Studies on patent pledge

内容摘要 随着市场经济的发展，专利技术已经成为企业致胜的关键因素；专利质权制度作为技术与资本之“桥梁”，却未能助企业越融资难之“鸿沟”。欲实现创新型国家之目标，急迫需要深入开展专利质权之研究。 笔者从专利权价值角度，就专利权具有的时间性、权利内容的多元性与多重性特征，论述了专利质权制度不宜采用物权担保的质权制度。后以哲学价值分析方法，论述了确立效率价值必要性，继而用经济风险分析方法，列举了专利质权的主要风险类型，从而为制度完善设定了目标。为解决专利融资困难，笔者从功能角度，比较分析了国内外专利融资情况，并在此基础上，就流质解禁的原则、立法体例选择与质权机制的完善展开了深入的研究，最后，...ABSTRACT With the development of the market economy, patent technology has become a key factor to win victory in business competition. As a ' bridge ' of the technology and capital, patent pledge system failed to help enterprises overcome the difficulty of financing. To achieve the goal of creating an innovative country, it is urgent to carry out an intensive research on the patent pledge. ...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_法律硕士(JM)学号：X200512015

Analysis of Laos Foreign Open Environment

2004年11月15日,老挝国家主席发布主席令正式颁布鼓励外国投资法、开始实施对外开放以来,老挝先后通过《投资法》、《劳动法》、《土地法》及《管理货币和货币流通法》,采用对外开放方式吸引外资或者发展对外经济。自此,老挝对外开放和经济发展翻开了新页。对外开放政策的实施是老挝政治、经济、社会变化的结果,也与老挝人民革命党审时度势的政治态度、与时俱进的政治理念和政治决策密切相关。President of Lao PDR is sued Presidential Decree that formally promulgated to encourage foreign investment law on November 15,2004.After opening-up began,the"Investment Law","Labor Law","Land Law",and "Manage Currency and Monetary Circulation Law"have been approved,thus,the open-oriented mode has been adopted in order to attract foreign investment and develop foreign economy。 Since then,Laos has opened a new page of opening-up policy and economic development.The Implementation of opening-up policy in Laos is the result of political and economic transformation in Laos,and also relevant to political attitudes,political philosophy,and political decision-making of Communist Party of Laos.厦门大学繁荣哲学社会科学项目的成

催化剂积炭失活宏观反应动力学的研究

针对催化剂使用中积炭失活的一般性特点 ,借鉴库存集成电路长期稳定性预测研究结果 ,对现有的催化剂失活反应动力学方程进行了修正 ,并以渣油加氢脱硫反应为例加以验证 .修正后的失活反应动力学微分方程为 -da/dt=kdad·tm,其积分式为a =1+(d - 1)kdm +1tm + 1-1d -1.当m =0时 ,便成为常规的失活反应动力学方程 ;当m≠ 0时 ,可将反应时间t视为一种虚拟反应组分

キュウジカ ニ オケル ゼニガタアザラシ イナイ マダコカ トウソクルイ ノ ガクバンザンリュウヒョウカ

高次捕食者であるアザラシ類は沿岸生態系において生態学的に重要な位置を占めていると考えられるが，その影響評価に必要な食性については，採餌行動を直接観察できないことから間接的な手法の他，胃内容分析による調査が行われている。このうち，胃内容分析は死亡する直前の1日間程度の採餌生物と採餌量を直接特定することができるものの，胃内の消化状況によって種の同定や採餌量の推定が過小評価になる恐れが指摘されている。本研究では，個体数管理上の殺処分が予定されているゼニガタアザラシ1個体に対して8日間連続で1日1個体のマダコ科頭足類を給餌した後に安楽死させ，胃中に残った顎板を解析することにより消化の影響を検討した。その結果，顎板は上顎，下顎ともに胃内に7日間程度保持された後，腸内へ消化されると推定された。顎板は消化により摩耗が進行するが，捕食されたマダコ科頭足類の重量を推定するのに必要な額板重量の再現には，下顎のLower-Hood Length（LHL）を使用することが最も精度が高いことが示唆された。Seals are considered ecologically important because they are the top predator in coastal ecosystems. However, the dietary habits necessary for assessing their impact have been investigated using indirect methods because foraging behavior cannot be directly observed. Of these, stomach content analysis can directly identify the foraging organisms and the amount of food consumed during the day or so immediately prior to death. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that the digestion in the stomach may lead to underestimation of species identification and foraging volume estimation. In this study, we euthanized a harbor seal, which was scheduled to be killed for population control purposes, after feeding it one octopus per day for eight consecutive days and examined the effect of digestion by analyzing the remaining lower beaks in the stomach. As a result, it was estimated that both the upper and lower jaw plates were retained in the stomach for about 7 days, and then migrated to the intestine. The Lower-Hood Length (LHL) of the lower beak was suggested to be the most accurate method for reproducing the weight of the forehead plate, which is necessary for estimating the weight of a predated octopus

Comparison of the activities of digestive enzymes in the intestinal brush border membrane between the mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis

采用酶学分析的方法,研究了大弹涂鱼和中华乌塘鳢肠刷状缘膜的麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、海藻糖酶、纤维二糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等8种消化酶的活性。结果表明:1)大弹涂鱼肠Ⅱ刷状缘膜的麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、海藻糖酶和纤维二糖酶等5种二糖酶的比活力均显著高于肠Ⅰ和肠Ⅲ(P<0·05);中华乌塘鳢肠Ⅰ刷状缘膜除乳糖酶外,其余4种二糖酶的比活力均显著高于肠Ⅱ和肠Ⅲ(P<0·05);大弹涂鱼肠Ⅲ碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等3种消化酶的比活力均显著高于肠Ⅰ和肠Ⅱ(P<0·05);中华乌塘鳢肠Ⅱ的这3种消化酶的比活力均显著高于肠Ⅰ和肠Ⅲ(P<0·05);2)大弹涂鱼各段肠刷状缘膜的5种二糖酶的比活力均显著高于中华乌塘鳢(P<0·05),前者肠刷状缘膜碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等3种消化酶的比活力整体上也稍微高于后者。由此说明:8种消化酶的活性在大弹涂鱼和中华乌塘鳢肠刷状缘膜中的分布模式明显不同,大弹涂鱼和中华乌塘鳢对二糖的消化和吸收的主要部位分别是在肠Ⅱ和肠Ⅰ,而二者对蛋白质、脂类和无机盐等营养吸收的主要部位分别是在肠Ⅲ和肠Ⅱ;大弹涂鱼和中华乌塘鳢肠刷状缘膜的5种二糖酶的活性与两者的食性关系密切,而碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等3种消化酶的活性与两者的食性并无密切的相关性。The activities of eight digestive enzymes, maltase, sucrase, lactase, trehalase, cellobiase, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), aminopeptidase(AP)and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT)of the intestinal brush border membrane(BBM)of the adult mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis were investigated by means of enzyme analyses. The results showed that the specific activities of five disaccharidases(maltase, sucrase, lactase, trehalase and cellobiase)of the intestinal BBM of the intestine Ⅱwere significantly higher than(P<0.05)those of both the intestineⅠand intestine Ⅲ in the mudskipper, while the specific activities of these five disaccharidases except lactase of the intestinal BBM of the intestineⅠ were significantly higher than(P<0.05)those of both the intestine Ⅱ and intestine in the Chinese black sleeper. The specific activities of three digestive enzymes(ALP, AP and γ-GT)of the intestinal BBM of the intestine Ⅲ were significantly higher than(P<0.05)those of both the intestineⅠ and intestineⅡ in the mudskipper, while the specific activities of these three digestive enzymes of the intestineⅡwere significantly higher than(P<0.05)those of both the intestineⅠ and intestine Ⅲ in the Chinese black sleeper. The activities of five disaccharidases of the intestinal BBM of each intestinal section in the mudskipper were significantly higher than(P<0.05)those in the Chinese black sleeper. Generally, the specific activities of three digestive enzymes(ALP, AP and γ-GT)of the intestinal BBM of the mudskipper were also slightly higher than those of the Chinese black sleeper. In conclusion, the distribution patterns of eight digestive enzymes of the intestinal BBM are different between the mudskipper and Chinese black sleeper. The major regions for disaccharide digestion and absorption in the mudskipper and Chinese black sleeper are intestineⅡ and intestineⅠ, respectively. And, the major regions for nutrient absorption, such as protein, lipid and inorganic salts and etc., in the mudskipper and Chinese black sleeper are intestine Ⅲ and intestineⅡ, respectively. The activities of five disaccharidases of the intestinal BBM in both the mudskipper and Chinese black sleeper are well correlated with their feeding habits. However, the lack of a clear-cut correlation between the activities of three digestive enzymes(ALP, AP and γ-GT)and diets was found in the present study.国家自然科学基金资助项目(No·40476056);; 福建省重大科技项目(2003No26);; 福建省科技重大专项(2004SZ01-02)共同资助~

透析導入者の透析装置受入における看護のかかわり

Article信州大学医学部附属病院看護研究集録 26(1): 14-18(1997)departmental bulletin pape

Biological composition and FAA content of particulate organic detritus from mudflat of intertidal zone

福建省福宁湾潮间带滩涂表层粉砂质粘土海泥中含有丰富的颗粒有机碎屑和粉砂颗粒。有机碎屑颗粒大小悬殊,其长径5.3～95.0μm,平均46.08±27.52μm。粉砂颗粒粒径4.0～37.0μm,平均17.18±9.63μm。具有生物群落的颗粒有机碎屑包含拟铃虫(细弱拟铃虫、圆钝拟铃虫、肿状拟铃虫、百乐拟铃虫和妥肯丁拟铃虫)、底栖硅藻(圆筛藻、斜纹藻、布纹藻、舟形藻、斑条藻、卵形藻、菱形藻和筒柱藻)和细菌(微球菌密度7.728×109个细胞/g～13.136×109个细胞/g),偶见许水蚤卵粒和海洋线虫。应用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定了颗粒有机碎屑的游离氨基酸含量,其总量为385.3～569.7μmol/kg,平均473.24±62.40μmol/kg。15种游离氨基酸中以甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量较高,其百分组成分别为16.41%、15.95%、13.32%、7.29%、6.96%和6.91%。研究结果表明,在潮间带滩涂形成了颗粒有机碎屑、细菌(微球菌)、微型硅藻、原生动物(拟铃虫)和大弹涂鱼的食物链营养关系。Surface silt clay of intertidal mudflat in Fulin Bay of Fujian province contains plenty of particulate organic detritus and silt grain. The sizes of the particulate organic detritus vary greatly, from 5.3 μm to 95.0 μm in length, with the average 46.08±27.52 μm. The sizes of the silt grain vary from 4.0 μm to 37.0 μm,with the average 17.18±9.63 μm. The particulate organic detritus is a biological community which contains Tintinnopsis(T. gracilis, T. rotundata, T. turgita, T. beroidea and T. tocantinensis), benthonic diatoms(Coscinodiscus, Pleurosigma, Gyrosigma, Navicula, Grammatophora, Cocconeis, Nitzschia and Cylindrotheca)and bacteria(Micrococcus,7.728×10 9 cells/g~13.136×10 9 cells/g). Occasionally, eggs of Schmackeria and the marine nematode can also be found in particulate organic detritus. Free amino acids(FAA)content in particulate organic detritus were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivation. The total content of FAA varied from 385.3 μmol/kg to 569.7 μmol/kg,with the average 473.24±62.40 μmol/kg. Among 15 FAA tested, the levels of glycine, proline, serine, lysine, glutamic acid and alanine were relatively high, with the corresponding percentages being 16.41%, 15.95%, 13.32%, 7.29%, 6.96% and 6.91%, respectively. The results showed that a food chain formed in the intertidal mudflat, which was composed of particulate organic detritus,bacteria(Micrococcus), micro-diatoms, protozoa(Tintinnopsis)and the mudskipper(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris).国家自然科学基金资助项目(40476056);; 福建省重大科技项目(2003No26);; 福建省科技重大专项(2004SZ0102)共同资

Digestive enzyme activities in larval,juvenile and early young fish of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris

采用酶学分析的方法,研究了大弹涂鱼前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和早期幼鱼发育过程中胰腺酶、肠酶和胃蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,(1)4种胰腺酶(淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和羧肽酶A)和8种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、海藻糖酶、纤维二糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)的比活力均在仔鱼期较高,稚鱼期降至最低,早期幼鱼则急剧上升,而每尾鱼酶的总活力却随着幼体的发育而逐渐增加;(2)胃蛋白酶活性在后期仔鱼才开始检测到,此后一直呈显著上升趋势;(3)早期幼鱼肠部位的4种胰腺酶活性分别占其酶总活性的百分比均显著高于稚鱼期;(4)稚鱼期仅3种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、纤维二糖酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)高度富积在肠刷状缘膜上,而早期幼鱼除蔗糖酶外的7种肠酶在肠刷状缘膜上的富集系数均大于5.1。由此得出结论,(1)在仔鱼期,蛋白质的消化是依靠胰腺酶进行的,进入稚鱼期,胃蛋白酶开始对蛋白质的消化起重要作用;(2)在早期幼鱼,胰腺分泌机制及肠细胞已完全成熟,标志着成鱼的消化模式的形成。The mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris is a commercially important fish in China.At present,this species is widely farmed in the southeastern coastal waters of China.Studies have been focused on early development and larval rearing.Early larval feeding habits have been documented.However,little is known about the digestive enzymes at the early stage of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris.The purpose of this study was to investigate the digestive enzyme activities of this species in order to know its nutritional requirements and establish the feeding protocols for optimizing larval mass rearing production.Changes of pancreatic,intestinal enzymes and pepsin activities in prelarva,postlarva,juvenile and early young fish of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris were investigated by means of enzyme analyses.In order to obtain pancreatic segment(PS) and intestinal segment(IS),juvenile and early young fish were cut into four parts: head,PS,IS and tail.The intestinal segments were homogenized to purify intestinal brush border membranes(BBM).The secretion levels of pancreatic enzymes were expressed as percentages of the segmental activity in the IS related to total activity(PS + IS).The establishment of an efficient intestinal BBM digestion represents the adult mode of digestion by enterocytes.And the degree of purified intestinal BBM was estimated by the enrichment factors and the activities of the intestinal enzymes.The results of this study show that the specific activities of four pancreatic enzymes(amylase,trypsin,chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidaseA) and eight intestinal enzymes(maltase,sucrase,luctase,trehalase,cellobiase,alkaline phosphatase,aminopeptidase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) are higher in the larval stage,decrease to the lowest levels in the juvenile stage,and increase rapidly in the early young stage.However,the total enzyme activities of individual increase with the development of larvae.Pepsin is initially detected in the postlarval stage,and then it continuously increases rapidly.The percentages of four pancreatic enzymes activities accounting for the total activities are significantly higher in the early young fish than in the juvenile in the intestinal segment.Only three enzymes(maltase,cellobiase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) are highly enriched in the intestinal brush border membranes in the juvenile.However,enrichment factors of seven intestinal enzymes in intestinal brush border membranes of the early young fish are all above 5.1 except for sucrase.In conclusion,in the larval stage,protein digestion depends on pancreatic enzymes;and when the larvae develope into the juvenile stage,pepsin plays an important role in protein digestion.The complete achievement of the secretion mechanisms of pancreas and maturation of enterocytes in the early young fish indicate the formation of an adult fish mode of digestion.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40476056);; 福建省重大科技项目(2003No.26);; 福建省科技重大专项(2004SZ01-02

Spawning habits of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris in intertidal mudflat and hatching experiment of natural fertilized eggs

从环氧树脂模型揭示了福建省福宁湾潮间带滩涂大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris洞穴的整体结构。多数洞穴略呈Y字形,每个洞穴有主洞口和次洞口之分。春季5—6月大弹涂鱼洞穴的中下部出现1个产卵室,产卵室横切面的上方呈拱形,底部平坦。潮间带滩涂产卵习性实验表明,产卵前性成熟雄鱼建造产卵室,并引诱性成熟雌鱼进入产卵室内交配产卵,受精卵依靠粘着丝粘在产卵室的顶部和周壁。产卵后雄鱼留洞护卵。每个产卵室的受精卵总数为3 595—4 314粒,平均为3 957粒,平均受精率高达99.67%,受精卵密度为58—114粒.cm-2,平均为87粒.cm-2。产卵室顶部和周壁受精卵的粘着丝位于上端,胚体位于下端,呈倒立状态,大多数受精卵的胚体头部朝下,为反向卵(平均占98.07%),易于孵化出仔鱼。将潮间带洞穴内产卵室受精卵取回实验室,模拟洞穴的小生境进行孵化实验。2次模拟孵化实验结果表明,受精卵始终全淹没于海水的平均孵化率(81.19%—82.90%)高于受精卵湿露24h后才全淹没于海水的平均孵化率(76.38%—79.19%)。湿露而不淹没于海水的受精卵不能孵化出仔鱼。The burrow shapes of mudskipper(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) in the intertidal mudflat of the Funing Bay,Fujian Province,were revealed by the models made from resin with hardener.Most burrows showed a "Y" shape,with a primary and a secondary openings.From May to June,a spawning chamber was formed in the middle-bottom of the burrow.The top of the spawning chamber was vaulted and the bottom was even from transection view.Field investigation demonstrated that during spawning seasons the male built a spawning chamber inside the burrow and attracted the female to enter the spawning chamber to mate and spawn.The female left the burrow and the male stayed there to guard the fertilized eggs after spawning.The fertilized eggs adhered to the ceiling of the chamber and the walls around the chamber with filaments.The filaments were upwards and the heads of embryos were downwards.The head direction of most embryos (accounting for 98.07%) of fertilized eggs was opposite to that of the filaments.This type of egg is called opposite egg.The egg number in the chambers ranged from 3595 to 4314,with an average of 3957.Average fertilization rate of eggs reached 99.67%.The density of fertilized eggs in the chamber varied from 58·cm~(-2) to 114·cm~(-2),with an average of 87·cm~(-2).Fertilized eggs in the chambers were collected and incubated under the conditions imitating the burrow habitat.The results from two experiments showed that the average hatching rates(81.19% and 82.90%) of the fertilized eggs which had been submerged in seawater all the time were higher than those (76.38% and 79.19%) of the fertilized eggs which were submerged in sea water after 24h of wet exposure.The fertilized eggs which were only exposed wet but not submerged in seawater all the time could not hatch out.国家自然科学基金项目(40476056);; 福建省重大科技项目(2003No26);; 福建省科技重大专项项目(2004SZ01-02