院士危机频频为哪般?

近年来,院士成了国内新闻的热门角色。从院士的增选,到有关院士的学术争议,以及院士科研道德等问题频频曝光,引起全社会的关注,也拷问着整个中国科学界。中国院士究竟出了什么问题?答案似乎很明确,从上到下部认为是制度问题。至于中国院士制度的关键问题出在哪儿,改革院士制度应如何着手,回答则见仁见智,甚至南辕北辙。院士制度的先天缺陷众所周知,我国院士制度由中国科学院学部委员转换而来。但是,当初的主事者,包括很多院士自己,都没有认识到,学部委员与院士,是

1965年中国科学院老科学家参观山西农村“四清”

根据档案记录、《竺可桢日记》和《科学报》的有关报道等资料,简略介绍中国科学院于1965年4月和11月两次组织老科学家到山西农村参观"四清"的情况以及他们对于"四清"的认识,并附有两幅历史照片。这场"社会主义教育运动"对于知名科学家的冲击,于此可见一斑

关于中国现代科技发展历史的反思

本文回顾了最近100多年来现代科学技术事业在中国发展的曲折历程,探讨了科技人才政策、科研项目管理问题和科技体制等问题对中国当代科技发展的作用。通过反思这一历史过程,我们得到了一些常识性却为人们所忽视的结论,希望对当前的科技工作有所裨益

Study on the central response mechanism in gastric ulcer rats treated by electroacupuncture using ~1H NMR metabolomics techniques

目的:采用核磁共振氢谱技术(~1H; NMR)研究电针胃经穴治疗应激性胃溃疡大鼠大脑皮质、下丘脑、延髓代谢物谱的表达。方法:40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、胃经组和胆经; 组。利用束缚冷应激法制备应激性胃溃疡模型大鼠,造模成功后用电针分别刺激胃经组和胆经组相关穴位。收集大鼠大脑皮质、下丘脑、延髓,获取一维~1H; NMR谱,并利用模式识别方法分析各组间的代谢轮廓差异。结果:模型组与正常组、胃经组、胆经组大鼠大脑皮质、下丘脑和延髓代谢物谱均有明显区分,其中正; 常组与模型组分离最明显,胃经组最接近正常组,说明其代谢物谱趋向正常。与模型组比较,胃经组大鼠大脑皮质乳酸、萘乙酸、甘露醇等表达上升(P<0.05; ),而肌酸、腺苷、肌苷等表达下降(P<0.05),下丘脑乳酸、肌醇、谷氨酸酯等表达上升(P<0.05),gamma-氨基丁酸等表达下降(P<0.; 05),延髓乳酸、谷氨酸脂、肌醇、丙氨酸等表达上升(P<0.05),而萘乙酸、肌酸等表达下降(P<0.05)。结论:电针胃经穴可调节胃溃疡大鼠大; 脑皮质、下丘脑、延髓的代谢产物表达,大脑皮质、下丘脑和延髓是电针胃经穴治疗胃溃疡的中枢响应位点。Objective: To study the metabolic profiling of the cerebral cortex,; hypothalamus and medulla oblongata from irritable gastric ulcer rats; treated with electroacupuncture on acupoints of the stomach meridian; with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (~1H NMR) spectroscopy. Methods:; Forty SD rats are randomly divided into the control group, the model; group, the stomach meridian group and the gallbladder meridian group.; The irritable gastric ulcer rat model was established by water-immersion; and restraint stress method. After modeling, the rats from the stomach; meridian group and the gallbladder meridian group were treated with; electroacupuncture on the stomach meridian and gallbladder meridian; respectively. ~1H NMR spectroscopy was applied to detect the metabolic; profiling of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata,; then analyzed metabolic contour differences among the groups using; pattern recognition method. Results: Obvious distinctions were found; between the metabolites spectrum of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus; and medulla oblongata from the model group, the normal group, the; stomach meridian group and the gallbladder meridian group. More; significant differences were found between the normal group and the; model group, while the metabolites spectrum of the stomach meridian; group was more distinctly close to that in the normal group, indicating; that metabolites spectrum of the stomach meridian group was likely to; normal. Compared with the model group, the concentration of lactic acid,; acetic acid, mannitol increased while creatine, adenosine and inosine; decreased in cerebral cortex of the stomach meridian group (P<0.05), the; concentration of lactic acid, glutamic acid, inositol and alanine; increased while gamma aminobutyric acid decreased in hypothalamus of the; stomach meridian group (P<0.05), the concentration of lactate,; glutamate, myo-lnositol, alanine increased (P<0.05) and naphthylacetic; acid and creatine decreased in medulla oblongata of the stomach meridian; group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Electroacupuncture on acupoints of the; stomach meridian could regulate specific metabolites in the cerebral; cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata, indicating that the cerebral; cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata as the central response site; in the treatment of gastric ulcer by electroacupuncture on acupoints of; the stomach meridian.国家自然科学基金项目; 广东省自然科学基金项目; 深圳市科技计划项

Effects of electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints on serum and urine metabolic profiles of gastric ulcer model rats

目的:采用核磁共振氢谱技术(1H NMR)研究电针胃经穴对胃溃疡模型大鼠血清和尿液代谢轮廓的影响。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、胃经穴组和胆经穴组,每组10只。除空白组外,利用束缚冷应激法制备大鼠胃溃疡模型,造模成功后用电针分别刺激胃经组和胆经组相关穴位,收集大鼠的血清和尿液,获取一维1H NMR谱,并利用模式识别方法分析各组间的代谢轮廓差异。结果:与模型组比较,胃经穴组血清中的肌醇、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和尿液中的肌酸酐、乳酸、醋酸盐、肌酸、琥珀酸盐、牛磺酸、甘氨酸、苯乙酰甘氨酸、尿囊素、胆碱、三甲胺、甲酸盐、甜菜碱代谢物的表达水平得到了明显地恢复(P<0.05),更接近空白组的代谢水平。结论:电针胃经穴可通过调节胃溃疡大鼠的氨基酸代谢和脂肪代谢促进胃黏膜损伤的修复。Objective: To explore the effects of electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints on serum and urine metabolic profiles of gastric ulcer model rats by application of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR) spectroscopy. Methods: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, model group, stomach meridian group and gallbladder meridian group, with 10 rats in each group. The gastric ulcer rat model was established by the restrained cold stress method. After modeling, the model rats were treated with electro-acupuncture at the stomach meridian and gallbladder meridian respectively, the serum and urine of rats were collected to obtain one dimensional 1H NMR spectrum, and the differences of metabolic profiles between these groups were analyzed by the pattern recognition method. Results: Compared to model group, the concentration of myo-inositol, glycine, glutamine, isoleucine, valine in serum from the stomach meridian group have obviously recovered and returning to normal level. The urinary metabolites such as Creatinine, lactic acid, acetic acid salt, acid, succinic acid salt, taurine, glycine, phenylacetyl glycine, allantoin, choline, trimethylamine, formate, betaine have also partly recovered after electro-acupuncture stimulation in the stomach meridian(P<0.05). Conclusion: Electro-acupuncture at stomach meridian acupoints could repair the gastric ulcer lesion by regulating the metabolism of lipid and amino acid in rats with gastric ulcer.国家自然科学基金项目(No.81473751,No.81260556);; 广东省自然科学基金项目(No.2014 A030313005);; 福建省自然科学基金项目(No.2015J05168);; 福建省卫生厅科研项目(No.wzpw201301)~

胰岛素降低海马谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸含量改善糖尿病大鼠空间学习记忆能力

目的观察胰岛素对糖尿病(DM)大鼠空间学习记忆及海马组织中谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸含量的影响。方法采用尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备大鼠DM模型。注射STZ第3天建模成功后,大鼠sc给予胰岛素2 U·kg-1,每天1次,持续82 d。定期检测各组大鼠体质量及空腹血糖。第81天进行Morris水迷宫实验,检测大鼠学习记忆能力;实验结束后取海马组织,观察形态变化,并测定谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸含量。结果与正常对照组比较,DM模型组大鼠体质量明显减轻(P<0.01),血糖明显升高(P<0.01),逃避潜伏期明显延长,原平台象限游泳时间显著减少(P<0.01),海马组织中谷氨酸及D-丝氨酸的含量均显著升高(P<0.01)。胰岛素治疗组体质量增加,血糖含量恢复到正常水平。与DM模型组相比,胰岛素治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.01),原平台象限游泳时间占总时间百分比显著增加(P<0.01);海马组织中谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸的含量也分别由DM模型组的(1.550±0.054)和(0.084±0.05)mg·g-1下降为胰岛素治疗组的(1.137±0.023)和(0.068±0.004)mg·g-1。结论胰岛素可以改善糖尿病大鼠空间学习记忆能力,这可能与其降低海马组织中谷氨酸和D-丝氨酸含量有关

Advance in new determination methods for pesticide residues

第一作者简介：王兆守（1972—），男，博士，讲师。研究方向为有机 污染物的生物降解。电话 0592–2186195；E–mail [email protected]。 联系人：王兆守。[中文文摘]介绍了农药残留检测的步骤与方法。农药残留检测主要分为4个步骤:样品的提取、净化、浓缩和检测。提取方法主要有震荡法、索式提取法、固相微萃取法、超临界流体萃取法、快速溶剂萃取法等。净化方法主要有:液-液分配净化法、柱层析法、磺化法等。浓缩方法主要有:蒸发浓缩、反渗透浓缩、K-D浓缩仪浓缩等。检测方法主要有:气相色谱-质谱联用法、荧光分析法、酶抑制法、免疫分析法、生物传感器检测法、红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法等。评述了这些方法的优点与缺陷,提出了今后的发展方向。[英文文摘]The determination of residual pesticides is mainly divided into four processes:extraction,cleanup,concentration and detection. The methods for extracting samples include shaking extraction,soxhlet’s extraction,solid phase micro-extraction,supercritical fluid extraction，accelerated solvent extraction and so on. The cleanup methods include liquid-liquid partition process,column chromatography,sulfonation and so on. The concentration methods include evaporation and concentration,reverse-osmosis，Kuderna Danish (K-D) concentrator and so on. The detection methods include gas chromatography-mass ectrometry,fluorometry,enzyme inhibition,immunoassay, biosensor and infrared spectrometry,Raman spectrometry,and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were reviewed and the development tendency in the future was pointed out.福建省青年科技人才创新项目(2007F3094);厦门大学引进人才科研启动费项目(0000-X071C3);近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室(厦门大学)开放基金(MEL0603);国家海洋局第三海洋研究所海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室开放研究基金(HY200601);国家海洋局近岸海域生态环境重点实验室开放基金(200702

胰岛素降低海马谷氨酸及-Ｄ-丝氨酸含量改善糖尿病大鼠空间学习记忆能力

目的　观察胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠空间学习记忆及海马组织中谷氨酸、Ｄ-丝氨酸含量的影响。方法　采用尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素（ＳＴＺ）制备大鼠糖尿病（ＤＭ）模型。注射ＳＴＺ第３天模型成功后，每天 １次 ｓｃ给予胰岛素 ２Ｕ·ｋｇ－１，持续 ８２ｄ。定期检测各组动物体重及空腹血糖。造模 １１周后进行 Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫实验，检测大鼠学习记忆能力；实验结束后取海马组织，观察形态变化，并测定谷氨酸及 Ｄ-丝氨酸含量。结果　与正常对照组比较，ＤＭ模型组大鼠体重明显减轻（Ｐ＜０．０１），血糖明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），逃避潜伏期明显延长及原平台象限游泳时间显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０１），海马组织中谷氨酸及Ｄ-丝氨酸的含量均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。胰岛素治疗组体重增加、血糖含量恢复到正常水平。与 ＤＭ模型组相比，胰岛素治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１），原平台象限游泳时间占总时间百分比显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）；海马组织中谷氨酸及Ｄ-丝氨酸的含量也分别由 ＤＭ模型组的（１．５５０±０．０５４）和（０．０８４±０．０５）ｍｇ·ｇ－１下降为胰岛素治疗组的（１．１３７±０．０２３）和（０．０６８±０．００４）ｍｇ·ｇ－１。结论　胰岛素可以改善糖尿病大鼠空间学习记忆能力，这可能与其降低海马组织中谷氨酸及Ｄ-丝氨酸的含量有关