生态批评、后人类主义与有关文化的生物学思想

随着生物学领域有关其他动物文化研究的推进,我们有必要对人文主义的文化意识这一人文学科的核心观念提出质疑。文章通过探讨数个有关动物文化的生物学研究案例,提出了当今生态批评和后人类主义在文化观念上面临的问题;在追溯问题的根源的同时,指出生态批评、后人类主义乃至整个人文学科需要一个更广泛也更细微的文化观念,即一种无物种歧视的多元文化主义观念

试论高中生物理学习困难成因及教育对策研究

物理学习进入高中阶段后,由于物理教材自身具有一定难度,学生缺乏学习兴趣等多方面因素影响,高中物理学习困难成为高中学习的难点之一。为解决高中物理学习困难的问题,本文针对高中物理学习困难的形成原因进行说明,并以此为基础,研究了解决高中物理学习困难的措施,以期能使学生热爱物理,提升对物理知识的掌握程度。</jats:p

The Exploration and Perfection of WTO Rules Application Faultages

乌拉圭回合长达8年艰苦谈判所达成的WTO规则堪称一部规范世界贸易秩序的宏大法典,为国际贸易活动的法治化和规范化作出了重要贡献。但基于WTO法律自身的模糊性、在各成员国的普遍非直接适用性、国际国内层面对WTO相关法律解释基本原则的不一致性等原因,WTO法律适用之国际、国内层面存在断层。现阶段包括贸易政策审议机制和争端解决机制在内的贸易政策监督机制不能有效监督WTO法律在各成员方内的贯彻实施,影响了WTO法律的一致性、有效性。如何对现阶段WTO争端解决机制进行改进,监督相关规则于各成员内之有效实施,更好地维护国际贸易私人主体之权利,促进贸易自由化目标之实现,为现在WTO工作者所面临的重要议题。WTO rules, which have been called World Trade Codes, are results of 8 years of tough Uruguay Round Negotiation.WTO rules contribute a lot to the legalization and normalization of world trade.However, based on the ambiguity, general indirect application and different basic interpretation principles from national and international levels, there are huge faultages existing between national and international levels.Currently, the trade policy supervising system including TPRM and DSM can not supervise the application of WTO rules in member countries effectively, effecting the consistency and efficiency of WTO rules.How to improve the current WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism and supervise the effective application of WTO rules in member states to protect private party's rights in international trade and realize the realization of free trade aim are important tasks faced by WTO workers

Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Green Fluorescence Protein in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cell Cytosol

本論文研究為利用雙光子螢光相干顯微光譜(Two-photon-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy )對綠螢光蛋白於磷酸鹽緩衝溶液、細胞質內綠營光蛋白濃度的量測，而細胞內綠營光蛋白表現量在轉染後6-27小時內會隨著時間增加而增加所以需量測出最適合的量測時間還有我們的FCS系統可量測到的最高很對低濃度。本研究的目的是為了建立一個可長時間、低生物傷害的細胞研究平台，以利於研究細胞骨架以及胞內物質運輸等等用途，可進一步了解有關細胞移動和癌細胞轉移等等重要特性。一般對於細胞內蛋白的運輸，例如細胞骨架或細胞膜流動速率等等使用的方式是螢光漂白後復原(Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, FRAP)，使用的是平均能量較高的光子造成螢光物質漂白再計算由他處螢光物質補充回來的時間來推算出細胞膜等物質的擴散速率，由於漂白後的螢光物是無法再表現螢光且用平均能量較高的雷射光長時間照射細胞會有細胞傷害的風險，例如突變或死亡或是因為蛋白質變性改變細胞的訊息傳遞等等。而且，雙光子具有較深的穿透深度更適合用於胞內的研究，所以選用雙光子激發的光源是讓細胞更接近原本的環境且又可以得到細胞訊息的方式。螢光相干顯微光譜則是跟螢光漂白後復原一樣計算帶有螢光物標誌物質的擴散係數，但不同的是此方法為一個空間內計算螢光分子進出的時間，不需要先將螢光物質漂白，可以不受制於只能是固定態的物質，例如細胞膜，才能夠做測量，細胞骨架為3D的結構在胞內，不似螢光漂白後復原或是電子顯微鏡需佐以影像。綠螢光蛋白(Green Fluorescence Protein, GFP) 可以形成融合蛋白(fused protein) 當作標的蛋白的標示且不易引起其他免疫反應或造成細胞死亡的指示物。本實驗目的是為了未來用綠螢光蛋白於細胞內研究而所作的基本參數量測。由於螢光相干光譜有其濃度限制，在數個奈米莫耳濃度到數個微米莫耳濃度會是最佳產生相干濃度。於是在轉染後細胞表現的綠螢光蛋白濃度變會影響螢光相干量測結果，最佳濃度量測的時間為轉染後6到30的小時內。這也包含細胞存活和背景雜訊干擾的考量而得到最是當的量測時間。少於6小時綠螢光蛋白表現量不夠且細胞處在不穩定的狀態，而大於30小時則是綠螢光蛋白數量過多且因為細胞死亡而吐出的綠螢光蛋白增加背景訊號。In this thesis, we use the two-photon based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy system to measure the dynamic parameter of green fluorescence protein in PBS, and in cytosol. The concentration of GFP was increased with time during the period of the time, 6-27 hours after transfection. According the correlation we should know our system limitation of the concentration GFP. Our purpose is to set up a platform which is low bio-damage and for long-term observation for the study of the cell biology such as cytoskeleton and transportation in cell which are related to the metastasis of cancer cell or cell movement. In general, the studies of cytotskeleton or membrane transfusion rate are use Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) as a tool to study. The laser of FRAP was one photon excitation. Compare to the one photon excitation two photon excitation had less photobleaching, less cell damage and longer penetration depth. Not only for the immobile phase such as membrane, but also the protein in cytosol can be measured the parameter in our system – Two photon excitation fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TPE-FCS). As for these reasons that two photon excitation was the suitable tool to develop a platform for long period of time in observation of cell biology. As a given excitation volume, the diffusion coefficient of molecules due to the Brownian motion into or out of the excitation volume is determined. In our system, the limit concentration of measurement is between sub-nanomolar to sub-micromolar. This is associated to the transfection. After tansfection, the HEK 293 cell started express the green fluorescence protein. However, less than 6 hour after transfection, the cells were at an unstable situation and there are less GFP in the cell. On the other hands, more than 30 hours that too much GFP were expressed in cell even secrete out to the medium. Thus became more background noise to the FCS measurement

国家标本资源共享平台蔷薇科植物标本记录采集地理偏差分析

植物标本记录提供了植物空间分布的基础信息,为了评估标本采集记录数据的可信度以及是否具有利用价值,对蔷薇科植物标本的记录数据进行了一系列处理,以此分析标本记录的采集完整程度以及在地理上的采集偏差情况。本研究选取国家标本资源共享平台收录的蔷薇科植物标本采集记录,以县级行政单位为分类单元,结合Chao1模型(物种丰富度估计模型)和物种累积曲线对蔷薇科植物标本采集质量进行评估,相关参数包括:标本记录数量,物种丰富度,物种丰富度估计,标本采集完整性评估。结果显示:蔷薇科植物标本数据处理得到的1164个县中只有53个县级名录是采集完整的,采集极其不完整的县有13个。采集略微不完整的县(874)和相对不完整的县数量(185)远大于极其不完整的县,表明标本记录可信度较好,具有一定的利用价值。蔷薇科植物的标本采集地主要集中在西南地区(四川、重庆、云南)和华南地区(广东、广西)以及华中地区(湖南,湖北),而偏远地区的采集强度较低,如西北地区的新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、甘肃省、西藏、内蒙古和东北地区

Factors affect beliefs of insomnia patients with CBT一I

目的:探讨失眠的认知行为疗法在矫正失眠患者认知过程中的影响因素。方法:2016年3-9月在广安门医院心理科门诊就诊的70例慢性失眠患者，记录患者的一般资料情况(年龄、性别、病程、有无抽烟喝酒、家族史、受教育程度、就业情况、婚姻状况及有无躯体疾病)。于治疗前、治疗第4周、治疗结束(治疗第8周)时，记录各组的失眠严重程度指数(ISI)、睡眠个人信念和态度量表(DBAS)、贝克抑郁量表(BDI)和贝克焦虑量表(BAI)各因子，并分析比较患者的一般资料与DBAS量表是否相关、患者不同时间的量表得分情况。结果:(1)治疗结束时，ISI、DBAS较治疗前总分显著下降(F=157.796,86.951;P&lt;0.001);(2)经过8周治疗之后，患者部分一般资料(年龄、受教育程度、是否抽烟以及患病时长)与DBAS总分差异有统计学意义(P&lt;0.05);(3)患者在治疗结束时，失眠严重程度指数(ISI)、贝克抑郁量表(BDI)和贝克焦虑量表(BAI)各因子(ISI、BAI及BDI)与DBAS总分呈负相关，相关性有统计学意义(P&lt;0.05)。结论:CBT-I治疗对于失眠患者的认知偏差改善疗效显著；另外，患者的情绪变化、部分社会特征在CBT-I治疗中，对认知偏差改善具有潜在影响。</p

hydrophilicinteractionliquidchromatographycoupledwithmassspectrometryforserummetabolomicsanalysisofbladdercancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is a fatal malignancy with considerable mortality, and can cause a serious threat to human health. The successful treatment of bladder cancer relies mainly on early detection. Biomarkers are vital to early diagnosis of bladder cancer, and metabonomics play an important role in biomarkers finding. In this study, we used 69 polar metabolites to select the appropriate separation system and develop the zwitterionic hydrophilic chromatography/mass spectrometry (ZIC-HILIC/MS) method. In this method, 50 representative compounds had broad linear ranges between 2-6 orders of magnitude. Moreover the limit of detection of the method was below ng/mL levels. The analysis for six serum samples prepared in parallel showed that this method had good reproducibility, and the RSDs of more than 85% metabolites were less than 30%. Based on this method, it was found that 35 metabolites had significant differences in BC group and healthy control. After screening and validation, the combination of chenodeoxycholic acid, eicosenoic acid, GPC, dodecenoic acid and cystine was a potential biomarker to distinguish BC and normal group. These results indicated that the ZIC. HILIC/MS method could detect diverse metabolites for metabolomic analysis purpose with good reproducibility and stability