藤田气压公式计算的梯度风场以及考虑台湾海峡和台湾岛地形影响的台风风场(陈德文台风风场)模型,数值模拟了0813号“森拉克“、0815号“蔷薇“和0908号“莫拉克“3场台风过程在台湾海峡产生的台风浪,并与浮标观测结果对比.结果表明,陈德文台风风场模型数值模拟的台风浪结果与实测符合较好,其中模拟结果的有效波高平均绝对误差为0.55M,有效波高峰值平均绝对误差为0.19M,说明其对台风浪的模拟尤其是灾害性台风浪的模拟是成功的.The third generation wave model SWAN(simulation waves nearshore)was applied to simulate the typhoon waves in Taiwan Strait,during the 0813 "Sinlaku",the 0815 "Jangmi",and the 0908 " Morakot".The model considered wave refraction,bottom friction,wave breaking,whitecapping,wind input,and nonlinear wave-wave interactions.Three kinds of wind models,Jelesnianski wind model,Fujita wind model,and the wind model that considered the Taiwan Strait and Taiwan′s topographic effects(Chen De Wen typhoon wind model),were adopted to derive the input wind velocities for SWAN wave model respectively.Compared with the buoy data,the significant wave height driven by Chen typhoon wind model showed relatively high consistence,with the mean absolute error of significant wave height and the peak significant wave height of 0.55mand 0.19mrespectively.This indicated that the simulation of typhoon waves in this study was successful.海洋公益性行业科研专项(200905013-7