ZnO Films Grown by the Vapor Transport Method

运用气相输运技术在不同的衬底上制备znO薄膜,同时对这些znO薄膜的表面形貌、晶体结构和光学特性进行表征。在扫描电子显微镜图像上可以看到,相比没有镀金的SI衬底,znO纳米颗粒在镀金的SI衬底上的生长尺寸较大。X射线衍射测试结果表明,在SI(111)和SI(100)衬底上生长的znO薄膜显示出不同的六角纤锌矿结构的衍射峰,但没有出现立方闪锌矿znO结构的衍射峰。在镀金的SI衬底上,znO薄膜生长取向主要为C轴方向。此外,所有znO样品的光致发光谱上均只出现一个狭窄且强的紫外峰,约在389 nM(3.19 EV)波长处。The characterizations of surface morphologies,crystal structures,and optical properties of the ZnO films prepared by a vapour-phase technique on different substrates were performed in this study.Scanning electron micro-scopy (SEM) data showed that larger ZnO particles are formed on the Au-covered Si substrates than those on Si substrates.X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that hexagonal wurtzite ZnO films are grown on both Si(111) and Si(100) substrates though they present different diffraction peaks with hexagonal wurtzite structure,while appears no sphalerite structure.The ZnO films prepared on Au-coated Si substrates prefer to grow along with c-axis orientation.The PL spectra reveal only a narrow strong UV emission peak at about 389 nm (3.19 eV) in all the ZnO samples.ProjectsupportedbyNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(20603028)---

Analysis of contents and sources of pesticides in cultured shellfish of Fujian coastal areas

对福建省15个缢蛏和牡蛎样品中的有机氯农药(六六六、DDTs)、PCBs、及有机磷农药残留进行了监测,并对其污染来源进行了探讨。结果表明,有机磷农药敌敌畏、甲胺磷和有机氯农药滴滴涕的检出率较高,敌敌畏和甲胺磷的平均含量分别为0.80和2.58×10-9(湿重),滴滴涕平均质量分数为8.84×10-9(湿重)。六六六和多氯联苯未检出。福建省内的闽江口和泉州湾的污染程度相对较高,但贝类体内污染物的含量均在食用卫生标准的控制下。The concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in 15 cultured shellfish samples (Ostrea gigas Thumberg and Sinonovacula constricta) collected from Fujian coastal areas were determined. The possible sources of these pollutants were discussed. The results showed that the shellfish samples were polluted mostly by organophosphorous pesticides, dichlorvos and methamidophos, as well as organochlorine pesticides DDTs. The average concentrations of dichlorvos and methamidophos in the shellfish were 0.80 and 2.58×10~(-9)(ww), respectively, while DDTs were 8.84×10~(-9) (ww). HCHs and PCBs were not detected. The water column in the Minjiang Estuary and Quanzhou Bay were more polluted than other coastal areas in Fujian. However, the pollutants in the cultured shellfish were still controled

台灣基層農會總幹事產生制度之研究─以選舉時競爭激烈的農會為對象

Competition between 2 factions for the job of Executive Manager in F.A. is the most serious problem in Taiwan. This research was to study (1) process of the existing election system. (2)the evaluation of factional competition and the reasons of factional intevention on the election of Executive Manager. (3) the most acceptable, participatory election system for Executive Manager. (4) the most feasible, or practical, system for the election of Executive Manager. Sampling was made by choosing 30 farmers'' association randomly from 58 farmers'' association which had been very competitive during election of this year (1993). Questionnare were sent to members of those selected F.A., of which 297 out of 594 were answered. It has been found (1) factional competion was evaluated negatively rather than positively, amongst bribery violence were the most serious problems. (2) the faction was formed due to those primary reasons, such as competing for local resource, a hatred left over from previous election, aiming at financial convenience, standpoint on the contradicted management of F.A. (3) competition of faction for the election of Executive Manager was aggravated because it was voted by a board of directors consisting of fewpeople, the duration of the election process was too long, the membership of each farmer hasnot been well documented and disclosed. (4) the most notorious stage for the factiional competition was duringhe election of member representative. (5) a qualifiedidate consented by the goveerrnment was still supported. (6) executive manager elected directly by each member was most anticipated. It is suggested that future study should work toward the organization of F.A. and its duty and responsibility as well, or management of F.A., so as to understand the election system of executive manager more thoroughly. Besides, broadening the study objects including various kinds of F.A. and its members could reveal more information desired.台灣農會的選舉，係以派系競爭問題最為嚴重，其目的在競爭總幹事職務 。本研究在探討：(1) 現行制度的流程問題；(2) 對派系競爭的評價及派 系介入農會的理由；(3) 最能使會員對農會有認同、參與感的產生制度 ；(4) 最為可行的制度。調查樣本從八十二年選舉競爭激烈的五十八個農 會中抽取三十個農會的內部人員，共594 人，其回收份數為297 份(50％) 。經研究結果發現：(1) 農會派系競爭的負面評價，遠大於正面評價，並 以買票、暴力衝突最為嚴重；(2) 農會派系競爭的形成原因，最主要為爭 取農會及地方人脈資源，其次為歷屆選舉恩怨、農會財力資源、對農會經 營方式看法的不同......；(3) 農會選舉派系競爭惡質化的原因，為總幹 事由少數人的理事會選聘、選舉流程太長、會員的會籍未定期清查並公 佈......；(4) 會員代表的選舉是派系競爭惡質化最嚴重的階段；(5) 至 選舉階段，政府介入參與仍受支持；(6)總幹事由會員直選選出最受贊同 。在未來研究方向，建議可朝總幹事產生制度與農會組織、權責關係，及 農會經營關係等層面再進一步探討，並增加調查農會及對象， 會有更多 的研究發現

[[alternative]]Inhibitors of positive strand RNA viruses

[[abstract]]本發明係關於化合物之用途，其係用於製備治療正股核糖核酸病毒引起的疾病之醫藥組成物，該醫藥組成物包括一有效量的一式I或式II化合物及一醫藥上可接受之載體

網路異質性與政治討論：檢視臺灣網友在FB 的政治溝通模式

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臺灣基層農會總幹事產生制度之研究

本研究手采討未來農業推廣條例施行後，基層農會農業推廣任務的調整，分別對90個 農會220 位及6 個改良場38位推廣人員進行問卷調查，探討其對其層農會辦理推廣業 務之看法，以及基層農會未來農業推廣方向調整之意見。 研究結果顯示，對於未來農業改良場推廣中心能否取代農會，成我國農業推廣執行重 心的看法，農會與改良場推廣人員分別只有31.9％、28.9％認為有可能，肯定的比例 均在32％以下。未來推廣中心人力不足、所屬推廣站未能遍及各鄉鎮、以及改良場與 農會無隸屬關係等三個原因，被認為可能是將來改良場難以取代農會，成為臺灣農業 推廣重心的主要理由。顯示未來農會在新的農業推廣體制下，仍將扮演重要而積極的 角色。 農會在未來農業推廣體系下，被認為應優先提供農民之推廣服務項目依序包括：（１ ）協助關發新產品，建立品牌形象，（２）協助會員使農業走向專業化經營，及（３ ）協助農民降低生產成本，以因應我國加人GATT帶給農業的衝擊。 根據兩個單位推廣人員的看法，農會理的推廣業務中，成效較好的包括對農民生產技 術的指導、協助農民取得生產資材、農材婦女的家政活動，及農民生產組的培育等。 而成效較差的是輔導農產品運銷、農民輔業提供農業經營資訊與市場情報、農產品消 費者的教育與服務、共同設施的管理與運用政策性的推廣宣導工作以及農業保險與農 民健保的辦理。對於影響推廣績效最嚴重的因素，依序是農產品運銷問題難以解決推 廣業務繁雜以致人力難以調配，以及農會存在地方派系色彩三項因素。 綜合研究結果，建議將來農會的農業推廣重點，主要在協助生產資材取得輔導農產品 運銷農民生產組織的培育、農村青年的四健活動農村婦女的家政活動、農產品消費者 的教育與服務，及農業貨款輔導等屯項。推廣經費較充裕之都市（第一類）型農會應 投入較多人力物力於家政推廣工作，經濟較不充裕之鄉村（第二、三類）型農會則應 積極與地方上之國中或農校合作，共同辦理四健推廣工作

[[alternative]]The Life of Peace in Jumping-Interpretation of the Ink Painting Creation by Lee, Shiu-Chu

[[abstract]]　　中國水墨畫一般認為受老莊哲學思想影響最大，老子的道法自然，是以道為美，而道的屬性和範疇就是自然；莊子的思想認為，天地萬物都是自然的賦形與生成，自然是一種至美，無所謂優劣，也無所謂美醜。大自然中有許多微小的生命在角落中對抗逆境，默默的、勇敢的挺立著，見證生命力的偉大。老子說「凡有起於虛，動起於靜」，靜與動並非絕對的兩極對立，也沒有絕對的動和絕對的靜，動中會有靜，靜中也會有動，也可能是動與靜的交互循環，在個人的創作時，即是以靜默中的生命躍動作為創作的理念，並與旺盛的生命力相為呼應。　　概括當代生活、意識、媒介、藝術形式及觀念，屬於台灣特有風格的當代水墨畫，已脫離中國傳統水墨畫的範疇，並延伸開創更多特殊技法，讓水墨畫的表現手法更為多變及有趣，大大改變ㄧ般人對水墨畫的呆板印象。　　本研究共分為「逆境」、「無擇」、「耕農」及「逢春」四個系列，以自己實際耕作的菜園、山間所見的枯木、路旁發現的小草等作為創作的元素，透過構圖及水與墨的交融，敘述不為人知的生命故事，呼應了老莊的自然美學，而在看似靜止或靜謐的角落，其實蘊藏無限的生機，萬物躍動。也期待自己能夠以本次的創作為起點，開啟未來更豐富的學習及創作。[[abstract]]　　It has been long believe that the Chinese ink painting has been mostly influenced by Laozi's and Zhuanzi's philosophy. The statement that the way of the Tao is the being what it is claim that Tao is beauty. The essence of Tao is nature. Zhuanzi believes that the growth and shape of all the beings are the way of nature. Nature is a sheer beauty. Nature does not distinguish between good and bad things, and between beauty and ugliness. There are so many infinitesimal lives in every corner of the world who stand bravely facing adversity and witnessing the greatness of life.　　According to Laozi, being originates from vacuity and motion originates from stillness. Stillness and motion do not stand at the opposite end of the spectrum. There is no absolute stillness and no sbsolute motion. Motion is embedded in stillness and the other way around. They can further interact with each other. My creative inspiration is deeply rooted in the vigor of life embedded in stillness, also echoing with the great strength of life.　　Various elements such as life style, consciousness, culture medium, and art evolution have hence been incorporated into the ink painting of Taiwan, which has thus developed a particular style for contemporary Taiwanese ink painting with more unique painting skills diverse inputs, thus making the ink painting more vivid and attractive.　　This study consists of four sequences: adversity, non-choice, farming, and spring. Inputs of these works are taken from farm vegetables, withered twigs found in the woods. And even grass on the country road. Through careful composition and the use of water and ink, these works try to tell true stories of life. They also echo Natural Aesthetics of Laozi's and Zhuanzi's philosophy in that inside stillness lies the vitality of life. With this study, I take these four sequences as a starting point, hopefully, for further creative works in the future

韓国の水環境保全と水質汚染総量管理制度 【論文】

Departmental Bulletin PaperKorea has passed a Drinking Water Act under which it has established Water Source Protection Areas and Resident Support Programs for each of its 4 major rivers. With this act, Korean policies for watershed management have significantly improved. Main policies include total water pollution load management, establishment of a buffer zone along the riverine, and a water use charge system. This paper focuses on the content and performance of the total water pollution load management system and raises such issues as the tradable pollution permit system. The Total pollition load management system is designed to control the total amount of pollutant emissions by businesses to achieve a target water quality in each region. It has important implication on watershed management that each region can have flexible and efficient pollution load reduction under development pressure with tradable pollution permit system. Management of nonpoint source pollution and establishment of an integrated water management system including lakes, estuaries and shores are issues Korea will face in the future.滋賀大学環境総合研究センター研究年報, 第8巻第1号, pp. 43-57departmental bulletin pape

Does It Punish One Person as A Warning to Others? A Study on the Spillover Effect of Individual Auditor Punishment：A Perspective Based on the Auditors with Common Audit Experience

【中文摘要】基于组织行为学的惩罚溢出理论，以审计意见作为审计质量的替代指标，本文研究中国证监会针对审计师个体处罚对有共同审计工作经历审计师审计质量的影响。研究发现，审计师个体处罚使得上述审计师在未来更倾向于对客户出具非标准审计意见。本文进一步探讨了审计师处罚对上述审计师审计质量影响的作用机制，发现审计师处罚的溢出效应只存在于共同审计工作经历 次数较多的未被处罚的审计师以及在共同审计工作经历中担任复核角色的未被处罚的审计师之中，这一结果与学习效应的解释吻合。本文还研究中国证监会针对审计师个体的处罚对上述审计师审计定价的影响，发现处罚会提高审计收费。本文的研究表明中国证监会对审计师个体的处罚存在溢出效应，对理解审计质量的形成以及相关部门的监督效果具有重要意义。 【Abstract】Abstract：Based on the theory of organizational penalty spillover and using audit opinion to proxy for audit quality，this paper examines the effect of CSRC's punishment for individual auditor on the others with a common audit experience. This paper finds that CSRC's punishment will make the abovementioned auditors more inclined to issue modified audit opinions in the future. This paper also explores the mechanism of auditor punishment effect on the audit quality of the abovementioned auditors，and finds the spillover effect of auditor punishment exists only in the auditors with more common audit work experience and playing a review role in the common audit work experience，which is more in line with the learning effect theory. This paper further studies the effect of CSRC's punishment on audit pricing to abovementioned auditors and finds that will improve audit fees after punishment. The findings in this paper show that CSRC's punishment for individual auditor has a spillover effect，and there is an important significance to understand the formation of audit quality and the supervision effect of related regulators.本文为国家自然科学基金“审计师处罚的溢出效应研究”（71702032）、福建省社会科学研究 基地重大项目“领导干部自然资源资产离任审计对资源型、重污染型企业投融资行为的影响研究”（2016JDZ040）、福建 省中青年教师教育科研项目“金牌董秘当选的影响因素和经济后果研究”（JAS160161）、福建省高校杰出青年科研人才培 育计划项目和福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目“上市公司财务重述后换‘师’不换‘所’问题研究”（CXZX2016224） 的阶段性成果