Empirical Study on the Private Equity Price Discount and the Short-Run Stock Performance after Announcement in Chinese A-Share Market

2006年5月8日，中国证监会颁布并实施了《上市公司证券发行管理办法》，正式引入定向增发制度。近年来，我国许多学者通过对我国A股市场定向增发折价率开展了很多的实证研究后，发现我国A股市场定向增发的折价率远高于欧美市场，并且在定向增发实施过程中，大股东及其关联股东存在着以高折价参与认购等手段实现利益输送的现象。本文除对定向增发折价率进行分组比较研究和对折价率影响因素进行回归分析外，还将偿试从不同投资者认购与上市公告后短期股价表现的关系以及大股东及其关联股东认购价格对上市公告后短期股价表现的影响等新角度进行实证研究，以期能够对大股东及其关联股东的利益输送现象做进一步验证。 本文以2006年6月3...In May 8th 2006,China Securities Regulatory Commission（SCRC）issed“The management methods of securities issuance for listed companies”,officially introducing the private equity system into china. since then,many scholars investigated the price discount of the private equity in A-Share market,and fould that it was far more higer than that of the European and American market,What’s more,they also fou...学位：工商管理硕士院系专业：管理学院工商管理教育中心（MBA中心）_工商管理硕士(MBA)学号：1792007115045

达则兼济天下:基于文学智能分析的精英人物心理研究

本文基于文学智能分析模型,计算了金庸小说中108位人物的大五人格,并对精英人物、草根人物的人格进行比较。结果发现:精英的宜人性较高,草根的情绪性较高;此外,男性精英的开放性高于草根,女性精英的开放性与草根相当。精英的高宜人性等特点,与社会伦理期望和以往研究结果一致,也反映了小说作为民意引导工具的文艺理想效应。该研究为探讨精英心理提供了新的思路,也是利用文学智能方法来分析小说人物性格的有益尝试

Bacterial Conversion of Sulfur-and Phosphorous-Compounds and Microbial Diversity in Sediments from a Near-Shore Marine-Cultural Region

对福建某近海养虾场底泥环境中硫和磷 2种元素的微生物代谢进行了研究 .结果表明 ,细菌代谢有机硫和无机硫产H2 S是养殖过程中造成H2 S污染的主要因素 ,利用半胱氨酸和硫代硫酸钠产生硫化氢的细菌数量分别为 1 .6× 10. 6和 4 . 35× 10. 3个·g-1底泥 ;进一步研究发现 ,芽孢杆菌属、盐芽孢杆菌属和微杆菌属等细菌是产H2 S的优势菌群 ,而硫酸盐还原菌的数量较少 ,仅为 2 5个·g-1,其产H2 S的作用不明显 .研究还发现 ,转化有机磷和无机磷酸盐的优势菌群属于好氧细菌 ,其中分解卵磷脂的细菌和产磷酸酯酶细菌的数量分别为 2 . 17× 10. 5和 1 2. 1× 10 6个·g-1,转化磷酸钙的细菌数量为 6 . 96× 10 3 个·g-1.本文从微生物学的角度探讨了养殖环境中硫、磷化合物的转化 ,提出细菌好氧代谢产H2 S是养殖环境潜在的污染因素 ,给出了一些改善和修复养殖环境生态的建议 .The H_2S-producing bacteria and the phosphorous-cycling bacteria in sediments from near-shore marine-cultural region were investigated. Results indicate that the bacterial H_2S production in aerobic condition is the dominating process to produce H_2S in the sediment of cultural pond. The total counts of H_2S-producing bacteria utilizing cysteine and Na_2S_2O_3 were 1.6×106 and 4.35×103 cells g -1 respectively. The counts of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediments were very little, only 2.5×101 g -1. Further results show that the bacterial counts of decomposing lecithin and secreting phosphatase were 2.17×105 and 1.21×106 g -1 respectively, bacterial counts of dissolving Ca_3PO_4 were 6.96×103 g -1. Traditional taxonomy and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the H_2S-producing and phosphate-cycling bacteria indicate that most isolates could be classified as members of the following Genera: Bacillus, Halobacillus, Microbacterium, etc.中国科学院知识创新工程项目 (KZCX1 SW 12 Ⅱ ) ;; 中国科学院百人计划项目

ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACILLI IN SEDIMENT FROM A NEAR-SHORE MARINE HORTICULTRTAL REGION

通过对近海养虾场底泥中的细菌数量和类群的调查 ,发现有超过 5 0 %的细菌生物量是产芽孢细菌 ,因此对底泥中的产芽孢细菌进行了分离和纯化 ,通过对细胞形态、生理生化等特征的研究和对部分菌株的 16SrRNA基因的ARDRA分型、序列分析等 ,鉴定了 6 7株产芽孢细菌 ,其中 6 2株属于芽孢杆菌属 ,5株属于短芽孢杆菌属 .进一步对 6 2株芽孢杆菌属的细菌在底泥不同深度的分布进行研究 ,结果表明 ,巨大芽孢杆菌主要分布在底泥深度 0～ 6cm左右的区域 ,海洋芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌主要分布于底泥 6cm以下的区域 ,与坚强芽孢杆菌性状相近的菌分布在底泥 2～ 8cm深度 ;与耐碱芽孢杆菌性状相近的芽孢菌广泛分布在 0～ 12cm区域 .讨论认为 ,应用这些产芽孢细菌资源在修复海洋环境和开发海水养殖微生态制剂方面具有一定可能性 .图 3表 3参 15A survey on microbial populations in the sediment from a near-shore mariculture region revealed that over 50% (by cells) of the biomass was spore-producing bacteria. Totally 67 strains of spore-producing bacteria were obtained and were identified by their cellular morphology, physiological and biochemical features. 12 of the 67 strains were further characterized by cloning their 16S rRNA genes. Results indicate that 62 out of the 67 spore-producing bacterial strains belong to the genus Bacillus and 5 strains belong to Brevibacillus. Among the 62 strains of Bacillus, B. megaterium, B. marinus, B. pumilus, B. cereus, B. thuringensis, B. sphaericus and B. firmus were identified, while other 28 strains could not be taxonomically identified and need further studies. The strains of B. megaterium mainly distributed in the zone above 6 cm of the sediments, and B. pumilus and B. cereus were dominant species in the sediment under depth of 6 cm. The unidentified bacilli distributed through out the entire zone (0～12 cm) of the sediment. The possibility of applying these bacilli for bioremediation of the polluted marine environments or for developing ecological preparations for horticultural is discussed. Fig 3, Tab 3, Ref 15中国科学院知识创新工程项目 (KZCX1 SW 1 2 Ⅱ );; 百人计划支持项目~

Analysis of Nitrate Reducing Community in a Near-shore Marine-cultural Sediments

通过对福建省沿海海水养殖场沉积物中参与氮循环的各生理群细菌数量分析 ,发现氨化和硝酸盐还原细菌是优势生理菌群 ,同时 ,表层泥样中的硝酸盐还原菌数量明显高于深层泥样。从该环境中分离获得 1 0 6株细菌 ,其中 5 8株具有硝酸盐还原能力 ,初步鉴定表明它们主要为芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)、盐芽孢杆菌属 (Halobacillus)、短芽孢杆菌属 (Brevibacil lus)、动性球菌属 (Planococcus)和动性杆菌属 (Planomicrobium)等革兰氏阳性细菌的成员 ;1 6SrRNA基因序列分析进一步证实该环境中的硝酸盐还原菌具有丰富的多样性The nitrogen-cycling bacteria in a near-shore marine-cultural sediments were investigated. Results indicated that ammonifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) were the most abounding populations. The abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria occurred in the surface layer of the sediment was higher than that in the bottom layer. 106 bacterial strains were obtained from sediment samples and were tested for their nitrate reducing ability. The results showed that 58 strains of them were able to reduce nitrate. The dominant nitrate-reducing strains were preliminarily identified as Gram positive bacteria and belong to the genus of Bacillus, Halobacillus, Brevibacillus, Planococcus and Planomicrobium.The richness of diversity of nitrate-reducing bacteria was further revealed by the analysis of the sequences of their 16S rRNA genes

The Research of the miraculous monks in "Youyang zazu" and a teaching plan

﹝唐﹞段成式《酉陽雜俎》被清代《四庫全書總目提要》譽為自唐以來「小說之翹楚」。在編纂形式及創作觀念上，此書表現了「奇、幻和博」三種特徵：段成式本著與當時喜奇好異的相同撰作旨趣，故所記者多為新奇怪異之事；並運用不同的敘事角度，對佛教教義及僧人形象做了多種的描寫，其中又以高僧的神異與佯狂表現記載最為豐富。 本論文研究主題：在神異高僧方面，以一行為主題，進行「互文性」的分析；在佯狂主題方面，則以凸顯瘋癲表演後所涵攝之意義的僧人形象為主。從雜記《酉陽雜俎》、正史《舊唐書》及僧傳《宋高僧傳》不同屬性的文本中，發掘出三個文本不同的敘事聲音，各自承載著所要表達的敘事意涵；就佯狂的宗教層面觀察，此主題具有擴充宗教人物內涵、展現遊戲神通及破除執著的用意。此外，與教學相關的主題亦配合《酉陽雜俎》的神異敘述及互文性特色，採用有效閱讀教學策略。透過《酉陽雜俎》神異故事的學習單，讓學生了解小說中的伏筆、段落和結構的獨特安排，落實理論與教學相合的教案設計

[[alternative]]Evolving containment policies under truman and eisenhower administrations

博士[[abstract]]本論文係探究美國在1950-60年代，亦即杜魯門政府到艾森豪政府任內，其為對抗蘇聯共產集團所採取的圍堵政策之演進。經由研究顯示，圍堵政策的內涵在杜魯門時期從原先的重點圍堵轉變為全面圍堵，而其全面圍堵政策並由之後的艾森豪政府採用。影響圍堵內涵轉變的因素，包含韓戰的爆發、中共介入越戰，甚至是中共完全無視國際準則規範，迫使美國為確保其在國際間的威信等考量，在政策作為上必須由非對稱圍堵進而轉變為對稱性圍堵。這些因素的背後，係取決於蘇聯與中共之間的互動，連帶影響美國決策者改變其對基本國際架構的認知。換言之，肯楠的圍堵概念係植根於兩極國際體系架構而主張重點式圍堵，但隨著中共開始在亞洲對外擴張其影響力，使美國開始在原先被視為是其亞太地區防線的邊陲地帶，如朝鮮半島、中南半島及臺灣海峽等地投入更多資源，令肯楠的非對稱圍堵概念無法適應國際環境變遷，而被尼茲的全面圍堵政策所取代，並反映在著名的國安會第68號文件當中。全面圍堵的概念隨後為來自不同政黨的艾森豪政府所沿用，此亦明顯地反映出，政策的轉變並非導因於政權輪替或政黨歧見所致，而是取決於最高決策者對基本國際架構的認知改變與否。隨著其認知的演變，決策者因而透過進用新的官員以型塑新的執行方針。以圍堵政策為例，圍堵是普遍的政策概念，卻因決策者的認知不同，而型塑出不同的政策內涵及實行面向。 毫無疑問地，蘇聯是美國在冷戰時期的首要敵人，然而所有在亞洲所發生的熱戰，其背後卻大多有著中共的支助。中共的好戰被美國決策當局視為另一個主要的威脅來源，連帶使美國調整過去肯楠式重歐輕亞的重點圍堵，轉變為尼茲式的歐亞並重的全面圍堵。做為區域的強權，中共透過大幅介入鄰近地區的好戰行動足以展現其作為潛在一極的地位。面對中共此舉，早已擠身強權俱樂部的蘇聯在其外交政策與對外作為上則相對的低調以對，此亦使中共對外行為變得更為好戰並更具威脅性。 透過冷戰時期美中蘇三邊的互動，可將中共視為新崛起的潛在第三極。因為不論從地理位置、國力規模、人口數量、更具革命性的意識形態，以及其直接或間接參與的軍事行動而言，中共無疑是新崛起具威脅的一極。美國採取全面圍堵戰略，其目的便是在因應此一具有實際威脅的新興強權。 值得注意的是，特定時期的外交政策方針確實規範著當時政策之規劃及執行。而政策方針係由決策者的認知型塑而成，但決策者亦受到國際架構的轉變而調整其認知。 因此本論文除檢視美國決策者對國際架構認知所型塑出的圍堵政策外，亦將探究不同圍堵政策對臺海之影響意涵以資佐證。筆者將援引國際體系理論分析從兩極體系轉變到三極體系所造成之影響，並輔以聯盟理論探討美國圍堵政策採取聯盟之考量與作為。 隨著圍堵政策之影響仍延續至今，值得重新對其意義和影響加以審視。[[abstract]]This thesis intends to examine the evolution of containment policy by the U.S. against the communist bloc from the 50’s to the 60’s, i.e., from Truman administration to Eisenhower administration. It is observed that the essence of containment strategy had evolved from pointed containment to comprehensive containment during Truman administration and the later strategy of comprehensive containment was then adopted by Eisenhower administration. There were factors such as Korean War, Communist China’s involvement in the Indochina war, Chinese mainland’s complete disregard of international norms, and the ensuing U.S. concern for its prestige that had effected the shift from asymmetric containment to symmetric containment. But underlying these factors were the division of labor between Communist China and the Soviet Union that led the policy-makers to change their perception on basic international structure. In other words, George Kennan’s containment was based on a bi-polar international structure. But as Communist China began to play an increasingly aggressive role in Asia, the U.S. was forced to concentrate more resources in even the originally peripheral areas such as the Korean peninsula, Indochina, and the Taiwan Strait, making Kennan’s concept of asymmetric containment unfit to the evolving international environment and was therefore replaced by Paul Nitze’s version of comprehensive containment-NSC 68. The conception of “comprehensive containment” was then followed by the administration from a different party. It was obvious that the change of policy was not a result of change of administrations or of different political parties’ orientations, but by change of perceptions of top policy-makers on basic international structure. As their perception evolved, policy-makers recruited new crews to shape new guidelines for implementation. Containment is a general policy idea that can be shaped into different directions. There was no doubt that the Soviet Union was the prime enemy of the U.S.; however, all the hot wars were fought in Asia and the enemies against the “free world” were mostly supported by Communist China. Communist China’s belligerence was seen by U.S. policy-makers as another main source of threat, forcing it to adjust its Kennen-style Europe-first pointed containment to Nitze’s comprehensive containment by gradually shifting strategic weight to Asia. Communist China, as a regional superpower, took a corresponding polar position through its heavy involvement in the threatening activities in its neighborhood. Compared with communist China, Soviet Union, as an established member of the superpower club, was relatively refrained in its foreign policy and behavior. This made communist China’s outward behavior even more belligerent and threatening. It is assumed that there existed an emerging tri-polar structure in the cold war era. In terms of its geographic location, size and population, more revolutionary ideology, and wars it directly and indirectly engaged, China was no doubt an emerging threatening polar. The shift to a comprehensive containment was a response to an emerging power with a real threat. It is noted that foreign policy guidelines of a certain time tended to guide policy directions and their implementations for that certain period. As guidelines were molded by perceptions, perceptions were shaped by the evolving international structure. Besides the examination of containment policies molded by perceptions on international structures, the thesis also studies the implications of various containment policies to the Taiwan Straits to support its arguments. The author was obliged to use the theory of international structure to elaborate the impact produced by evolution from a bi-polar system to a tri-polar system and the theory of alliance to explain the considerations and implementations affecting the alliance behaviors in the U.S. containment policy. As containment policy’s legacy still lingers, it is worthwhile to reexamine its meanings and implications.[[tableofcontents]]目 錄 章節名稱 頁碼 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1 第二節 研究方法、範圍與限制 11 第三節 論文章節架構安排 18 第四節 結 語 20 第二章 研究理論 23 第一節 國際體系理論 25 第二節 聯盟理論 33 第三節 結 語 40 第三章 圍堵政策的緣起 43 第一節 二次大戰後美蘇關係之轉變 44 第二節 肯楠與圍堵政策的發韌 51 第三節 綜合分析 62 第四章 杜魯門時期的圍堵政策 65 第一節 圍堵政策的內涵－從非對稱轉向對稱性圍堵 66 第二節 圍堵政策的個案分析 80 第三節 綜合分析 107 第五章 艾森豪時期的圍堵政策 111 第一節 圍堵政策的內涵－新貌政策的推動 112 第二節 圍堵政策的個案分析 122 第三節 綜合分析 138 第六章 結論 143 參考文獻 149 圖 表 目 錄 表目錄 頁碼 表1-1　影響美國對中共戰略行為之因素 2[[note]]學號: 889220025, 學年度: 9

《西游记》的叙事技巧 ：以唐僧的三个徒儿形象塑造为例 = Exploring the narrative techniques of the novel “Journey to the West” : using the portrayal of the Tang monk’s disciples as example

此论文研究以文本细读的方法，从作者吴承恩如何塑造唐僧三个徒儿的形象，来看作者的叙事技巧。本文将通过两种不同的角度来看作者对三个小说人物的形象塑 造。首先,从三个徒弟最突出的性格特征切入，孙悟空的勇敢、猪八戒的贪心和沙僧的和谐性情。再来观察三人在特定情况下的表现，如三人之间的日常互动和面对困境时 的反应。在观察与分析后，笔者认为作者的叙事带有“奇幻性”、“奇趣性”和“诙谐性”的描写技巧，而这也是《西游记》这部小说之所以会成为脍炙人口的一部古典小说。Through text reading, this thesis paper explores the author Wu Cheng-en’s narrative skills through analyzing the way he sculpted the images of Tang monk’s three disciples. The writer looks at the way the author sculpted the images of the three disciples from two perspectives. Firstly, it is through observing how the author wrote the most prominent character traits of the three disciples, such as Sun Wukong’s braveness, Zhu Bajie’s greediness and Friar Sand’s harmony temperament. Secondly, it is through observing how the author wrote the disciples’ reactions in different scenarios such as during their interactions and when they faced adversities. After much observations and analysis, the writer finds that the author had used narrative skills which are fancying, enthralling and amusing, which is the reason why the novel “Journey to the West” is a popular classic novel.Bachelor of Art

A Study of Reservoir’s Optimal Operating Strategy with Considering Ecological Flow

近年來水資源的需求日益提高，但受制於台灣自然條件因素之影響，水源供給量相對有限；雖然透過水利設施的興建與營運能改善水資源不足的問題，但對於河川水域環境卻可能造成負面的影響，加上水資源的開發過程中均以人類的用水需求為主要考量，往往可能滿足人類對水的需求，卻失去了生態環境系統的平衡。本文旨在探討考量河川下游生態流量下研議水庫對下游地區供水的最佳營運策略；研究區域以石門水庫後池堰至鳶山堰段之大漢溪河道為主；利用數理規劃模式建置水庫操作於滿足各項用水需求與環境限制之操作策略，採用懲罰機制之限制型遺傳演算法優選水庫的最佳蓄放水歷程，以滿足水庫長期供水與下游河段的生態需求，將河川水域環境受水利工程構造物之影響降至最低。研究結果顯示，過去石門水庫歷年供給下游水量，大致上能達到前人研究所提的最低生態流量(4 cms)，惟乾枯水年仍有少數旬別低於生態最低需求；而本研究所研擬之數理規劃模式的最佳操作結果，不僅能適度提高河川環境生態之流量，減緩工程構造物對河川的影響，亦改善了下游地區缺水之情形；研究結果亦證實，限制型遺傳演算法架構之水庫操作模式，能有效提高優選的效率，並獲致良好的優選結果。In recent decades, due to increasing on water demand by coupled with unbalanced temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in Taiwan, water supply becomes more difficult. To overcome the problem, attention has been focused on improving water resources management and reservoir operation. Nevertheless, such actions frequently result on the degradation of river environmental condition. In an attempt to minimizing these negative impacts, environmental related aspects must be considered on the operation and management of water storage facilities, such as reservoirs. In this study, we propose a novel optiming technique for reservoir operation to deal with multiple water users, specially emphasizing downstream ecological flow demand. The artificial intelligence techniques, such as genetic algorithm (GA), have been successfully applied for the optimization of complex hydrosystems. The GA is applied for the optimization of water resources management. To improve the capability of the GA, a penalty function is proposed, resulting in a restricted GA model. This penalty function is cooperatively considered with the reservoir operational objectives, which also includes water quantity and ecological aspects. To investigate the applicability of the proposed methodology, the downstream area of Shihmen reservoir from Hochih Weir to Yuanshan Weir in the Dahan River is used as the case study. Based on several previous studies, the water supply of Shihmen reservoir for dowmstream could reach a base ecological flow to about 4 cms in most of time. By implemented the proposed restricted GA for optimizing the Shihmen reservoir operation in last 20 years, the results demonstrated model can provide much better the performances, in term of small GSI and large ecological flow, for most of years than the historical approach. We conclude that the restricted GA approach can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of reservoir optimization operation for mutilpe water users.摘 要 i Abstract ii 目 錄 iv 表目錄 vi 圖目錄 vii 第一章 緒 論 1 1.1 研究動機與目的 1 1.2 研究方法與流程 2 1.3 論文架構 4 第二章 文獻回顧 6 2.1 水庫運轉操作與優選法 6 2.2 遺傳演算法 8 2.3 限制型遺傳演算法 9 2.4 環境流量 10 2.4.1 生態流量評估 12 2.5 水資源運用 16 第三章 理論概述 18 3.1 遺傳演算法簡述 18 3.2 演算流程 19 3.3 限制型遺傳演算法 25 3.3.1 內懲罰函數與外懲罰函數 26 3.3.2 靜態懲罰函數與動態懲罰函數 28 3.3.3 可適性懲罰函數 29 3.3.4 改進策略式懲罰函數 32 第四章 研究案例 34 4.1 研究區域概況 34 4.1.1 石門水庫簡介 34 4.1.2 大漢溪流域簡介 34 4.1.3 水庫操作準則 36 4.2 河川生態流量與水文環境分析 38 4.2.1 水文年判別 39 4.2.2 水庫入流量及供水分析 41 4.2.3 大漢溪魚類調查資料 48 4.2.4 生態流量需求評估 53 4.3 水庫模擬模式之建立 58 4.3.1 模糊規劃理論概述與應用 62 4.3.2 懲罰函數法概述與應用 64 4.3.3 懲罰函數設定 66 4.4 優選過程參數設定 70 第五章 結果與討論 73 5.1 評比標準 73 5.2 不同水文事件年評估 74 5.3 下游供水量探討 81 5.4 連續年操作 86 第六章 結論與建議 92 6.1 結論 92 6.2 建議 94 參考文獻 95 附錄一 Tennant法分析流量 102 附錄二 民國74~93年以限制型GA搜尋之蓄水歷程 103 附錄三 民國74~93年入流量與下游放流量歷線圖 10

Automated Web Service Composition and Execution Based on Semantic Web Technology

網路服務技術在分散式資訊系統架構下為服務提供的方式和趨勢，並可根據使用者複雜的需求，將多個網路服務組合成一個新的網路服務。以現有的網路服務技術，實現自動化找尋所需求的服務、自動化組合服務，為一很大的困難與挑戰，目前有許多語意網技術結合網路服務實現自動化找尋網路服務、自動化服務組合、自動化服務執行的計畫和研究正在進行當中。 在本論文中，我們的目的為二：以語意網技術應用在網路服務技術上，實作一個客製化系統；動態組合現有網路服務，滿足使用者的需求。我們使用現有的語意網與網路服務技術：WSDL、SWRL、OWL、BPEL4WS。描述網路服務的語意資訊，我們使用WSDL定義服務介面的描述，及以OWL定義服務特徵的描述。根據使用者服務的需求描述，以及以OWL語意化的網路服務所定義的Service Profile，透過自動推理工具進行服務描述比對，找到滿足使用者需求的服務。 我們整理出一個處理不同需求的條件限制(Constraint)的方法，藉由邏輯描述與推理引擎和規則與相關規則引擎，以確保條件限制的一致性(Consistency)；SWRL用來補足OWL-DL語意的不足，透過role composition，使用自動推理工具推論出新的關係與知識。我們也提出一個網路服務執行的架構，依據BPEL4WS的生命週期，提供自動化網路服務執行的實作參考。 根據服務組合架構(Service Composition Architecture)，應用以上技術，我們以旅遊業為例，開發一個客製化雛型系統組合旅遊相關服務。我們相信，本論文在解釋網路服務自動化組合與執行為一個很實用的參考，也為語意網技術應用在網路服務上提供一個很完整的應用系統。Web services provide an implementation architecture for a distributed information system. As Web services emerge and expand, they can be used and be re-composed as a new Web service to complete complicated tasks. Discovering expected services and composing different services are great challenges. However, with Semantic Web technologies, Web services can be located precisely according to users’requirements and can be composed to handle the problem of composition. There are many ongoing studies and research projects on applications of Semantic Web technologies to Web services that provide automatic service discovery, service composition, and service execution. In this thesis, our objective is twofold: (1) implement a customized system that applies Semantic Web technologies to Web services and (2) dynamically synthesize existing services on the World Wide Web in order to fulfill the user's needs. The architecture of the application system is built on an ontology that is defined by Web Ontology Language (OWL) for a specific domain. Service interfaces containing the necessary information for invoking a service are described by Web Service Description Language (WSDL). Since the user's requirements are often ambiguous, automatic service matching with subsumption reasoning based on Description Logics (DLs) is a basic task. We also use Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) to increase the expressive power of concepts when describing complicated relationships between concepts. The composition of Web services is the most important aspect in Semantic Web services. We consider service composition in terms of logic theory and collate several composition patterns encountered in the real world. After composition, the services can be invoked and executed in the subsequent task. The execution process flows in terms of the execution order and interaction between Web services are defined by Business Process Execution Language for Web Service (BPEL4WS). Moreover, we propose a service execution module that provides a prototype of implementing service execution. We extend the execution fuction to a prototype system “the Traveller” that aims to help users discover, combine, and invoke the desired Web services for the tourism domain. We believe this thesis will be useful for explaining the automatic composition and execution of Web services, as well as providing examples of application of Semantic Web technologies.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Motivation and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Related Work 6 2.1 Semantic Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Web Service Modeling Ontology(WSMO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 OWL-S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Modeling Ontology of Time and Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Web Service Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 SATINE Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5 European Semantic Systems Initiative (ESSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Preliminaries 15 3.1 Description Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.1 Description Logics Syntax and Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 OWL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 Web Service Description Language(WSDL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.4 Semantic Web Rule Language(SWRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.5 Web Service Business Process Execution Language(WS-BPEL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 Service Composition and Execution Based on Semantic Technology 26 4.1 Overview of Web Service Composition Architecture Based on Semantic Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.1.1 Web Service Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.2 Design of Web Service Composition Architecture Based on Semantic Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1.3 Service Profile and Service Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2 Semantic Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2.1 Ontology Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2.2 Service Composition Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2.3 Service Execution Based on Semantic Technology . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3 Constraint Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3.1 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3.2 Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3.3 Value Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4 Service Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.4.1 Design of the Service Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.4.2 Architecture of the Service Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.5 Service Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.5.1 Design of the Service Execution Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.5.2 Architecture of the Service Execution Module . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.5.3 Development of the Business Process Execution Language . . . . 54 5 Implementation - The Traveller 58 5.1 The System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.2 Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.2.1 Trip Requirement Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.2.2 Service Advertisement Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.3 Implementation of the Prototype System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.3.1 Implementation of the Service Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.4 Ontology Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.4.1 The Tourism Domain Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.4.2 The Requirement Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.4.3 The Advertisement Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.5 Constraint Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.5.1 Time Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.5.2 Budget Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.6 Constraint Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.6.1 PAL Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.6.2 SWRL Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.7 System Integrated User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6 Conclusion 86 6.1 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8