Multi-computer control based on CAN bus for air compressors

分析传统空压机多机联控系统的不足之处和CAN总线的特点,提出一种各空压机在没有总调度机的情况下,通过动态分配算法,实现多机联控的方法.该方法使系统在部分空压机出故障时能做到"无缝连接",从而保障系统的正常运行.在该空压机系统中,通过CAN总线实现空压机的分散控制、多机联控,使空压机系统运行在最佳工况,实现各空压机的等疲劳运行.The disadvantages of traditional multi-computer control system used on air compressor system and features of CAN bus are analyzed.Dynamic distribution algorithm used for realizing multi-computer control without the scheduling of the host computer is presented,which realizes switching among the computers without the disturbance to the whole system when some computers are disable.In the control system of air compressor,the CAN bus is used to realize multi-computer control.So the air compressor system would work in optimal state,and the air compressors work in equal fatigue state

煅烧制度对高岭土的结构特征及胶凝活性的影响

采用DTA-TG,IR,XRD,SEM等分析手段研究了不同煅烧制度下高岭土的结构变化,分析了偏高岭土胶凝活性产生的原因,并以水玻璃激发偏高岭土制成地聚合物材料.结果表明:高岭土在600℃煅烧6h或者在700～900℃煅烧2h以上,可形成偏高岭土,它是一种结晶度很差的过渡相,保持了高岭土的层片状结构,但片状和管状晶体尺寸变小,结块增加,其胶凝活性较好

Performance Experiment of R290/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System

Performance experiments of R290/CO2 cascade refrigeration system were conducted. The performance of a cascade refrigeration system having a high temperature cycle using R290 as refrigerant and a CO2 based low temperature cycle was compared with that of a cascade refrigeration system having a high temperature cycle using R22 as refrigerant and a CO2 based low temperature cycle. The results show that the optimum mass flow rate ratio and the maximum COP of the R290/CO2 cascade refrigeration system increase with the increase of evaporation temperature and with the decrease of condensation temperature. Moreover, the power consumption of the R290 compressor is slightly higher than that of the R22 compressor and the COPh of the R290 cycle is higher than that of the R22 cycle at the higher compressor inlet temperatures

Feasibility analysis of WDPR support cone model application in hypersonic wind tunnel

绳牵引并联机构(WDPR)能够有效调整飞行器模型的位姿,为扩展风洞试验能力提供了一种新型支撑手段,具有很大的应用潜力。本文将对其在高超声速风洞中; 应用所涉及的稳定性与气动干扰问题进行研究。以10°尖锥标椎模型为例,设计了8绳牵引的并联支撑系统,可以通过调整绳长控制模型的位置和姿态。模拟了气; 动载荷作用下支撑系统的稳定性,优化牵引绳直径。基于构建的三维模型,借助CFD软件进行气动计算,包括马赫数为7.8时,不同迎角下绳牵引并联支撑锥体; 模型的气动力系数,通过与无绳支撑结果以及文献试验数据进行比较,表明在小迎角情况下,绳系支撑引起的气动干扰相对误差较小,但会随迎角的增大而增加。此; 外,分别对弯刀支撑和绳牵引并联支撑进行了模态分析,对比了2种支撑的固有频率。结果显示绳系支撑固有频率较高,系统刚度较大。本文的理论研究成果可为绳; 牵引并联支撑技术在高超声速风洞中的应用提供一定的技术支持。Wire-driven parallel robot (WDPR) provides a new support method for wind; tunnel tests due to its effective simulation of the aircraft model's; pose, and has a great application potential. This paper gives details of; an investigation of stability and aerodynamic interference referring to; the application of WDPR in hypersonic wind tunnel. The parallel support; system with 8 wires was constructed, and the 10° cone model was selected; as the test model whose position and pose can be adjusted through the; wire length. The support system's stability under the action of; aerodynamic force is simulated, and the wire diameter is optimized.; Based on the constructed three-dimensional model, under the condition of; Mach numuber is 7.8, the aerodynamic coefficient of the model suspended; with WDPR at different angles of attack is calculated in CFD. The; comparison of the simulation result with the result of the same model; without wires and the experimental data in reference indicates that, at; small angle of attack, the relative error of the aerodynamic; interference caused by the wires is small, and the interference; increases with the increase of angle of attack. In addition, modal; characteristics of the WDPR and the crescent shape support system are; analyzed and the natural frequencies of the two support systems are; compared. The comparison result shows that the natural frequency and the; stiffness of the WDPR are higher than those of the crescent shape; support system. The academic research work of this paper provides; reference to the application of wire-driven parallel support technology; in hypersonic wind tunnel.国家自然科学基

Economic Measures and Related Problems in Maritime Management

开展海域管理的经济手段及其存在的问题是我国海域有偿使用制度的主要工作。文章分析了海域有偿使用的各项制度,针对现存的海域使用金、海洋工程排污收费、海洋倾废收费、海洋生态补偿及海域转让金等经济手段,根据现阶段各科经济手段存在的问题,从收费标准、评估方法、市场化配置、执行情况等方面进行分析,进一步理清各科手段的性质,为完善我国海域管理经济手段提供支持。Economic measures and relative issues are the main work of the paid use system in maritime management.This paper studied various paid use systems of sea area.Aiming at the problems of economic measure at present stage,such as the charge for sea area utilization,the pollution charge of oceanographic engineering,the charge of ocean dumping,ocean ecological compensation and transfer payment of maritime space use,the paper made analysis from different point of view including charge standard,method evaluation and marketing allocation,which further figured out the role of every economic measure and provided support to improve and perfect maritime management.海洋工程和海上溢油生态补偿/赔偿关键技术研究示范(#201105006

Study on the Scientific and Legal Basis of Ecological Damage Compensation

生态补偿是协调经济发展与环境保护的有效经济手段,在中国得到了广泛重视。由于受到学科范畴的限制,学术界和管理界对生态补偿的内涵、经济性质和法律性质还存在许多争论,关于生态损害的科学含义及与之对应的补偿与赔偿的法理基础尚有待完善。本文旨在梳理生态补偿的相关术语,探讨生态损害及损害补偿与赔偿的科学含义、法理差异及法律制度,从而为我国进一步开展生态补偿的理论研究和实践提供参考。论文首先从环境管理、环境经济学以及法学三层面对生态补偿的内涵进行分析,并在探究生态补偿实践的演变历程的基础上,提出生态补偿至少包含生态保护补偿、生态损害补偿与生态损害赔偿三个方面的内容;其次,文章对生态损害的科学和法律含义进行了辨析,提出:1)生态损害补偿中的生态损害是指人类活动对自由的自然资源的损害,即初级生态损害;2)从法学角度来看,生态损害可分为过错行为导致的生态损害、非过错行为导致的生态损害以及历史累积污染导致的生态损害;3)补偿与赔偿在法理上存在发生的基础、性质、承担责任的时间、承担责任的方式以及程序等方面的差别;4)在以上基础上,论文探讨不同行为造成的生态损害的责任方应当承担补偿/赔偿责任。第三,论文从归责原则、责任主体、补偿/赔偿范围、方式以及补偿/赔偿金额的计算等方面对建立和实施生态损害补偿与赔偿的法律基础和制度进行了论述与分析。最后,论文提出了完善生态损害补偿/赔偿制度的政策建议。As an effective and efficient economic instrument to balance the economic development and environmental protection, the ecological compensation has attracted broad attention and application in China.Nevertheless, there exist many arguments in academic and management communities about the connotation and economic and legal character of ecological compensation due to the different context in different disciplines.There is an urgent need to clarify the scientific implication of ecological damage and the associated jurisprudential distinctions between remediation(Buchang) and compensation(Peichang) to promote the implementation of ecological compensation.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the scientific implication, jurisprudential differences and legal regime of ecological damage and compensation based on the review of relative terms of ecological compensation, which then to provide references for further theoretical study and practice of ecological compensation in China.Firstly, the paper analyzed the connotation of ecological compensation from perspectives of environmental management, environmental economics and law, reviewed the evolution of ecological compensation practices in China, the paper and concluded that the ecological compensation should at least includes payments for ecosystem services(PES), ecological damage compensation and ecological damage claim.Secondly, this paper analyzed the scientific and legal connotation of ecological damage:(1) the ecological damage is the harmful effect to a free natural resource resulted from human activities, namely primary ecological damage;(2) the ecological damage can be categorized three groups, damage resulted from wrongful acts, non-wrongful acts and accumulative pollution from the perspective of legal theory;(3) the occurrence basis, legal nature, time and pattern of undertaking responsibility and the applicable law are different between the remediation and compensation; 4) the responsible parties should take the different liability according to the different acts.Thirdly, the paper discussed the legal basis and regime of establishing and implementing ecological compensation from the principle of liability fixation, the subject of the tort, the range and ways of compensation/ damage, the calculation of the amount of compensation/ damage, and so on.Lastly, the paper proposed policy suggestions of refining the current ecological damage compensation legal system.国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项项目“海洋工程; 海上溢油生态补偿/赔偿关键技术研究示范”(#201105006

Ecological damage assessment and compensation of marine engineering: case study of Xinglin sea-crossing bridge,Xiamen

随着海岸带地区经济的发展、人口的增加和城市化程度的加快,日益增多的各类海洋工程已经或者正在损害海洋与海岸带生态系统为人类提供各种产品和服务的能力,严重威胁到人类健康和海洋经济的可持续发展。实施海洋生态损害补偿制度,即让生态损害责任方承担生态损害的全部成本,是解决海洋生态损害问题的有效途径之一。建立了海洋工程生态损害评估框架和生态损害补偿标准估算模型,并成功运用于厦门杏林跨海大桥的案例研究。结果表明,在2%的贴现率下,杏林大桥生态补偿标准为1739万元,远高于政府实际征收的补偿金额600万元。该评估框架信息需求量小,成本低且简单易行,在小规模海洋工程的生态损害评估与补偿方面有良好的应用前景。With fast economic growth,population increase,and urbanization in coastal zones,an increasing number of marine engineering projects have diminished or are diminishing the capacity of ocean and coastal ecosystems to provide goods and services for mankind,threatening the health of local populations and the sustainable development of marine economies.To prevent marine ecological damage and to ensure sustainable development in coastal regions,market-based incentives,such as marine ecological damage compensation( MEDC),have been introduced due to their high efficiency and flexibility.The basic premise of this approach is to make the responsible parties pay the full costs associated with the ocean space development activities,i.e.,the ocean users should pay the private costs as well as the cost of marine ecological damage,so that excessive development activities can be curbed.While there are many studies about the ecological damage and compensation of spills of oil or other hazardous substances,coastal reclamation or wetland drainage,there have been few attempts in the academic community to research the ecological damage of marine engineering such as the construction of a sea-crossing bridge and marine culture.In practice,marine engineering gets approval from the relevant government agencies,and pays fees for the use of sea areas,which may make them ignore ecological damage compensation.However,these damages are typically long lasting and have considerable cumulative effects on marine habitats andenvironment.Thus,the development of a framework for ecological damage assessment caused by marine engineering is urgently needed,to ensure the marine ecosystems been compensated.This paper presents a framework for ecological damage assessment and a model for the development of a MEDC standard.The value of ecosystem services in the affected sea area and the severity of damage to various ecosystem services in various sea area use patterns related to the marine engineering are systematically assembled in the established model.The established framework and model are employed in the Xinglin sea-crossing bridge,Xiamen.Results show that the ecological damage and therefore the ecological damage compensation of Xinglin sea-crossing bridge is 17.39 million yuan with the discount rate 2%.The amount of ecological damage is 12.76 million yuan even with a high discount rate,4%,which is far more than the amount of compensation,6 million yuan,which was actually imposed by local government.Xiamen municipality needs to re-examine its compensation standard to reflect the real damage of marine engineering and to ensure to collect enough money to restore the damaged ecosystems.国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项项目“海洋工程和海上溢油生态补偿/赔偿关键技术研究示范”(#201105006

绳系并联支撑机构的绳迟滞效应及影响实验研究

绳系并联机构因具有结构简单、工作空间大、惯性小等优势,得到了广泛的应用。该文针对支撑绳索中普遍存在的迟滞效应进行了实验研究。首先,分析了某绳系并联机器人(Wire-driven Parallel Robot, WDPR)样机中的绳迟滞曲线的数学模型,并利用实验数据识别出了模型中的相关参数;其次,通过不同条件下的绳索伸-缩实验,探讨了绳拉力迟滞效应的影响因素;接着,分析了迟滞效应对飞行器模型位姿和气动载荷参数解算的影响情况。最后,以某风洞试验模型支撑绳系并联机器人样机中支撑飞机模型的牵引绳的迟滞现象为例,对绳迟滞效应的影响情况进行了分析。研究结果表明:绳迟滞效应对模型位姿和利用绳拉力解算风洞试验的模型气动载荷都有一定的影响;绳索的材质与迟滞现象关系密切;预紧力对迟滞效应的影响程度具有决定性的作用,当绳预紧力增大到一定程度时,迟滞效应的影响是可以忽略的

考虑绳阻尼的绳系并联机器人动力学特性分析

针对应用于风洞试验模型支撑的绳系并联机器人的设计需求，采用实验和理论建模相结合的方法，研究绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响。首先，为了准确地定量描述绳阻尼，设计了一套测量绳索阻尼的实验装置，通过实验得到了不同参数下的绳阻尼比；其次，考虑了绳阻尼，对绳张力进行建模，并提出了考虑绳阻尼的绳系并联机器人的动力学建模方法；最后，分析了绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响。结果表明：绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学响应的影响主要体现在响应幅值上，绳直径越大，绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学响应的减振作用越明显。当绳阻尼系数大于0.6 N·s/m时，不论绳直径粗细如何，绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响不能忽略。国家自然科学基金(基金号11472234,11702232,11072207);;\n中央高校基本科研业务费(20720180071

低速风洞飞行器模型编队飞行绳系并联支撑机构研究

本文设计了一种用于飞行器双机编队飞行的风洞试验模型绳系并联支撑机构,模拟在周边有障碍物的有限空间通道中的飞行运动。文中以直升机为例,根据工况参数设计了双绳牵引并联机构作为飞行器模型的支撑,建立了基于可移动的滑轮铰点与直升机模型编队协同飞行的运动学模型,对系统的静刚度进行了分析,并通过实验验证了旋翼转动对该绳系支撑系统动刚度的影响,给出了在有限空间通道中模拟双机编队飞行与着陆过程中绳与绳之间、绳与模型之间的干涉算法,并对该支撑机构的绳系结构进行了干涉分析。分析结果表明,本文设计的支撑机构能有效解决模拟飞行器模型双机编队在有限空间中飞行运动时的支撑干涉问题,而且系统刚度达到低速风洞试验的稳定性要求,是低速风洞中支撑飞行器模型进行编队飞行试验的有效解决方案。国家自然科学基金(11472234,11702232);;\n中央高校基本科研业务费(20720180071