〔報文〕過去の高松塚古墳石室内の温湿度変動解析（3）―吸放熱パネルへの送水温度および入室が石室内温湿度変動に与える影響―

In order to investigate the causes of deterioration of the mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, it is very important to clarify temperature and humidity variation in the stone chamber. We estimated how the environmental conditions surrounding the stone chamber and the internal works affect temperature and humidity in the stone chamber by making use of numerical simulation. The simulation was based on the measurement data and records of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus in the past. We made an analytical model taking into account the mound and the conservation facility and set up each condition in terms of factors which influence temperature and humidity in the stone chamber. We considered records of the past as far as possible to makethe model and set up the boundary conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of temperature of the heating and cooling panel, which controls the temperature of the anterior chamber of the stone chamber, and that of work in the stone chamber during the operation of the conservation facility on temperature and humidity in the stone chamber. The obtained main results are as follows.1. Calculated room temperature in the stone chamber using the measured temperature of the heating and cooling panel is in good agreement with the measured room temperature in the stone chamber except for the period from 2002 to 2004. Therefore, calculation considering the climatic change and measured temperature variation of the heating and cooling panel explains more or less the temperature rise in the stone chamber for 30 years.2. Calculation considering the above conditions cannot explain temperature variation in the stone chamber from 2002 to 2004.3. There is a correlation between the number and frequency of people working in the stone chamber and the growth of the fungi in the stone chamber.4. After continuous work in the stone chamber, temperature of the stone chamber became slightly higher than that before it. This is one of the main causes of temperature rise in the stone chamber

〔報告〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂における無線式常時環境計測システムの開発

Weathering and deterioration of the brick walls of Hagia Sophia Museum have accelerated due to dew condensation and wet-dry cyclic condition. To clarify the problems, temperature and relative humidity sensors and one weather station have been installed. This report focuses on a real-time monitoring system for understanding the environmental condition in the museum. When a real-time environmental monitoring system is installed,power-supply and data communication needs to be designed simply and compactly. To solve this problem,wireless sensor networks,especially a monitoring system by mesh network method was developed. The size of the sensor node is 80×120×40 mm. It consists of a small wireless communication device, a size D battery and a sensor board with temperature and RH sensors. The monitoring-station is composed of a mobile PC and a receiver module. To understand the environmental condition, 21 sensor nodes are set up on lines of symmetries in the plane view and the section view of the dome construction. Data is observed on screen displays as values,time series graphs and distribution maps. To monitor the data,remote access is used through the Internet. In this case, ID password and access code are demanded. Monitoring has been conducted since September 27,2010. Sampling interval is 30 min. Data collection rates by this monitoring system are around 80% to 90%. There has been no voltage reduction for more than one year. These results indicate that the wireless sensor network is an effective solution to build a real-time monitoring system in Hagia Sophia

〔報文〕過去の高松塚古墳石室内の温湿度変動解析（2）―墳丘部表面の植生等の変化が石室内温度変動に与える影響―

In order to investigate the causes of deterioration of the mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, it is very important to clarify temperature and humidity variation in the stone chamber. We estimated how the environmental conditions surrounding the stone chamber and the internal works affect temperature and humidity in the stone chamber by making use of numerical simulation. The simulation was based on the measurement data and records of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus in the past. We made an analytical model taking into account the mound and the conservation facility and set up each condition in terms of factors which influence temperature and humidity in the stone chamber. We considered records of the past as far as possible to makethe model and set up the boundary conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of different mound covering conditions — vegetation, waterproof sheet and temporary shelter —on temperature and humidity in the stone chamber during the operation of the conservation facility. The obtained main results are as follows.1. Cutting vegetation and putting waterproof sheet on the mound in September 2003 was one of the main causes of temperature rise in the stone chamber around 2004.2. Setting up the temporary shelter on the mound was one of the main causes of temperature fall in the stone chamber after the removal of the waterproof sheet in September 2004

〔報告〕アヤ・イリニ聖堂の保存環境に関する調査報告

Hagia Eirene is a Byzantine architecture remaining in Istanbul, originally known as Constantinople,the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This building has masonry construction of the same period as that of Hagia Sophia. It has been used variously as a church,armory,warehouse,museum,and concert hall. Now it is managed by Topkapi Palace as a church museum. A new research program in Hagia Eirene has been launched since 2013 which is intended for the conservation of mosaics remaining on the inner walls and the suggestion of practical/effective conservation measures based on the assessment of the environmental condition in Hagia Eirene. The following results were obtained from the first survey conducted from September 5 to November 15, 2013.1) The internal environmental condition does not have much variation despite the fact that the windows of the west gallery are opened all the time. But the fact that it has been used for concerts since 1980 has had some impact on the internal environment,especially increase in temperature at the apse.2) Analysis of crystallized salts revealed that most of the salts on the wall of the atrium and the northwestern column of the gallery were sodium sulfate,with the exception of nitratine on a part of the northwestern column of the gallery. These results provide a preliminary consideration into prospects for future research

〔報告〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂内壁の析出塩類の調査

Hagia Sophia has been suffering from salt crystallization and flaking of the wall surface,especially at the northwest part of the building. Therefore,a survey was conducted with the following aims: 1. To identify the crystalized salts in Hagia Sophia 2 .To clarify the origin of salt and the movement of water which is the main cause of salt crystallization 3. To make a suggestion for the future conservation program,including salt and water control. Elements containing salt samples were detected by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and crystallized molecules were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. As a result,the types of crystallized salt were identified as sodium sulfate,magnesium sulfate and sodium nitrate. At the northwest part of the building (northwest exedra), the major type of salt is sodium sulfate;magnesium sulfate and sodium nitrate were found atthe western and northern parts of the exedra where salt crystallization is in progress. The removal of plaster from the outer wall surface and the infiltration of rainwater from the exposed wall are thought to be the causes of deterioration at the northwest part of the building

〔報文〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂の屋内外環境と劣化状態

In Hagia Sophia, the deterioration of the lime plaster wall and side walls are considered to be caused by the condensation of water on the wall surface and water migration inside the side walls. On the ground level,deterioration of the wall surface is more severe in the north part than in the south part. In the second cornice,wall surface deterioration is more severe than on other floors. As the first step in clarifying the causes of these damages and developing appropriate measures, the following topics were examined: 1) Measuring the precise temperature and humidity profile in Hagia Sophia; 2) Identifying the deteriorated parts inside and outside the walls; 3) Measuring the moisture content on the inside surface of the walls.ain results obtained are as follows:1. Relative humidity in the north aisle and the staircase on the ground level is the highest especially in summer when it reaches over 90%. Condensation might occur on the wall in these areas.2. Moisture content of the northwest area is the highest and that of the southeast is second highest.3. Significant deterioration of the second cornice is found on the northwest semi-dome where exfoliation of the repaired plaster is confirmed. The southeast semi-dome is also deteriorated but the southwest semi-dome is less deteriorated than elsewhere.4. One of the major causes for the high moisture content in the walls is possibly rainwater penetration. Especially, sealing the gap between the walls and roof seems to be effective in preventing moisture penetration at the exterior walls. Condensation on the walls is also considered as another cause

〔報告〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂外壁の劣化とその要因に関する調査

Hagia Sophia has many conservation problems, especially at the west part of the building. The inner wall has been suffering from salt flaking of mortar and crystallization, and the outer wall has also been weakened. Removal of plaster from the outer wall surfaceand rainwater penetration from the exposed wall are thought to be the causes of deterioration at the inner/outer wall. As a result of survey and analysis of the outer wall, it was found that shaving was caused by the following factors.1) Strong north-east sea wind has been shaving the joint mortar.2) Rainwater flow has been providing the wet condition and removing the joint mortar and restored mortar.3) Solar insolation is thought to be also affecting the wall surface. Analysis of the crystallized salts on the inner wall revealed that they were sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and sodium nitrate. At the northwest part of the building (northwest exedra), the major type of salt was sodium sulfate; magnesium sulfate was found at the edge of the windows. The corresponding outer wall of these parts are degraded and have holes at the junction with the wall and the roof. Sodium nitrate was found at the lower part of the inner wall

〔報文〕闘鶏山古墳の石槨内部発掘調査時の空調制御方法に関する研究

Tsugeyama Tumulus is an 88 m keyhole-shaped tumulus located in Takatsuki city in Osaka prefecture. Two stone chambers, which have not been looted, were discovered in the circular portion of the tumulus in 2002. The tumulus was designated as a national historic site in the same year and became subject of permanent preservation. However, in the photo image survey of the stone chamber in 2006, condensation and fungi growth were found. Human bones and funerary goods such as mirrors, on the reverse sides of which designs of gods and animals are carved, are threatened by the impact of condensation, fungi and other factors. Thus, a method for taking out the funerary goods by excavation has been investigated as a workable alternative to continuing preservation on site. During excavation, construction of a shelter and installation of an air conditioning system seemed to be essential because of the risk of progressive deterioration due to drying or occurrence of condensation on excavated artifacts. In this study, we aimed to clarify the proper method of controlling temperature and humidity around the stone chamber. We clarified the principle for controlling air conditioning and investigated the results of numerical analysis considering heat and moisture transfer in the stone chamber and its surrounding ground. One of the main results is that in order to keep temperature in the stone chamber constant and reduce temperature distribution during excavation, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature and humidity of the space adjacent to the stone chamber and not to insulate the walls of the space. In the future, we plan to propose a method to control temperature, humidity and air quality so that they will be good for the conservation of the funerary goods and the health of the workers when they enter the stone chamber

〔報告〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂をはじめとした歴史的建築物の内壁の劣化と材料に関する調査

Surveys have been conducted in Hagia Sophia since 2009 and a new phase of our survey was launched in 2013 as a component of a large project, “Documentation, Analysis and Conservation of the Historical Architecture in Turkey.” In Hagia Sophia,deterioration of the walls has accelerated owing to rainwater infiltration from the outside and evaporation on the inside surface.Additionally,crystallization is caused by water and salt movement in the porous materials, and it changes depending on the season. At the North and South Tympanum,the use of pigment containing lead was confirmed: in the yellow pigment at the North Tympanum, and in the white pigment at the South Tympanum. Survey has been started in Aya Irini since 2013 and it has been observed that crystallization at the second floor is also mainly caused by rainwater infiltration from the outside. A new survey has also started in Kariye in 2014 and it has been observed that crystallization at the bottom part of some mosaics is especially caused by exposure of the setting bed and the incoming of air from the door in exonarthex

〔報文〕ハギア・ソフィア大聖堂の屋内外環境と劣化状態（２）—熱画像、含水率分布調査およびレンガ造壁体の熱水分移動解析—

　In order to propose measures for the future preservation of the interior of Hagia Sophia, it is necessary to clarify the causes of deterioration. In the present study,thermal imaging and moisture content distribution measurement were conducted during fieldsurvey in September 2012. Moisture transfer in the wall was analyzed by using the indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity measured in September 2010. In addition, the appropriate time to cover the outside wall in order to prevent evaporation of accumulatedwater at the inside surface of the wall was examined by numerical simulation. The main results obtained are as follows.1)From the measurement of moisture content, it was found that the wall in all directions of the second cornice has moisture content of more than 20%. Especially the northwest side of the indoor wall surface of the second cornice has the highest average moisture content.2)The location of water flow on the wall can be identified from thermal image survey. At the location of the water flow, there is large peeling of the mortar joint.3) Numerical simulation shows that moisture content of the inner wall surface rises because of the penetration of rainwater at the outer wall surface.4)Numerical simulation shows that appropriate time to cover the outer wall is summer because the moisture content in the wall then is lower than in the other seasons