生长激素加早期肠内营养对胃肠道术后病人营养及T细胞亚群的影响

目的　探讨胃肠道术后病人生长激素加早期肠内营养对胃肠道术后病人营养及免疫力的影响。方法　将 12 6例胃肠术后病人分成 2组 ,A组早期肠内营养支持加生长激素治疗 ,B组传统的胃肠外营养。A组术后第 3d开始用生长激素 (GH) ,连用1周 ,每天 5IU。术后 8d测定病人的多项营养指标及T细胞亚群。结果　术后 8dA组病人转铁蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白明显高于B组 (t >2 3 6,P 2 2 6,P <0 0 5 )有显著差异。结论　胃肠术后病人早期肠内营养支持能迅速改善病人营养状态 ,减少并发症 ,适量应用生长激素能促进蛋白合成 ,增强免疫功

Significado político-constitucional do direito penal

Através do Direito Penal o Estado ganha o poder de retirar da pessoa humana os direitos constitucionalmente assegurados, quais sejam: vida, liberdade e patrimônio, configurados como cláusulas pétreas da Constituição. O que se atinge no Direito Penal são os bens assegurados pela Carta Política, cuja aplicação e interpretação devem ser feitas em consonância com os Princípios Constitucionais. A discussão aqui empreendida quer demonstrar que, além do caráter técnico-dogmático, o Direito Penal tem um caráter político e este é o condicionante do objeto e do método do Direito Penal, fazendo com que os mesmos apresentem uma relação substancial com os princípios constitucionais

静脉留置针对血管物理刺激与静脉炎关系的实验研究

目的 :探讨留置针对血管物理刺激与静脉炎的关系。方法 :采用自身对照法 ,分别在家犬颈外静脉、右前臂头静脉、左前臂头静脉留置 2 0G、2 2G、2 4G套管针 ,并模拟输液 ,3d后取局部血管送病理检查 ,光镜下观察血管及周围组织变化。结果 :同型号静脉留置针中 ,颈外静脉发生炎性反应程度较轻 (u =9.5 4,P <0 .0 0 1) ,不同型号留置针在同血管中 ,2 4G引起的炎性反应程度较轻 (u =2 .39,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :留置针直径与血管直径比例同静脉炎发生率有关。临床护士使用静脉留置针时 ,在不影响病人治疗情况下 ,尽量选择最小型号留置针 ,以减少留置针对血管的物理刺激 ,降低静脉炎的发生几

静脉留置针封管方式与静脉炎关系的实验研究

目的　探讨封管方式对留置针所致静脉炎发生几率的影响。方法　采用自身对照法 ,分为常规组和改良组 ,比较经留置针对家犬输入刺激性药物后 2种封管方式与静脉炎性病理改变的关系。结果　改良封管法致静脉炎性反应率大大低于常规封管法 ,2组差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。结论　输入高渗液或刺激性药物后先静滴生理盐水 2 0ml,再用肝素盐水封管 ,可显著降低静脉炎的发生几率 ,延长套管针留置时

High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Arsenic Content and Speciation in Enteromorpha

使用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPlC-ICP-MS)联用技术对浒苔中的砷总量及其存在的化学形态进行分析。总量分析结果表明,青岛海域的浒苔样品中砷总量介于3.0~9.7μg/g之间。在总量测定的基础上,对浒苔样品的水煮提取液进行形态分析。结果表明,浒苔中主要含有无机五价砷和一种疑为砷糖的物质以及少量的二甲基胂酸(dMA)和无机三价砷。鉴于这些砷形态的毒性或潜在毒性,将其应用于食品及药物方面尚需谨慎。This study analyzed arsenic content and speciation in Enteromorpha sampled from various coastal zones of Qindao using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(HPLC-ICP-MS).The results showed that the total arsenic content in Enteromorpha was ranged from 3.0 to 9.7 μg/g.The speciation analysis of hot water extract of Enteromorpha indicated that the major arsenic forms in Enteromorpha were inorganic quinquevalence arsenate and a substance suspected as arsenic sugar.Besides,there were small amounts of inorganic trivalence arsenite and dimethylarsenate(DMA) in the extract.Due to the toxicity or potential toxicity of these arsenic forms,it should be paid great caution in the application of Enteromorpha as a material for food and medicine.国家自然科学基金项目(20675021);海洋一所基本科研专项(GY-022008T32

唐代的货币和货币政策与封建国家财政

本文主要讨论唐代商品货币经济的发展对封建国家财政的影响、财政活动运用货币手段对经济的反作用，以及在这个过程中国家货币政策与财政政策的相互影响和作用。 唐代，在中国封建社会经济史上，是一个承前启后。重要转折的历史阶段布具有明星的转折过渡特点．社会经济的较大进展，不仅为封建．经济发展的新高潮创造了必要的历史条件，也为封建经济制度的重大变化，促使中国封建社会向新的历史阶段转化。奠定了物质基础。以均田制的衰落和最终崩溃为标志。地主经济的发展取得了新的飞跃。生产关系的变化。决定了分配关系的相应变化。财政作为以国家为主体的分配行为，其实质则是一种分配关系，是社会分配关系中的一个特殊组成部分。它必然随着土...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济学院财政金融系_财政学(含税收学)学号：YL000054

Study on the Role of Paxillin Phosphorylated by JNK and p38 MAPK in T Cell Activation

Paxillin 是大小為68-kD的細胞骨架轉接蛋白，可連結至focal adhesion複合體。它具有許多可和其他蛋白交互作用的區塊，並藉此整合外來訊息並加以傳遞。近年來有許多研究指出，paxillin 蛋白上絲胺酸及酪胺酸的磷酸化情形對其功能相當重要，但paxillin的磷酸化在T細胞的活化上所扮演的角色目前並不清楚。在本研究中，我們建立表現 paxillin 上FAK、JNK及p38 MAPK磷酸化位置突變蛋白的 DO11.10 細胞株，探討paxillin對 T細胞活化的影響。我們的實驗中發現，雖然paxillin 在上皮細胞及神經元細胞的延展及遷徙扮演關鍵角色，在 DO11.10 細胞中表現 paxillin 的突變株並不影響細胞的integrin黏附到其基質的能力，且只有表現FAK 磷酸化位置 paxillin 突變株細胞之遷徙能力受到些微的抑制。雖然JNK 和 p38 MAPK 磷酸化 paxillin 並不影響T細胞的移動，在表現 JNK/p38MAPK 雙磷酸化位置paxillin 突變株的 DO11.10 細胞中，發現TCR 活化後 IL-2 的產量明顯減少，而這個現象可歸因於轉錄因子NFAT的進核受到抑制。了更深入探討paxillin 對於正常T細胞的活化有何影響，我們也建立表現 paxillin磷酸化位置突變蛋白的基因轉殖小鼠。和同胎對照小鼠相比，基因轉殖小鼠的T細胞的發育並無明顯差異，細胞的黏附和遷徙也不受影響，但活化後細胞增生的速度及產生IL-2的能力都受到抑制。在基因轉殖小鼠中同樣可觀察到NFAT 進入細胞核的量明顯減少，除了影響IL-2 的分泌，IFN-gamma 及 IL-4 的產生也受到影響。合以上實驗結果，同時在paxillin的p38MAPK及JNK 磷酸化位置進行突變，可明顯抑制T細胞的活化。而被p38 MAPK 及 JNK所活化的paxillin 是如何調控NFAT 的進核以及T細胞的活化，則有待進一步的實驗探討。Paxillin is a 68-kD cytoskeletal adaptor protein associated with focal adhesion complex. It is a multidomain adaptor that facilitates signal integration and transduction. Recent studies revealed critical roles for tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of paxillin by FAK, JNK and p38 MAPK, but the consequence of paxillin phosphorylation in T cells remains unknown. In this study, we addressed this issue by overexpressing paxillin mutants with respective phosphorylation sites of FAK, JNK, and p38 MAPK in T cells, and examined the role of paxillin phosphorylation in T cell activation, adhesion, and migration.ontradictory to the reported effect on epithelial cells and neurite, all the paxillin mutants examined did not interfere with integrin-mediated T-cell adhesion. Overexpression of paxillin with mutations at phosphorylation sites of FAK (Y31F/Y118F) in T cells reduced SDF-1alpha--stimulated migration, but did not affect T cell activation, and other parameters of T cell activation remain normal. In contrast, overexpression of paxillin with double mutations at phosphorylation sites of p38 MAPK and JNK (S85A/S178A) in T cells did not alter cell adhesion and migration, but effectively suppressed IL-2 production, the signature of T cell activation. Inhibition by [S85A/S178A]-paxillin could be partly attributed to a selective suppression of NFAT activation.o study the role of paxillin in T cell activation in normal T cells, we further generated [S85A/S178A]-paxillin transgenic mice. Although no significant effect of [S85A/S178A]-paxillin on T cell development was observed, both T cell proliferation and IL-2 production were suppressed in transgenic mice compared to NLC mice. In addition, NFAT translocation was partially interfered by [S85A/S178A]-paxillin transgene. n summary, phosphorylations of paxillin by different kinases play different roles in T cells and non-T cells. How [S85A/S178A]-paxillin modulates T cell activation and NFAT activation will be further investigated.摘要................................................................................................................................ii 錄...............................................................................................................................vi 一章 緒論...............................................................................................................1 .1 Paxillin..................................................................................................................1 .2 Paxillin Superfamily..............................................................................................2 .3 Paxillin的結構......................................................................................................3 .4 Paxillin的磷酸化..................................................................................................4 .5 Paxillin與 integrin................................................................................................5 .6 T細胞的活化........................................................................................................6 .7 Paxillin對於T細胞活化的初步研究結果.............................................................7 .8 研究方向與目的.....................................................................................................7二章 材料與方法..................................................................................................8.1 細胞株與細胞培養...............................................................................................8.1.1 細胞株................................................................................................................8.1.2 小鼠胸腺、脾臟細胞..........................................................................................8..1.3 細胞培養...........................................................................................................8.2 藥品與試劑...........................................................................................................8.3 抗體.......................................................................................................................9.4 質體構築...............................................................................................................9.5質體DNA 的轉染(transfection) ...........................................................................10.5.1 Calcium phosphate 轉染法……………………………………………………10.5.2反轉錄病毒感染法 (retroviral infection) ..........................................................10.6西方點墨法 (Western blot) ...................................................................................11.7 IL-2 產量分析.......................................................................................................11.8 Wound-healing assay..............................................................................................12.9 Conjugation assay...................................................................................................12.9.1 細胞染色............................................................................................................12.9.2 細胞結合............................................................................................................13.10 全細胞萃取液 (total cell lysate) 的製備..........................................................13.11 核萃取液 (nuclear extract) 的製備...................................................................13.12 Adhesion assay.....................................................................................................14.13 Chemotaxis assay.................................................................................................14.14 建立CD2-paxillin S178A/S85A 基因轉殖鼠.....................................................15.14.1Genomic DNA 測試..........................................................................................15.14.1.1純化小鼠之Genomic DNA............................................................................15.14.1.2 篩選待有轉殖基因之小鼠...........................................................................15.14.2.1 RNA的純化...................................................................................................16.14.2.2反轉錄與聚合酶連鎖反應( RT- PCR) .........................................................16.15 CD2-paxillin S178A/S85A 基因轉殖鼠之分析................................................17.15.2.1 T 細胞增殖分析...........................................................................................17.15.2.2 IL-2產量分析...............................................................................................18.15.2.3細胞表面染色分析........................................................................................18三章 研究結果......................................................................................................19 .1 表現 paxillin 磷酸化位置突變株對T細胞活化時產生IL-2能力之影響…...19.2 Paxillin的JNK/p38MAPK磷酸化位置突變會影響轉錄因子NFAT的進核..20.3 表現 paxillin 磷酸化位置突變株不影響細胞的黏附(adhesion)……………..21.4 表現paxillin FAK磷酸化位置突變株會抑制細胞的遷移…………………….22.5 表現Paxillin磷酸化位置突變株不影響 T細胞與 B細胞的結合…………..22.6 Paxillin 磷酸化位置突變株會影響NIH-3T3移動的能力……………………..23.7 建立paxillin 的JNK/p38MAPK雙磷酸化位置突變的基因轉殖小鼠………24.8 Paxillin 的JNK和p38MAPK雙磷酸化位置突變的基因轉殖小鼠T細胞數量與發育之分析………………………………………………………………………..24.9 表現 paxillin S178A/S85A雙磷酸化位置突變蛋白的基因轉殖小鼠的胸腺細胞和脾臟細胞經活化後，細胞增生及 IL-2的分泌量減少………………………..25.10 表現 paxillin S178A/S85A雙磷酸化位置突變蛋白的基因轉殖小鼠之T細胞經活化後黏附及遷移的能力皆不受影響…………………………………………..26.11 表現 paxillin S178A/S85A雙磷酸化位置突變蛋白的基因轉殖小鼠之T細胞經活化後，細胞核內NFAT轉錄因子的量減少……………………………………26.12 表現 paxillin S178A/S85A雙磷酸化位置突變蛋白的基因轉殖小鼠之T細胞經活化後，產生之IFN-及IL-4的量減少…………………………………………..27四章 結果討論......................................................................................................29圖表.............................................................................................................................32 考文獻......................................................................................................................6