TBT协定规制目标正当性审查之研究

WTO争端解决机构通常倾向于严格审查成员方的规制工具是否符合各涵盖协定之义务,对于审查成员方选择的规制目标则持谦抑审慎的态度;但TBT协定第2.2条明确要求成员方的规制目标具有正当性。相关TBT争端专家组对规制目标的正当性采取经验事实审查标准,这意味着规制目标是否正当由成员方自身判断,有违TBT协定之规定。上诉机构确立了\"中心—外围\"审查路径,在保留争端解决机构对规制目标正当性最终判定权的同时也对成员方对规制目标的选择权予以一定程度的尊重。但是,上诉机构应当扩大自动获得正当性的\"中心\"规制目标的范围至WTO法律体系内的所有目标,而非限于TBT协定第2.2条规定的目标,以便进一步扩大成员方的规制目标选择权

A Research on the Risk Management of ITFIN：Experience from Third Party Payment

我国互联网金融的发展正在由春雷乍现向润物无声的阶段转变，互联网金融也正成为我国金融体系的重要组成部分。风险管理问题是互联网金融企业的核心问题之一，本文从理论、政策、国内外实践等多个方面，比较系统的描绘了互联网金融的发展和风险管理，在理论分析的基础上，根据国内外互联网金融的发展规律和经验，着重进行以第三方支付为代表的互联网金融公司风险管理实践研究。提出健全内部控制框架、完善风险管理机制、优化风险管理流程的风险管理体系，从事前防范、事中监管和事后处置等方面，有效防范和化解各类风险。本论文的创新之处在于，从第三方支付公司的角度，比较详细的介绍了风险管理体系的构成和关键环节，无论是对理论研究、业界实践...The development of China's Internet finance is changing from the quiet stage of the torrent of the spring, and the Internet finance is becoming an important part of China's financial system. Risk management is one of the core problems of Internet financial enterprises. This paper describes the development and risk management of Internet finance from the aspects of theory, policy, practice both at ...学位：工商管理硕士院系专业：管理学院_工商管理硕士(高级管理人员工商管理硕士)学号：X201415631

Design and Implementation of a Management System of Graduation Practice in a University Based on B/S Structure

国内很多高校，在毕业生走上正式工作岗位之前，一般都需要经历毕业实习阶段。但因为大部分学生的毕业实习单位都在校外，而传统的教学管理方式，难以适应这种地理位置上跨度较大的情况，所以教务管理部门难以对毕业实习学生进行较为有效的管理、指导。 本课题旨在使目前毕业实习管理网络化，解决以往实习任务传递不方便、不快捷等问题。通过本系统可以实现毕业实习任务信息填报、审核，解决毕业实习信息管理中的难题，减少教师的工作量，提高工作效率和效果等。 根据对毕业实习管理的详细分析，本文采用JSP作为开发语言，MySQL为后台数据库，在Windows平台上，开发了一套基于Browser/Server结构的毕业实习管理...Today in our country, there are many universities, before the graduates embarked on a formal job, they usually need to experience internship stage. But because most of the students in the internship units are outside schools, and for the traditional teaching management mode, it is difficult to get better effects to manage the students in different places on a long distance, so for the educational ...学位：工程硕士院系专业：软件学院_软件工程学号：X201323184

法医剖検例の大脳皮質におけるS100蛋白質の免疫組織化学的分布と死因との関連

博士(医学)大阪市立大

Distinguishing Element of “Mandatory” Between Technical Regulation and Standard in the TBT Agreement on the Basis of US-Tuna(Ⅱ)

是否具有强制性是TBT协定中技术法规和标准的关键区别。"美国—金枪鱼案(II)"中出现了判定"强制性"的两种方法:形式主义解释路径和市场准入前提标准。本文认为,二者均以政府权力的行使作为出发点,但在政府权力行使到何种程度时争端措施便具有了强制性这一问题上产生了分歧。前者采取弹性标准,认为应当根据案情个案审查;后者采取刚性标准,认为只有当政府行为禁止不符合相关要求的产品进入其国内市场时,该措施才具有强制性。相比之下,采取形式主义路径解释"强制性",区分技术法规和标准,更有利于打击监管保护主义,同时也不会必然侵蚀国家监管的自主权。The key distinction between technical regulation and standard in TBT Agreement is that the former is mandatory,while the latter is not. There are two different methods to the interpretation of "mandatory"in US-Tuna( II) : formalism approach and market access' s precondition standard. This paper shows that both of them take the exercise of government authority as their starting point,however,they hold divergent views on the issue that when the disputed measure become"mandatory"because of the exercise of government authority. The formalism approach applies an elastic criterion to this issue which means that the DSB should consider all the facts on the basis of case by case; the market access' s precondition standard applies a rigid criteria,i. e.,only when the governmental actions do not grant foreign products which do not meet the requirements of the disputed measure the access to its domestic market,the measure become"mandatory". To distinguish the technical regulation and standard on the basis of formalism approach,which would not inevitably erode the state regulatory autonomy,to the "mandatory",is more helpful to combat the regulatory protectionism

Stock market bubbles , economy growth efficiency and monetary policy regulation

股票市场泡沫是伴随着股票市场的产生而产生的，泡沫的存在是常态，但是股票市场恶性泡沫的频繁发生和破灭对实体经济造成的严重伤害使得人们对泡沫经济望而生畏。事实上，研究表明，适度泡沫的存在对处于转轨时期的我国经济具有相当的益处，某种程度上，可以提高居民的消费水平、活跃投融资、提高社会资源的配置效率，改善经济增长的效率，提高整个社会的福利水平。 鉴于股票市场泡沫和经济运行效率这一问题，本文运用加入泡沫投资的戴蒙德世代交叠模型，推导结论表明，在经济运行动态无效、实体资本收益确定的情况下，泡沫的出现改善了居民的消费水平，从而改进了经济动态运行的效率。为检验这一结论，我们直接在居民消费增长的解释变量中加入...The stock market bubbles always emerges with the market’s self。It’s common that bubbles exists. However goes with the boom and bust of the malignant bubbles, it makes serious damage to real economy. For this reason people always be scared of bubbles. In fact, as research reflect, it is very useful for our economy when the bubbles is moderate. It could improve the consumption level, flourish the i...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济学院金融系_投资学学号：1562007115142

Research on Optoelectronics Detecting System of Methane Concentration

瓦斯爆炸成为中国矿难的主要原因，其产生原因很多，诸如：使用不合指标的检测产品、检测设备不够、检测仪的灵敏度过低、检测仪器过期或未及时校准等。瓦斯爆炸三个必要条件为：1）瓦斯浓度5%-16%；2）高温热源（>650℃）存于瓦斯引火感应期；3）氧气浓度>12%。矿井中的氧气浓度通常大于12%，这是矿工在井下生存及作业的必要条件。因此，防止瓦斯爆炸主要在于实时监控瓦斯浓度并杜绝火源。在井下作业时，因设备、照明等难免会产生火花，因此主动地对瓦斯浓度进行实时、分布式的监控和检测而具有更重要的意义。 针对上述原因，本文设计了基于四光路双干涉分布式瓦斯检测系统。该系统是基于光干涉理论和比尔-朗...Gas explosion has become one of the topmost causes of Chinese coal mines’ disasters, the important factors are various, such as using unqualified, not adequate, low sensitivity, overdue devices or equipments. As far as the gas explosion itself is concerned, the three necessary conditions should be met:1). the concentration of the methane inside the coal is between 5% and 16%; 2). the high temperat...学位：工学硕士院系专业：物理与机电工程学院机电工程系_测试计量技术及仪器学号：20042900