Motorways of the sea system models in function of intermodal transport development

Promet, pogotovo cestovni prijevoz kao jedan od načina, ali dominantni način prijevoza, uzrokuje negativan utjecaj na okoliš i društvo. Očituje se kroz učestala prometna zagušenja, povećani rizik od prometnih nezgoda, povećanu razinu buke, povećani stres svih sudionika i društva općenito, velike količine ispušnih plinova što prijevozna sredstva direktno ispuštaju u okoliš te one koje su ispuštene u procesu proizvodnje pogonskog goriva. Pomorske prometnice su pomorski servisi integrirani u logistički lanac koristeći održive, redovite, učestale, visokokvalitetne i pouzdane veze. Pomorske prometnice praktičan su primjer definicije kombiniranog (održivog) prijevoza. Radi se o prijevozu intermodalnim načinom gdje je pomorski dio veći dio puta. Sustav pomorskih prometnica ne zahtijeva značajne infrastrukturne investicije u lukama, ali se za uspješnost servisa podrazumijeva izvrsna integracija s ostalim načinima prijevoza, u prvom redu željeznicom i cestom. Činjenica da se u luci događa interakcija s različitim načinima prijevoza, čini luku važnom karikom u formiranju konkurentnosti sustava pomorskih prometnica. Jednako je bitna komunikacija i protočnost interakcije s brodom, željezničkim ili cestovnim sustavom jer ukoliko samo jedna veza nije besprijekorna, to se prenosi na pouzdanost i kvalitetu ukunog sustava i servisa. To je kriterij gdje veliku važnost nose i vanjski čimbenici poput željezničkih i pomorskih operatera. U odnosu na trenutni model funkcioniranja prometnog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj, gdje je razvoj lučkog i gravitacijskog prometnog sustava prepušten svakoj luci samostalno (šest samostalnih luka), te gdje ne postoji sustavno specijaliziranje svake luke ili pravca, rezultati analize su poražavajući. Oni svjedoče da je trenutni model implementacije pomorskih prometnica potpuno neprimjereni i da ne postoji niti jedan element koji bi opravdao njegovo zadržavanje. Analiza upućuje na zaključak da se znanstvenim pristupom koji uključuje identifikaciju svih relevantnih čimbenika, analizu stanja cjelokupne prometne infrastrukture te identifikacijom kriterija koji utjecu na funkcioniranje sustava pomorskih prometnica, može sigurno i točno odrediti koji je model optimalan za uvođenje održivog sustava pomorskih prometnica, ali i ocjenu postojećeg modela. Iz analize utjecaja svakog od kriterija zasebno, te svih kombinacija, može se zaključiti da se kod implementacije održivog sustava na primjeru prometnog sustava Republike Hrvatske mogu izdvojiti dva scenarija (modela) kao optimalni izbor. Radi se o modelima dvije luke i regionalno grupiranih luka. Koji od modela odabrati, ovisi o čijoj se inicijativi radi (država ili privatni prijevoznicki operateri) i da li postoji zajednički pristup kod razvoja.Transport, especially road transport as one of the modes and a dominant one, has a negative impact on the environment and the society. This is manifested through frequent transport congestions, increased risk of accidents, increased noise levels, increased stress for all stakeholders and the society in general, large amounts of exhaust gas from that is emitted directly into the environment and fumes discha in the process of motor fuel production. Motorways of the Sea are maritime services integrated n the door-to-door logistic chain by using sustainable, regular, frequent, high-quality and reliable short sea shipping connections. Motorways of the Sea are a practical example of the definition for a combined (sustainable) transport. It is intermodal transport mode where maritime transport covers the largest part of the route. Motorways of the Sea system does not require significant infrastructure investments in ports, but success of the service presupposes excellen integration with other transport modes, notably rail and road. The fact that interaction with various transport modes kes place in a port, makes the port a significant factor in the formation of a competitive Motorways of the Sea system. Equally important is the communication and the flow of interaction with a ship, railway or road system because if only one link is not impeccable, it will be reflected in the reliability and quality of the entire system and service. It is a criterion where the great importance lies with external factors such as railway and maritime operators. In relation to the current model of the transport system functioning in the Republic of Croatia where development of port and gravity transport system is left for each port independently (six individual ports), and where systematic specialization of each port and route does not exist, the results of an analysis are devastating. The results testify that current model of the Motorways of the Sea implementation is entirely inappropriate and there is no element that would justify its retention. Analysis implies that scientific approach which includes ide of all relevant factors, state of the art analysis of entire transport infrastructure and identification of criteria which affect the functioning of the Motorways of the Sea system, can safely and accurately determine which model is optimal for the introduction of sustainable Motorways of the Sea system and can determine the evaluation of the current model. From th analysis of each individual criteria and all the combinations, it may be concluded that two scenarios (models) may be recognized as optimal choices for the implementation of a sustainable system on the example of the transport system of the Republic of Croatia. These two models are: a model of two ports and a model with regionally grouped ports. Which model to choose depends upon whose initiative is in question (state or private transport operators) and if there is a common approach to development

Motorways of the sea system models in function of intermodal transport development

Promet, pogotovo cestovni prijevoz kao jedan od načina, ali dominantni način prijevoza, uzrokuje negativan utjecaj na okoliš i društvo. Očituje se kroz učestala prometna zagušenja, povećani rizik od prometnih nezgoda, povećanu razinu buke, povećani stres svih sudionika i društva općenito, velike količine ispušnih plinova što prijevozna sredstva direktno ispuštaju u okoliš te one koje su ispuštene u procesu proizvodnje pogonskog goriva. Pomorske prometnice su pomorski servisi integrirani u logistički lanac koristeći održive, redovite, učestale, visokokvalitetne i pouzdane veze. Pomorske prometnice praktičan su primjer definicije kombiniranog (održivog) prijevoza. Radi se o prijevozu intermodalnim načinom gdje je pomorski dio veći dio puta. Sustav pomorskih prometnica ne zahtijeva značajne infrastrukturne investicije u lukama, ali se za uspješnost servisa podrazumijeva izvrsna integracija s ostalim načinima prijevoza, u prvom redu željeznicom i cestom. Činjenica da se u luci događa interakcija s različitim načinima prijevoza, čini luku važnom karikom u formiranju konkurentnosti sustava pomorskih prometnica. Jednako je bitna komunikacija i protočnost interakcije s brodom, željezničkim ili cestovnim sustavom jer ukoliko samo jedna veza nije besprijekorna, to se prenosi na pouzdanost i kvalitetu ukunog sustava i servisa. To je kriterij gdje veliku važnost nose i vanjski čimbenici poput željezničkih i pomorskih operatera. U odnosu na trenutni model funkcioniranja prometnog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj, gdje je razvoj lučkog i gravitacijskog prometnog sustava prepušten svakoj luci samostalno (šest samostalnih luka), te gdje ne postoji sustavno specijaliziranje svake luke ili pravca, rezultati analize su poražavajući. Oni svjedoče da je trenutni model implementacije pomorskih prometnica potpuno neprimjereni i da ne postoji niti jedan element koji bi opravdao njegovo zadržavanje. Analiza upućuje na zaključak da se znanstvenim pristupom koji uključuje identifikaciju svih relevantnih čimbenika, analizu stanja cjelokupne prometne infrastrukture te identifikacijom kriterija koji utjecu na funkcioniranje sustava pomorskih prometnica, može sigurno i točno odrediti koji je model optimalan za uvođenje održivog sustava pomorskih prometnica, ali i ocjenu postojećeg modela. Iz analize utjecaja svakog od kriterija zasebno, te svih kombinacija, može se zaključiti da se kod implementacije održivog sustava na primjeru prometnog sustava Republike Hrvatske mogu izdvojiti dva scenarija (modela) kao optimalni izbor. Radi se o modelima dvije luke i regionalno grupiranih luka. Koji od modela odabrati, ovisi o čijoj se inicijativi radi (država ili privatni prijevoznicki operateri) i da li postoji zajednički pristup kod razvoja.Transport, especially road transport as one of the modes and a dominant one, has a negative impact on the environment and the society. This is manifested through frequent transport congestions, increased risk of accidents, increased noise levels, increased stress for all stakeholders and the society in general, large amounts of exhaust gas from that is emitted directly into the environment and fumes discha in the process of motor fuel production. Motorways of the Sea are maritime services integrated n the door-to-door logistic chain by using sustainable, regular, frequent, high-quality and reliable short sea shipping connections. Motorways of the Sea are a practical example of the definition for a combined (sustainable) transport. It is intermodal transport mode where maritime transport covers the largest part of the route. Motorways of the Sea system does not require significant infrastructure investments in ports, but success of the service presupposes excellen integration with other transport modes, notably rail and road. The fact that interaction with various transport modes kes place in a port, makes the port a significant factor in the formation of a competitive Motorways of the Sea system. Equally important is the communication and the flow of interaction with a ship, railway or road system because if only one link is not impeccable, it will be reflected in the reliability and quality of the entire system and service. It is a criterion where the great importance lies with external factors such as railway and maritime operators. In relation to the current model of the transport system functioning in the Republic of Croatia where development of port and gravity transport system is left for each port independently (six individual ports), and where systematic specialization of each port and route does not exist, the results of an analysis are devastating. The results testify that current model of the Motorways of the Sea implementation is entirely inappropriate and there is no element that would justify its retention. Analysis implies that scientific approach which includes ide of all relevant factors, state of the art analysis of entire transport infrastructure and identification of criteria which affect the functioning of the Motorways of the Sea system, can safely and accurately determine which model is optimal for the introduction of sustainable Motorways of the Sea system and can determine the evaluation of the current model. From th analysis of each individual criteria and all the combinations, it may be concluded that two scenarios (models) may be recognized as optimal choices for the implementation of a sustainable system on the example of the transport system of the Republic of Croatia. These two models are: a model of two ports and a model with regionally grouped ports. Which model to choose depends upon whose initiative is in question (state or private transport operators) and if there is a common approach to development

Competitive sustainability of a transport route in the transport service market

In order for the particular transport route and entities in the production of a transport service on that route to maintain their position in the transport service market, they have to ensure efficiency, orientation towards service users, rationality, environmental friendliness and quality dominance of an offered service. User orientation and flexible reaction to market demands create preconditions for the establishment of a competitive and attractive transport route and accompanying transport and service facilities and entities. Therefore, proper valorization and quality marketing elaboration of these advantages, requires accepting of those standards, criteria and preferences of the transport service users or their intermediaries as fundamental measures for the realization of a competitive sustainability of a transport route on the transport service market, where it is important to be aware of: competitiveness criteria structure, service user preferences, expectations and needs of intermediaries as decision makers about the transport route their customers will address their transport and logistic needs

LOCATION PROBLEMS IN TRANSPORT NETWORK

This paper presents the importance of site selection for certain logistic infrastructure facilities as a key element for the quality of logistic processes. Different approaches to solving location problems in transport and logistics are presented. Basic procedures for solving discrete location problems are shown on concrete numerical examples in order to analyze necessary data for specific methods and possibilities of applying certain mathematical algorithms and models for the processes of logistic chains optimization and therefore optimization of logistic systems as bearers of logistic chains realization

Assessing the Possibilities of Integrating Ports into the Circular Economy

Ports are very important international hubs within transport networks where various industrial and logistical activities are performed. However, by use of the closed-loop mechanism the circular economy would reduce the need for imported primary raw materials because it would treat waste as a secondary raw material. This would greatly affect the way in which ports operate because primary raw materials make up most of their cargo volume. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the possibilities of integrating ports into the circular economy. This paper aims to use the descriptive research method to assess ports on their role in the circular economy, and based on the SWOT analysis has highlighted the key elements of circular analysis of waste streams to objectively evaluate the closed - loop mechanism. The conclusion is that due to the decline in primary raw material volumes within the circular economy, ports would therefore become centers of innovation in order to attract as many new industries as possible within their sector. The circular business model of ports would also require renewed cooperation from key actors within the port sector, the most important being the port authority, industrial clusters and academic institutions

Disruptive Innovations in Electronic Transportation Management Systems

This paper provides an overview of selected disruptive innovations (Blockchain, Internet of Things and Big Data) in electronic transportation management systems in general, and their possible impact in maritime transport. The theoretical background is provided, including transportation, electronic transportation management systems and selected disruptive technologies. The impact, major challenges and success factors in implementing disruptive innovations in maritime transport are pointed out and elaborated. Finally, authors provide the discussion and the future perspective of selected disruptive innovations, with an emphasis on maritime transport

The Role and Significance of Multimodal, Intermodal and Combined Transports and of Motorways of the Sea

Svjetska i domaća literatura poznaje mnogo pojmova koji se vezuju za prijevoz tereta s više od jednim načinom prijevoza (pomorski, željeznički, unutarnji plovni putovi, cestovni, zračni), a najčešći su multimodalni, višenačinski, kombinirani, intermodalni, integralni i komodalni. Mnogi autori su kroz povijest davali različita objašnjenja navedenih pojmova, ali još i danas postoji određena konfuzija u značenju i njihovu definiranju. Nepostojanje originalne i jednoznačne definicije je i razumljivo s obzirom da se takav način prijevoza stalno razvija, mijenja u tehničkom, tehnološkom, pravnom i administrativnom (logističkom) smislu te da su autori pokušali dati pojašnjenja koja su tada predstavljala stvarnost. Osnovni cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je u doprinos definiranju značenja pojmova i sintagmi multimodalni, intermodalni prijevoz, kombinirani, međuobalno prometno povezivanje i pomorske prometnice. Autori drže da je za jasno razumijevanje navedenih pojmova i sintagmi nužno analizirati definicije Europske komisije, Međunarodnog foruma za transport, Konvencije UN-a o međunarodnom multimodalnom transportu robe i korištene definicije istaknutih hrvatskih stručnjaka iz prometa.Global and domestic literature knows many terms that are related to the carriage of goods by more than one mode of transportation (marine, rail, inland waterways, road, air), and the most common ones are multi-modal, multi-mode, combined,..., intermodal, integrated and co-modal. Many authors have given historically different explanations of these terms, but still there is some confusion in respect of their meaning and definition. The lack of original and unambiguous definitions is understandable given the fact that this method of transport is constantly evolving and changing in technical, legal and administrative (logistical) terms, and authors of the past tried to give explanations which represented the reality at the time. The main concern of this study is to contribute to defining the meaning of the following terms: multimodal, intermodal, and combined transport, short sea shipping, and maritime traffic. The authors believe that a clear understanding of these terms requires the definition of the European Commission, the International Forum for Transport, Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations and the definitions of prominent Croatian experts in traffic to be analyzed

Elaboration of Criteria for Development of Sustainable Motorways of the Sea Services

The maritime transport system in the Adriatic region has been developed thanks to the individual activities of ports, as well as specific strategies for the development of the countries that gravitate towards that region. Regarding its potential, this system is not sufficiently developed and there are no clear criteria for evaluating the potential for success of the future Motorways of the Sea systems and services. The solution to this problem is in the scientific point of view that should contribute to the development of the Motorways of the Sea with its systematic approach and clearly defined criteria of implementation of specific models and common activities. With this scientific article and conducted research, we tried to cover the greater part of the whole transport chain (from the departure point to the destination) which is present in the Adriatic region. It is crucial that we take into consideration the fact that it wasn’t possible to gather and analyze the data for every land direction (highways and railways) because we analyzed the infrastructure of the whole region. Thus, the research in this article is directed to the ports and their entries, where the success factor of the port is determined by the success of the direction and the Motorways of the Sea service. In order to accurately determine each of the defined success factors, it was necessary to identify all the subelements which comprise them. The research results point out the complexity of developing new or improving the existing MoS services at higher levels (administrative, infrastructural, organizational, etc.)

The Role and Significance of Multimodal, Intermodal and Combined Transports and of Motorways of the Sea

Svjetska i domaća literatura poznaje mnogo pojmova koji se vezuju za prijevoz tereta s više od jednim načinom prijevoza (pomorski, željeznički, unutarnji plovni putovi, cestovni, zračni), a najčešći su multimodalni, višenačinski, kombinirani, intermodalni, integralni i komodalni. Mnogi autori su kroz povijest davali različita objašnjenja navedenih pojmova, ali još i danas postoji određena konfuzija u značenju i njihovu definiranju. Nepostojanje originalne i jednoznačne definicije je i razumljivo s obzirom da se takav način prijevoza stalno razvija, mijenja u tehničkom, tehnološkom, pravnom i administrativnom (logističkom) smislu te da su autori pokušali dati pojašnjenja koja su tada predstavljala stvarnost. Osnovni cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je u doprinos definiranju značenja pojmova i sintagmi multimodalni, intermodalni prijevoz, kombinirani, međuobalno prometno povezivanje i pomorske prometnice. Autori drže da je za jasno razumijevanje navedenih pojmova i sintagmi nužno analizirati definicije Europske komisije, Međunarodnog foruma za transport, Konvencije UN-a o međunarodnom multimodalnom transportu robe i korištene definicije istaknutih hrvatskih stručnjaka iz prometa.Global and domestic literature knows many terms that are related to the carriage of goods by more than one mode of transportation (marine, rail, inland waterways, road, air), and the most common ones are multi-modal, multi-mode, combined,..., intermodal, integrated and co-modal. Many authors have given historically different explanations of these terms, but still there is some confusion in respect of their meaning and definition. The lack of original and unambiguous definitions is understandable given the fact that this method of transport is constantly evolving and changing in technical, legal and administrative (logistical) terms, and authors of the past tried to give explanations which represented the reality at the time. The main concern of this study is to contribute to defining the meaning of the following terms: multimodal, intermodal, and combined transport, short sea shipping, and maritime traffic. The authors believe that a clear understanding of these terms requires the definition of the European Commission, the International Forum for Transport, Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations and the definitions of prominent Croatian experts in traffic to be analyzed