Preparation and in vitro evaluation of chitosan microspheres containing matrine

目的:以壳聚糖为囊材制备苦参碱结肠靶向给药微球及评价其体外释药情况。方法:用乳化化学交联法制备微球,以微球的粒径分布百分数、载药量及包封率为优化指标对影响微球制备的主要因素用正交试验设计优化制备条件;并对最佳制备工艺制得的微球进行3种不同递质(人工胃液、人工肠液及大鼠结肠液)中的体外释放度评价。结果:制得的苦参碱壳聚糖微球在电镜下,球形表面圆整,粒径分布适宜,微球平均粒径为(68.3±2.7)μm,平均载药量为(16.0±0.5)%,平均包封率为(66.3±4.2)%。苦参碱壳聚糖微球在人工胃液中2h不释药;在人工肠液中4h内释放不到1%,96h释药不到10%;在含大鼠结肠内容物的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中4h释放10%左右,36h释药近50%,此后释药趋于缓慢,96h释药近80%。结论:苦参碱壳聚糖微球几乎不在上消化道释药,而是在结肠靶向释药。OBJECTIVE To preparate the chitosan microspheres containing matrine for the colon-specific drug delivery and evaluate its release in vitro.METHODS The chitosan microspheres containing matrine were prepared by emulsion-chemical crosslink technique.The better preparation procedure with respect to particles size distribution,embedding rate and drug loading were optimized by the orthogonal experimental design.In-vitro drug release were carried out in the artificial gastric,artificial intestinal and the phosphate buffered saline(pH(6.8)) containing rat colon contents.RESULTS The chitosan microspheres containing matrine was shown to have good spherical geometry,a smooth surface and suitable size distribution under scanning electron micrographs.Average diameter of microspheres was((68.3)±(2.7))μm,drug loading was((16.0)±(0.5))%,embedding rate ((66.3)±(4.2))%.Little release and a little release of matrine from the microspheres were observed in the artificial gastric juice and in the artificial intestinal juice,respectively.However,the release of matrine was markedly increased in the phosphate buffered saline(pH(6.8)) containing rat colon contents,which was near to 10%,50% and 80% at 4 h,36 h and 96 h,respectively.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the chitosan microspheres containing matrine may be useful a dosage form for colon-specific drug delivery.甘肃省自然科学基金(编号ZS0001-A23-073-Y

Biodiversity of the ectomycorrhiza on the rare and endangered tree species Tuga chinensis tchekiangensis(Flous) Cheng in Wuyishan Nature Reserve

对武夷山国家级自然保护区残遗与濒危树种南方铁杉植物群落历经了6年的调查,共采集了123种外生菌根,经显微与超显微技术鉴定了84种,这一结果是迄今为止已发表的,在同一树种中菌根类型最多的记录.它不仅证明了武夷山地区的菌物区系由于处于东西相连,南北贯通的位置上,而且从区系成分上据有温热两带俱全的特点,因而形成生物多样性,并从共生菌的角度再度揭示了物种协同进化的规律.Systematic investigation was made on ectomycorrhizae in the woods of a variety of Tsuga chinensis,tchekiangensis(Flous) Cheng,in Wuyishan Nature Reserve in the past six years.During that period,120 ectomycorrhiza samples were collected and 84 types identified by analysing their macro-micro-and ultrastructure.This is the first time that so many types of mycorrhiza in the forests of the species are reported on.This result has proved Wuyishan's geographical position at the cross where a fungi growing area links the east and west,south and north.Thus the region owns the characteristics of both the temperate and the subtropical zone and it is thus such peculiarity whereby its biodiversity is created.Moreover,considering the results of this investigation in the regard of symbiosis between plants and fungi,their co-evolution is ascertained once more.国家自然科学基金资助项目(39770004);; 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(C97003,D0410002

A nanoparticulate polyacetylene-supported Pd(Ⅱ) catalyst combining the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

负载型的金属催化剂虽然分离方便,但在反应活性、选择性以及催化剂的结构表征方面均明显不如相应的均相催化剂.将均相催化剂通过不同的化学键固载于高比表面积载体是实现均相催化剂多相化的重要途径,这样可使催化剂兼具均相和多相催化剂的优势.然而要将均相催化剂锚定于特定载体上,通常涉及较为复杂的合成反应,对载体也有严格的要求.因而该法仅仅适用于实验室研究,难以实现规模生产.因此,提供一种简便有效地制备兼具均相和多相催化剂优势的催化剂合成方法非常必要.本文报道一种简便的制备聚乙炔纳米颗粒负载Pd(Ⅱ)催化剂(nP-Pd(Ⅱ))的方法,所制催化剂在水相中的SuzukI-MIyAurA偶联反应中表现出极高的活性,同时具有便于分离、容易放大制备的特点.在室温下,将乙炔气通入PdC l2-4的水溶液中迅速变得浑浊,静置后容器底部有棕色沉淀,同时溶液变为无色透明.固体产物使用水、乙醇等溶剂进行洗涤;干燥之后收集既得聚乙炔纳米颗粒负载的Pd(Ⅱ)催化剂nP-Pd(Ⅱ).使用透射电子显微镜、红外(Ir)及拉曼吸收光谱、X射线衍射(Xrd)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及X射线吸收光谱(EXAfS)等手段对nP-Pd(Ⅱ)进行了详细表征.结果显示,在nP-Pd(Ⅱ)中Pd并非以Pd纳米颗粒形式存在;Xrd中没有未Pd纳米晶的特征衍射峰.Ir等表征证明乙炔在Pd的催化作用下发生聚合作用,生成了聚乙炔.EXAfS结果表明,Pd分别和氯原子以及C=C双键进行配位;同时,没有观察到Pd–Pd键的生成,进一步证明了Pd未被还原为Pd纳米颗粒.XPS也印证了Pd(Ⅱ)的价态.形貌上,nP-Pd(Ⅱ)为直径2–3nM的颗粒,其中的Pd原子均匀分散于聚乙炔纳米颗粒上,使其在反应过程中能够充分地与底物接触,从而在SuzukI-MIyAurA偶联反应中表现出极高的活性.更重要的是,由于“憎水效应“,nP-Pd(Ⅱ)在溶液中以微米级的聚集体形式存在,因而反应后通过离心或者静置从反应体系中分离出来.因此,在nP-Pd(Ⅱ)催化剂中,每个Pd原子都是潜在的活性中心,这与典型的均相催化剂相似;同时,其独特的形貌使其具备了多相催化剂便于分离的特点.因此,nP-Pd(Ⅱ)是一种兼具均相和多相催化剂优点的催化剂且其催化剂的制备方法极为简便.乙炔是常用的工业气体,溶剂采用水,制备在室温下即可完成,我们也成功地制备出克级规模的高活性、稳定性的nP-Pd(Ⅱ)催化剂.A novel nanoparticulate polyacetylene-supported Pd(Ⅱ) catalyst(NP-Pd(Ⅱ)) for use in the aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction was successfully synthesized by simply treating an aqueous solution of PdC l42- with acetylene under ambient conditions.Electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were employed to characterize the NP-Pd(Ⅱ) structure in detail.These analyses demonstrated that the Pd atoms in the NP-Pd(Ⅱ) were present as Pd(Ⅱ) and were coordinated with both the Cl atoms and the C=C bonds of the polyacetylene.Both the homogeneous distribution of the Pd(Ⅱ) along the polyacetylene backbone and the aggregation of the NP-Pd(Ⅱ) in solution work in conjunction to make this material an ideal catalyst, combining the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.supportedbyMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofChina(2011CB932403;2015CB932303); theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(221420102001;21131005;21390390;21333008)~

白油佐剂粒径均一性与炎症和免疫学效应的相关性

采用高速搅拌和快速膜乳化法制备鸡新流二联白油佐剂疫苗,考察了疫苗粒径均一性与疫苗引起的炎症反应和免疫学效应的关系. 结果表明,2种疫苗粒径约为1.0 mm,快速膜乳化疫苗(ME vaccine)的多分散系数(PDI)为0.036,高速搅拌疫苗(HS vaccine)的PDI值为0.279,前者粒径分布更均一. 两种疫苗的HI抗体和IgG抗体水平无显著差异. HS vaccine注射部位炎症因子IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α表达量最高分别为45, 7, 25和80 pg/mL,显著高于ME vaccine(均低于5 pg/mL). 均一白油佐剂疫苗在诱导有效免疫应答的同时,引起的炎症反应更轻

聚乳酸纳米颗粒的制备与表征

采用改良沉淀法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)纳米颗粒,采用响应面分析法建立数学模型对工艺条件进行优化. 结果表明,影响PLA颗粒制备的主要因素有PLA质量、油相中乙醇含量和油相体积,以平均粒径最小为目标,得到最优工艺条件为:聚乳酸质量76.82 mg,油相中乙醇含量40%(φ),油相体积19.49 mL. 按最优工艺条件所制PLA颗粒的粒径为109.1 nm,多分散系数PDI值为0.084,与预测值偏差较小. PLA纳米颗粒为球形实心颗粒,分散性良好且粒径均一. PLA纳米颗粒能被巨噬细胞摄取,有望作为免疫佐剂

聚乳酸纳米颗粒的制备与表征

采用改良沉淀法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)纳米颗粒,采用响应面分析法建立数学模型对工艺条件进行优化. 结果表明,影响PLA颗粒制备的主要因素有PLA质量、油相中乙醇含量和油相体积,以平均粒径最小为目标,得到最优工艺条件为:聚乳酸质量76.82 mg,油相中乙醇含量40%(φ),油相体积19.49 mL. 按最优工艺条件所制PLA颗粒的粒径为109.1 nm,多分散系数PDI值为0.084,与预测值偏差较小. PLA纳米颗粒为球形实心颗粒,分散性良好且粒径均一. PLA纳米颗粒能被巨噬细胞摄取,有望作为免疫佐剂

团体决策支持系统和团体讨论对团体决策的影响

通过模拟实验的方法,探讨了团体决策支持系统(GDSS)和团体讨论对团体决策的影响。以大学生为被试,运用小组决策任务,对小组决策过程进行了研究。实验记录了在有无GDSS的支持和有无团体讨论两个变量所决定的4种实验条件下,小组决策取得结果的正确性和组内的一致性。用ANOVA方法分析了4种条件下的实验结果,发现GDSS能提高团体决策的正确性,而团体讨论将有助于成员做出一个正确的、一致的决策

THE EFFECTS OF GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (GDSS)AND GROUP DISCUSSION ON GROUP DECISION MAKING

通过模拟实验的方法,探讨了团体决策支持系统(GDSS)和团体讨论对团体决策的影响。以大学生为被试,运用小组决策任务,对小组决策过程进行了研究。实验记录了在有无GDSS的支持和有无团体讨论两个变量所决定的4种实验条件下,小组决策取得结果的正确性和组内的一致性。用ANOVA方法分析了4种条件下的实验结果,发现GDSS能提高团体决策的正确性,而团体讨论将有助于成员做出一个正确的、一致的决策。</p

1950-2007年黄河入海水沙通量变化趋势及突变特征

基于1950-2007年黄河利津站水沙数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验以及Mann-Whitney-Pettitt(MWP)与贝氏变点分析方法来分析黄河入海水沙通量变化规律,结果表明:黄河全年入海径流通量与泥沙通量分别以-8.1139亿m~3/a和-0.2285亿t/a速率显著减少,汛期变化幅度大于非汛期,尤以泥沙通量为甚;全年以及汛期和非汛期入海径流通量与泥沙通量时序均存在显著转折,且各自变点出现时间不完全一致,全年入海径流通量与泥沙通量时序转折分别发生于1968年、1985年、2002年和1968年、1985年、1996年;入海水沙通量变化趋势与时序变点与流域自然因素变化与人类活动影响密切相关,部分变点出现时间与人类活动介入相吻合