Responses of upper layer of northern South China Sea to two locally-generated tropical cyclones

应用Topex/Poseidon卫星高度计海面高度距平(SSHA)资料以及TMI的逐日海表温度数据,对两个局地生成的热带气旋(1999年台风LEO和2000年台风WUKONG)引起的南海北部海洋响应过程进行研究。结果表明,在热带气旋影响下,海面高度显著降低,SSHA平均减少30cm,流场上出现气旋型环流,海表温度显著降低,降低幅度为2℃左右,在其尾迹上出现冷涡;相对于降温过程,海表温度的恢复过程非常缓慢;热带气旋强度突变或移行较缓时易引起海洋的强烈响应,这种响应的空间和时间尺度都较大,持续时间至少1周,发生响应的海域范围也很广,甚至可以跨越3个纬度的距离。Responses of upper layer of the northern South China Sea to two locally-generated tropical cyclones have been studied by using the data derived from Topex/Poseidon altimeter and SST data from TRMM Microwave Imager(TMI).The two tropical cyclones are typhoon LEO from April 27th to May 2nd in 1999 and typhoon WUKONG from September 5th to September 10th in 2000.The following results are obtained.The sea surface height decreased and a geostrophic current appeared under the influence of the tropical cyclones.SST decreased apparently and there were cold eddies in the wakes of the tropical cyclones.Compared with the process of SST decreasing,it took longer time,about one week,for SST to recover.The sea surface height tended to show an intense response when there were abrupt changes in the intensity of the tropical cyclones or when they moved slowly.These responses appeared to have large spacial and temporal scales.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40576015,40576015);; 中国海洋大学物理海洋学教育部重点实验室开放课题(200304

锂氧电池双功能还原石墨烯-LaFeO复合纳米催化剂的制备及性能

制备具有氧还原（ORR）与氧释放（OER）双功能催化活性的特殊孔道结构电催化剂是锂氧电池研究的挑战之一。本文以氧化石墨烯、硝酸铁、硝酸镧、柠檬酸为原料,结合溶胶凝胶和水热合成方法,制备出还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）与铁酸镧（LaFeO）复合的双功能催化剂（RGO-LaFeO）。X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱和Raman光谱分析结果确认该复合催化剂由纯相钙钛矿结构LaFeO和还原氧化石墨烯组成,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察到LaFeO纳米颗粒均匀地负载在RGO片层表面。锂氧电池测试结果指出,相对于LaFeO纳米粒子（NP-LaFeO）,RGO-LaFeO催化剂具有更好的ORR和OER催化活性,归因于RGO特殊的三维导电多孔结构与LaFeO纳米粒子的协同催化作用。以RGO-LaFeO作为阴极催化剂的锂氧电池在限1000 m Ah?g比容量、100 m A?g电流密度条件下,可实现36周稳定的充放电循环,展示出良好的应用前景。国家自然科学基金(21621091)；国家重点研发计划(2016YFB0100202)资助项目~~

Reduced Graphene Oxide-LaFeO3 Composite Nanomaterials as Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

制备具有氧还原(ORR)与氧释放(OER)双功能催化活性的特殊孔道结构电催化剂是锂氧电池研究的挑战之一。本文以氧化石墨烯、硝酸铁、硝酸镧、柠檬酸; 为原料,结合溶胶凝胶和水热合成方法,制备出还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)与铁酸镧(LaFeO_3)复合的双功能催化剂(RGO-LaFeO_3)。X射线; 衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱和Raman光谱分析结果确认该复合催化剂由纯相钙钛矿结构LaFe03和还原氧化石墨烯组成,扫描电子; 显微镜(SEM)观察到LaFe03纳米颗粒均匀地负载在RGO片层表面。锂氧电池测试结果指出,相对于LaFe03纳米粒子(NP-LaFeO_3),; RGO-LaFeO_3催化剂具有更好的ORR和OER催化活性,归因于RGO特殊的三维导电多孔结构与LaFeO_3纳米粒子的协同催化作用。以RGO; -LaFeO_3作为阴极催化剂的锂氧电池在限1000 mAh·g~(-1)比容量、100; mA·g~(-1)电流密度条件下,可实现36周稳定的充放电循环,展示出良好的应用前景。Development of electrocatalysts is one of the challenges in the development of the lithium-oxygen battery, especially the synthesis of catalysts with special pore structures and excellent bifunctional catalytic performance for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this article, a reduced graphene oxide-LaFeO3 (RGO-LaFeO3) nanocomposite electrocatalyst was synthesized by combining sol-gel and hydrothermal methods and using graphene oxide, lanthanum nitrate, ferric nitrate, and citric acid as raw materials. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed that the RGO-LaFeO3 was composed of pure phase LaFeO3 with a perovskite structure and RGO and that the LaFeO3 nanoparticles were loaded uniformly on the RGO layer surface. In comparison with a LaFeO3 nanoparticle (NP-LaFeO3) catalyst, RGO-LaFeO3 exhibited superior activity for both the ORR and the OER when it served as the cathode of a lithium-oxygen battery. The higher catalytic activity of the RGO-LaFeO3 is attributed to the synergistic effect of the special three-dimensional electronic conductive structure of RGO and the intrinsic catalytic property of LaFeO3. It was shown that the lithium-oxygen battery with the RGO-LaFeO3 cathode can be cycled stably up to 36 reversible cycles under conditions of a limit discharge depth of 1000 mAh.g(-1) and a 100 mAg(-1) current density for charge-discharge. The study illustrates that the RGO-LaFeO3 bifunctional electrocatalyst is a promising candidate for the cathode in lithium-oxygen batteries.National Natural Science Foundation of China [21621091]; National Key; Research and Development Program of China [2016YFB0100202

Plenty is Plague: Fine-Grained Learning for Visual Question Answering

纪荣嵘教授团队的论文提出了一种基于强化学习的细粒度学习策略FG-A1C，旨在通过分析视觉问答任务中的样本多样性及标签的冗余性问题来针对性地挑选训练样本以提高模型的训练效率及减少标记支出。 该论文由厦门大学媒体分析与计算实验室的周奕毅博士后助理研究员、纪荣嵘教授（通信作者）、孙晓帅副教授、苏劲松副教授，以及西安交通大学孟德宇教授、清华大学高跃副教授和澳大利亚阿德莱德大学沈春华教授等合作完成。Visual Question Answering (VQA) has attracted extensive research focus recently. Along with the ever-increasing data scale and model complexity, the enormous training cost has become an emerging challenge for VQA. In this paper, we show such a massive training cost is indeed plague. In contrast, a fine-grained design of the learning paradigm can be extremely beneficial in terms of both training efficiency and model accuracy. In particular, we argue that there exist two essential and unexplored issues in the existing VQA training paradigm that randomly samples data in each epoch, namely, the "difficulty diversity" and the "label redundancy". Concretely, "difficulty diversity" refers to the varying difficulty levels of different question types, while "label redundancy" refers to the redundant and noisy labels contained in individual question type. To tackle these two issues, in this paper we propose a fine-grained VQA learning paradigm with an actor-critic based learning agent, termed FG-A1C. Instead of using all training data from scratch, FG-A1C includes a learning agent that adaptively and intelligently schedules the most difficult question types in each training epoch. Subsequently, two curriculum learning based schemes are further designed to identify the most useful data to be learned within each inidividual question type. We conduct extensive experiments on the VQA2.0 and VQA-CP v2 datasets, which demonstrate the significant benefits of our approach. For instance, on VQA-CP v2, with less than 75% of the training data, our learning paradigms can help the model achieves better performance than using the whole dataset. Meanwhile, we also shows the effectivenesss of our method in guiding data labeling. Finally, the proposed paradigm can be seamlessly integrated with any cutting-edge VQA models, without modifying their structures.This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program (No.2017YFC0113000, and No.2016YFB1001503), Nature Sci- ence Foundation of China (No.U1705262, No.61772443, and No.61572410), Post Doctoral Innovative Talent Support Pro-gram under Grant BX201600094, China Post-Doctoral Sci- ence Foundation under Grant 2017M612134, Scientific Re-search Project of National Language Committee of China (Grant No. YB135-49), and Nature Science Foundation of Fu-jian Province, China (No. 2017J01125 and No. 2018J01106). 本项研究得到了厦门大学“人工智能分析引擎”双一流重大专项的支持、国家重点研发专项和国家自然科学基金海峡基金等项目的支持

Differential regulation of stiffness, topography, and dimension of substrates in rat mesenchymal stem cells

The physiological microenvironment of the stem cell niche, including the three factors of stiffness, topography, and dimension, is crucial to stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Although a growing body of evidence is present to elucidate the importance of these factors individually, the interaction of the biophysical parameters of the factors remains insufficiently characterized, particularly for stem cells. To address this issue fully, we applied a micro-fabricated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate with two elasticities, two topographies, and three dimensions to systematically test proliferation, morphology and spreading, differentiation, and cytoskeletal re-organization of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) on twelve cases. An isolated but not combinatory impact of the factors was found regarding the specific functions. Substrate stiffness or dimension is predominant in regulating cell proliferation by fostering cell growth on stiff, unevenly dimensioned substrate. Topography is a key factor for manipulating cell morphology and spreading via the formation of a large spherical shape in a pillar substrate but not in a grooved substrate. Although stiffness leads to osteogenic or neuronal differentiation of rBMSCs on a stiff or soft substrate, respectively, topography or dimension also plays a lesser role in directing cell differentiation. Neither an isolated effect nor a combinatory effect was found for actin or tubulin expression, whereas a seemingly combinatory effect of topography and dimension was found in manipulating vimentin expression. These results further the understandings of stem cell proliferation, morphology, and differentiation in a physiologically mimicking microenvironment

Asymmetric Migration of Human Keratinocytes under Mechanical Stretch and Cocultured Fibroblasts in a Wound Repair Model

Keratinocyte migration during re-epithelization is crucial in wound healing under biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms whereby mechanical tension and cocultured fibroblasts or keratinocytes modulate the migration of keratinocytes or fibroblasts. Here we applied a tensile device together with a modified transwell assay to determine the lateral and transmembrane migration dynamics of human HaCaT keratinocytes or HF fibroblasts. A novel pattern of asymmetric migration was observed for keratinocytes when they were cocultured with non-contact fibroblasts, i.e., the accumulative distance of HaCaT cells was significantly higher when moving away from HF cells or migrating from down to up cross the membrane than that when moving close to HF cells or when migrating from up to down, whereas HF migration was symmetric. This asymmetric migration was mainly regulated by EGF derived from fibroblasts, but not transforming growth factor alpha or beta_1 production. Mechanical stretch subjected to fibroblasts fostered keratinocyte asymmetric migration by increasing EGF secretion, while no role of mechanical stretch was found for EGF secretion by keratinocytes. These results provided a new insight into understanding the regulating mechanisms of two or three-dimensional migration of keratinocytes or fibroblasts along or across dermis and epidermis under biomechanical microenvironment

走进孩子丰富的内心世界

孩子是父母心中的最爱。孩子的健康成长牵动着父母的心。父母们总是希望自己的孩子能够得到完善的教育,成长为人格健全的人。 俗话常说,三岁看大,七岁看老。人生发展心理学的研究表明,在出生之后的最初几年中,孩子获得的人生经历对于他们一生的成长常常起着关键性的作用,幼年时期形成的行为模式在孩子长大以后很少发生重大变化

“四大板块”战略实施效果评估与“十三五”规划建议

“四大板块”战略是构成中国“十一五”、“十二五”规划的区域发展总体战略。“十二五”期间国家围绕“四大板块”战略密集出台了一系列区域规划和指导意见,批复了各种类型的新城新区建设和实施方案,综合评价表明:(1)“四大板块”的经济比重震荡变化,但基本格局没有改变。(2)区域发展相对差距有所缩小,但绝对差距依然较大。(3)城镇化率快速提高,但土地城镇化快于人口城镇化。(4)资源利用效率提高,但废水的排放量和排放强度仍在增加。(5)区域合作和对外开放取得较大进展。据此,文章从经济增长的动力、体制性和结构性因素、制度约束和民众环保意识增强等方面对区域发展总体战略实施效果的成因进行了深入解析。围绕“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念,对“十三五”时期中国区域发展总体战略提出了对策与建议

三种湍流模型在强逆压分离流动模拟中的对比研究

湍流模型建模思想和简化处理的不同,导致各类模型对复杂流动现象的数值模拟能力存在差异。为考察不同湍流模型对激波诱导分离、横流分离等强逆压分离流动的模拟能力,采用自主研发的非结构混合网格三维Navier-Stokes方程求解程序(HUNS3D)进行了数值模拟研究。通过对零压梯度平板边界层、凸包分离流动的数值模拟,验证了HUNS3D程序中线性涡粘的Spalart-Allmaras(SA)模型、Menter-SST模型和二阶统计矩的微分雷诺应力模型(RSM)的正确性。经过基本的数值验证后,采用三种湍流模型数值模拟了M6机翼的跨音速绕流和6:1椭球体的20°迎角绕流,并对比研究了三种湍流模型在激波强逆压和横流强逆压分离流动中的模拟能力。结果表明,在M6机翼的5.06°迎角绕流和6:1椭球体的20°迎角绕流模拟当中,三种湍流模型的模拟结果存在明显差异。RSM模型对流动分离特征的刻画优于SA模型和Menter-SST模型,所获得的分离区大小和分离区内压力系数、摩擦力系数、速度型等分布与实验结果更加接近