B grupės asmenybės sutrikimų interpretacijos problema: psichiatrijos ir moralės sankirta

In medicine, some personality traits, involving specific patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior, are considered to be pathological. Personality types, characteristic of such pervasive and maladaptive traits, are known under the term “personality disorders.” However, some of these pathological traits, diagnostic of so-called Cluster B personality disorders, largely describe immoral behavior. Hence, the question arises as to how such immoral behavior could be framed also as a medical problem. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether persons with these disorders could be held responsible for their immoral actions. By drawing on virtue ethics and the concept of responsibility without blame, the article demonstrates how the problem of compatibility between medicalization, cultivation of moral character, and responsibility could be resolved. Thereby, it is suggested that Cluster B personality disorders are best understood as both a moral and medical problem. Kai kuriuos asmens mąstymo, emocijų ir elgesio ypatumus medicinoje yra įprasta laikyti liguistais. Šie giliai įsišakniję, kasdienę veiklą apsunkinantys asmenybės bruožai ligų klasifikatoriuose įvardijami „asmenybės sutrikimų“ sąvoka. Tačiau dalis šių liguistais laikomų bruožų, būdingų vadinamiesiems B grupės asmenybės sutrikimams, didžiąja dalimi nusako nemoralų elgesį: atgailos ar empatijos stoką, neadekvatų pyktį ar melagingumą. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kokiu būdu toks nemoralus elgesys gali būti laikomas ne tik moraline, bet ir medicinine problema. Maža to, tai taip pat veda prie klausimo, ar turintys minėtų asmenybės bruožų gali būti laikomi atsakingais už savo nemoralų elgesį. Pasitelkiant dorybių etiką ir atsakomybės be kaltinimo sampratą, straipsnyje parodoma, kaip gali būti sprendžiama medikalizavimo, moralinio charakterio ugdymo ir atsakomybės suderinamumo problema. B grupės asmenybės sutrikimus straipsnyje siūloma suprasti kaip moralei ir medicinai bendrą problemą

Canonical notch signaling controls the early thymic epithelial progenitor cell state and emergence of the medullary epithelial lineage in fetal thymus development

Thymus function depends on the epithelial compartment of the thymic stroma. Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) regulate T cell lineage commitment and positive selection, while medullary (m) TECs impose central tolerance on the T cell repertoire. During thymus organogenesis, these functionally distinct sub-lineages are thought to arise from a common thymic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC). However, the mechanisms controlling cTEC and mTEC production from the common TEPC are not understood. Here, we show that emergence of the earliest mTEC lineage-restricted progenitors requires active NOTCH signaling in progenitor TEC and that, once specified, further mTEC development is NOTCH independent. In addition, we demonstrate that persistent NOTCH activity favors maintenance of undifferentiated TEPCs at the expense of cTEC differentiation. Finally, we uncover a cross-regulatory relationship between NOTCH and FOXN1, a master regulator of TEC differentiation. These data establish NOTCH as a potent regulator of TEPC and mTEC fate during fetal thymus development, and are thus of high relevance to strategies aimed at generating/regenerating functional thymic tissue in vitro and in vivo

Foxn1 regulates key target genes essential for T cell development in postnatal thymic epithelial cells

Thymic epithelial cell differentiation, growth and function depend on the expression of the transcription factor Foxn1; however, its target genes have never been physically identified. Using static and inducible genetic model systems and chromatin studies, we developed a genome-wide map of direct Foxn1 target genes for postnatal thymic epithelia and defined the Foxn1 binding motif. We determined the function of Foxn1 in these cells and found that, in addition to the transcriptional control of genes involved in the attraction and lineage commitment of T cell precursors, Foxn1 regulates the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and thymocyte selection. Thus, critical events in thymic lympho-stromal cross-talk and T cell selection are indispensably choreographed by Foxn1

Опыт изучения санитарного состояния лесов Литовской ССР матаматико-статистическим методом

Rus. - Santr. lietBibliogr. p.: 4

Uneducated and less trustworthy. social distance in evaluation of lithuanian with lithuanian–russian and scandinavian accents

Vilnius – as many other multicultural and multiethnic cities – is often assumed to be tolerant of various social and ethnic groups. Therefore, it is interesting to see if one could also find such positive attitudes towards one of the two largest ethnic minorities in Vilnius and in Lithuania – the so-called ‘Russian’ ethnic minority. (In order to use more inclusive terms, they will be called hereafter Lithuanian-Russians). Previous research shows that subconscious language attitudes towards Lithuanian-Russian speakers are rather negative. These speakers are less often described as educated, successful or having a good job than other ‘ethnic’ Lithuanians from Vilnius (Čičirkaitė 2019: 139-140). To answer the question whether these associations are typical only to the Lithuanian–Russian accent or to any accent in Lithuanian, three types of speech were chosen to be compared: (a) Vilnius speech without an accent, Lithuanian (b) with Lithuanian–Russian and (c) with Scandinavian accents. Such attitudes are certainly related to a sort of social distance towards Lithuanian-Russians. Although some sociologists argue that there is no social distance towards Lithuanian-Russians in Lithuania (Vildaitė ir Žibas 2010; Petrušauskaitė 2013), this thesis seeks to reevaluate this statement drawing on subconscious language attitudes. To do so, theoretical foundation of indexicality order by Michael Silverstein (2003) is employed. To assess subconscious language attitudes, a verbal guise test was used. 151 students from Vilnius schools with Lithuanian as the main language participated in the experiment. Students were split into two groups. The first one did not know the professions of the speakers, while the second group knew which of the professions each speaker represented. Both student groups listened to 6 male voices. (a), (b) and (c) varieties were represented by two voices each. Significant differences were noticed in the evaluation of the two Scandinavian speakers, so only one of the voices was included in the results. Students described speakers with their own words, answering open-ended questions that related to trustworthiness, so-called status (e.g. educated, smart) or dynamism (e.g. interesting, confident) traits. In the case of the first student group, the results show that speakers without an accent were more often assigned status and dynamism traits than speakers with an accent. However, the evaluations were different when the students were asked about trustworthiness. Then both speakers with a Scandinavian accent and speakers without an accent were considered more trustworthy. When it comes to Lithuanian-Russian accent, the speakers with it appeared less trustworthy. It is likely that such negative subconscious language attitudes reflect social distance towards Lithuanian-Russians. As for the second group of students, the assigned high social status profession led to Lithuanian-Russians gaining more status traits, but neither dynamism evaluation nor trustworthiness were affected by the profession. It was, however, surprising that speakers without an accent were not affected by the assigned low-status profession. However, the speaker with a Scandinavian accent was evaluated even more negatively due to his low-status profession. It is important to point out that in this group only Lithuanian-Russian speakers were seen as less trustworthy. This can also confirm that social distance towards Lithuanian-Russian minority group actually exists. It is hence suggested that negative representation of Lithuanian-Russians in the media may be one of the reasons for social distance. Social distance can also exist due to language nationalism, which is the predominant language ideology at school. To reduce negative language attitudes and social distance, it is important to base language teaching on descriptive linguistics. In addition, it may be important to encourage students to evaluate existing linguistic ideologies more critically