Foresight into a new transdermal absorption study of cosmetics: how to evaluate transdermal absorption and skin concentration of cosmetics?

Skin　permeation　experiments have been　broadly　done since 1970s to 80s as an evaluation　method　for　transdermal drug　delivery systems．In　cosmetic　formulations，skin　concentration　of　active　ingredients is　more　important　than　their skin　permeation，because　primary　target site　of　the　active　ingredients is skin surface　or skin　tissues．Nevertheless，little　investigation was carried　out　on　the　test　method　of skin　concentration after application　of cosmetic　formulations. Recently　we　investigated　an　estimating　method of skin　concentration　of　the　chemical compounds from their skin　permeation　profiles. In the study，we　took　care　of "3Rs" issues for animal experiments、We　have　proposed　an equation 　which　was capable　to　estimate animal or　human skin　concentration　from permeation　pofile　through　the artificial　membrane （silicone　membrane) and animal skin． The silicone　membrane　was found　to　be　useful as an alternative　membrane　to　human　or animal skin　for　predicting　human skin concentration　of chemical　compounds，bocause　an extremely　excellent extrapolation　to　animal or　human skin　concentration　was attained by calculation using　the silicone　membrane　permeation　data. We review　present　our　paper and　relative　studies．特集 化粧品科学の新たな視点を探

我国发展高技术产业政策与措施研究

本文从研究高技术产业和政府行为的关系人手，阐明了政府政策措施在发展市技术产经过程中的重要作用，并在分析美日韩三国发展高技术产业政策与措施的基础上，对我国发展高技术产业方面已经取得的成效和存在的问题作了探讨，江后提出了完善我国发展高技术产业政策与措施的苦若干对策。 第一部分论述了政府行为在发展高技术产业中的作用。高技术产业是建立在现代最新科学技术基础之上的新兴产业，具有高风险、高投入、高效益、高创新、高要求、高渗透等特征．高技术产业的发展受政治、经济、工业基础、教育和科学，以及社会文化等环境因素构重大影响。由政府的政策与措施构成的政治环境因素是高技术产业发展中最为突出的环境约束。因此。可以说发...学位：工商管理硕士院系专业：管理学院工商管理教育中心_工商管理硕士(MBA)学号：1992140

Restorative Justice: a Route to Construct a Harmonious Society

【中文摘要】和谐的思想观念与修复性司法的“修复理念”相契合,为创设修复性司法制度奠定了丰厚的思想基础;修复性司法对构建和谐社会具有促进作用,可以成为构建和谐社会的一种路径。修复性司法在我国现阶段不应成为一个完全独立的司法制度,更不能完全取代传统刑事司法机制,而应与传统刑事司法机制一起成为统一的刑事司法体制下的既相互独立,又相互协调的两个有机组成部分。 【英文摘要】The combination of concept of harmony and notion of restoration in restorative justice lays a profound ideological foundation for the establishment of restorative justice system,which accelerates the construction of harmonious society so that it is a route to it.Restorative justice should not be regarded as a totally independent judicial system in the current stage of our country,moreover,it can not thoroughly replace the traditional criminal justice mechanism,as a contrast,it should interact with traditional criminal justice mechanism to be two mutually independent, mutually coordinative constitutive parts under the unified criminal judicial system

试论流转税税率的设计——贴近消费原则

既然我国流转税制改革目标是建立以增值税普遍调节和以消费税特殊调节相结合的新型流转税税制,那么如何进行流转税税率的设计,是一个急需解决的重要问题,在理论上和实践上都具有重大的意义。本文试就这个问题,根据社会主义市场经济体制的要求,谈一点粗浅的看法。由于我国长期以来强调运用流转税差别税率的调节作用,调整税率时又一贯坚持保持原税负的原则,所以,我国流转税税率档次多,具体分布如下:产品税有21档,税率从3%到60%;增值税共12档,从8%到45%;营业税有4档,从3%到15%

MnO/Nitrogen-doped graphene composite cathode for high performance lithium oxygen batteries

本文采用水热法制备了MnO/氮掺杂石墨烯复合材料. 作为非水锂空气电池的正极催化剂, 该复合材料表现出了优异的电化学性能以及循环稳定性.; 在充放电电流密度为0.05 mA cm~(-2)时, 其能量效率高达84.6%, 远高于目前文献所报道的非贵金属催化剂的能量效率,; 也超过了基于贵金属的催化剂. 其氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)的过电势分别仅为0.11和0.41 V.; 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明, 所制备的MnO纳米颗粒能够均匀地分散在氮掺杂石墨烯的表面.; 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算揭示, MnO(100)面是主要的催化活性面, 其理论ORR和OER的过电势分别仅为0.21与0.24 V,; 充放电电势差为0.45 V, 与实验结果0.52 V相当.MnO/nitrogen-doped graphene (MnO/NG) composite cathode was fabricated by; a facile one-pot method as cathode catalyst for non-aqueous lithium; oxygen batteries. It exhibited superior electrochemical performance with; higher round-trip efficiency and better cyclic stability. It showed a; high round-trip efficiency of 84.6% at the current density of 0.05 mA; cm~(-2) with the discharge and charge overpotentials of 0.11 and 0.41 V,; respectively. Through scanning electron microscopy, transmission; electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was; confirmed that MnO nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed on NG; surface. The density functional theory calculations demonstrated that; the superior electrochemical performance of MnO/NG might be attribute to; the exposure of stoichiometric MnO (100) surface, with the ORR and OER; overpotential only to be 0.21 and 0.24 V, respectively. The; discharging-charging voltage gap is 0.45 V, in good agreement with the; experimental value of 0.52 V.国家重点基础研究发展计划; 国家自然科学基金; 国家基础科学人才培养基

Developing On-site,Quick Screening Platform for Artificial Pigments in Food Using Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

已有研究表明食品加工过程中添加的人工合成色素不仅不能提供营养物质,而且可能是导致小儿多动症的来源之一,影响儿童智力发育.基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)原理和便携式拉曼光谱仪,提出了一种非定向的现场快速筛查方法.该方法只需对疑似含有人工合成色素的固体或液体状食品样品进行简单前处理,即可进行SERS检测.样品前处理和检测的总时长不超过15 min,检出质量浓度在1 mg/L水平,可有效满足政府职能部门的现场执法需求.除具有快速、方便、灵敏度高等特点之外,该检测方法的最大优势在于实现了未知样品的现场非定向测试:在同一种前处理过程和检测方法下,可对食品中常添加的亮蓝、胭脂红、日落黄、柠檬黄、苋菜红和诱惑红6种人工合成色素进行快速鉴定和半定量分析.As widely used additives in food processing,artificial pigments have no any nutrition but are potential sources of hyper-activity and affect the intellectual development of children.On the basis of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy( SERS) and portable Raman instrument,we developed a non-targeting,on-site and quick screening platform for artificial pigments in food matrix. SERS measurement could be carried out after the food matrix( either in solid or liquid states) being simply pretreated for 15 min.The detectable concentration is as low as 1 mg / L,a level meeting the demand of the on-site enforcement by the government.Besides the advantages of quick,easy-on-going,and high sensitivity,the most distinguished point of SERS is the non-targeting qualitative on-site detection for the typical pigment additives,including brilliant blue,carmine,sunset yellow,lemon yellow,amaranth and allura red,et al.,while both the pretreatment procedure and the SERS detection remain the same.国家自然科学基金(21473140);; 福建省高校产学合作项目(2016Y4012);; 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2072016011