Opisy bitew ukazujące wojowników gotowych przyjąć swój los (przykłady słowiańskie XI-XIII w.)

Agnieszka Uziębł

Translationsmodalitӓten als regulative Prozessfaktoren

Den Ausgangspunkt für die Diskussion über die Translationsmodalitӓten bildet die dem hl. Hieronimus zugeschriebene Translationsmaxime, die das universelle Translationsprinzip betrifft, wonach der fundamentale Prozessrahmen und das Wie einer jeden Translation bestimmt werden, und zwar: „so treu wie mӧglich, so frei wie nӧtig”. Darin sind also die thematisierten und zur Diskussion gestellten Translationsmodalitӓten enthalten, mit denen ein jeder Translator im konkreten Translationsprozess gekonnt umgehen und entsprechende strategische Entscheidungen treffen muss. Es ist einerseits die Relativitӓt der Treue gegenüber dem AS-Text je nach den gegebenen (welchen?) Mӧglichkeiten und andererseits die spezifische Kausalitätӓt der Freiheit gegenüber dem AS-Text im Rahmen von konkreter(/n) Notwendigkeit(/en). Zu den grundsätzlichen Fragen, auf die Antworten gesucht werden, gehӧren: a) was determiniert die Mӧglichkeit (bzw. die Unmöglichkeit) der Treue gegenüber dem AS-Text? b) welche Faktoren determinieren die Notwendigkeit (die Grade?) der Freiheit vom AS-Text? Den theoretischen Hintergrund bildet die metasprachlich und –theoretisch konstituierte Kategorie der Translations-Ӓquivalenz.The starting point for the discussion focused on the main topic as the problem of translation modalities is embedded in the classic translation maxim formulated probably by Saint Hieronymus (Jerome), which explains how to translate in general, i.e. by maintaining fidelity to the source text as much as possible, on the one hand, and by being free from the source text as much as necessary, on the other. The content of the maxim points to two sorts of modalities: the possibility and the necessity, both of which must be effectively managed by translators who realize their translation strategy in every translation process. These two sorts of modalities show very transparently the relativity of fidelity to the source text based on given possibilities and the causality of being free from source text under the specific and individual necessities emerging in a concrete situation. The fundamental questions of the article are the following: a) which factors determine the possibility or impossibility of fidelity to the source text, b) which factors determine the necessity of being free from the source text (even in terms of specific degrees). The background for the initiated discussion is the category of equivalence as a metatheoretically constructed term. The article offers some leads to provide answers to the main questions regularly influencing every process of translation.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Źródłoznawczy kontekst zapisu daty dziennej zwycięstwa Leszka Czarnego nad buntownikami (1285 r.) w kodeksie Zamoyskich

The article draws attention to a mistake made by a copyist of the so-called Zamoyski Codex (MS BN BOZ 28) when recording in the Traska Annals the day’s date of the decisive battle fought by Leszek the Black against the rebels in 1285. The feast day of St Stephen the Pope and Martyr was most likely a part of some obituary record and was mistakenly associated with the battle.Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na pomyłkę kopisty kodeksu Zamoyskich (rkpsu BN BOZ 28) popełnioną przy okazji zapisywania w Roczniku Traski daty dziennej decydującej bitwy stoczonej przez Leszka Czarnego z buntownikami w 1285 r. Dzień św. Stefana papieża i męczennika najprawdopodobniej był elementem jakiejś zapiski obituarnej i mylnie został powiązany z batalią

Disparität von Attribuierungen in polnischen und deutschen Adjektiv-Substantiv-Kollokationen als Translationsproblem

The aim of this paper is to show what sort of translation problems appear in the adjective-substantive collocations in Polish and German. A special class of collocations is represented by lexicalised and idiomatised syntagmas. These units include characteristic attributive perspectives specified by the two languages and the two culture communities. This phenomeneon refers to conventional valuing, attributions and métaphorisations of concepts represented in substantives used. In this way collocations form and fix the cultural profiles of reality. Because of that they can be regarded as cognitive formulas which need to be reprofiled in a concrete translation process through their projection on the target language and culture. As a result of these cognitive and linguistic operations the translator identifies the convergences and divergences as determined by the language system and the text between both the two languages. He secondly constructs equivalent attributive profile of the concept transferred into the target text, thus guaranteeing the reciprocity of perspectives between both of the texts. The essay classifies the cases and types of disparities between Polish and German adjeck-tive-substantive collocations, showing how they can be reprofiled according to linguistic and cultural requirements of the target text. This class of translation problems is only a subfield of the larger domain, but the main mechanism of the important translation transfer can be already demonstrated and exemplified basing on these specific translation units.The aim of this paper is to show what sort of translation problems appear in the adjective-substantive collocations in Polish and German. A special class of collocations is represented by lexicalised and idiomatised syntagmas. These units include characteristic attributive perspectives specified by the two languages and the two culture communities. This phenomeneon refers to conventional valuing, attributions and métaphorisations of concepts represented in substantives used. In this way collocations form and fix the cultural profiles of reality. Because of that they can be regarded as cognitive formulas which need to be reprofiled in a concrete translation process through their projection on the target language and culture. As a result of these cognitive and linguistic operations the translator identifies the convergences and divergences as determined by the language system and the text between both the two languages. He secondly constructs equivalent attributive profile of the concept transferred into the target text, thus guaranteeing the reciprocity of perspectives between both of the texts. The essay classifies the cases and types of disparities between Polish and German adjeck-tive-substantive collocations, showing how they can be reprofiled according to linguistic and cultural requirements of the target text. This class of translation problems is only a subfield of the larger domain, but the main mechanism of the important translation transfer can be already demonstrated and exemplified basing on these specific translation units

Wędka króla Rusinów (Gall Anonim, ks. 1, rozdz. 7)

A fishing rod of the king of the Ruthenians (Gallus Anonymus, Book I, chapt. 7)The purpose of the article is an attempt to solve the following question: why did Gallus Anonymus present the king of the Ruthenians fishing with a fishing rod at the very moment of Boleslaw Chrobry’s attack, which inflicted a catastrophic defeat upon Rus’? In the Chronicle the king of the Ruthenians is presented as an unwarlike and cowardly man, but this in itself does not explain, why the chronicler placed him in a boat, fishing. The matter is not made clear by the medieval adaptations of this anecdote by Wincenty Kadłubek and Jan Długosz. None of them understood the sense Gallus gave to the motif of fishing rod and both changed its meaning. Also the cases of fishing described in the Bible have a different character altogether. But a useful context is given by motif of fishing rod and fishing people in stories certainly unknown to Gallus Anonymus. The article presents a choice of texts where fishing refers to military matters and brings disgrace to the king or hero: Le roman de Perceval ou le conte du Graal by Chrétien de Troyes (the Fisher King), Plutarch’s Life of Antony, Waltharius, the story about Arnulf conquering Rome in the Antapodosis by Liudprand of Cremona. The comparison makes it possible to say that in the medieval literature the fishing rode quite often plays the role of anti-attribute that given to a king or warlike hero becomes a clear sign of the lacked or lost ability to command the army and fight war, or of the betrayal of the honour of a brave soldier. On the other hand, the association with fishing or with using a fishing rod is not disgraceful for people who do not aspire to military functions or actions, as illustrated by the examples of Wanda-Węda in the Chronica Poloniae maioris (Chronicle of Greater Poland), and of Saint Zeno of Verona in De Zenonis vita sermo Coronati Notarii

LC-UV and UPLC-MS/MS methods for analytical study on degradation of three antihistaminic drugs, ketotifen, epinastine and emedastine: percentage degradation, degradation kinetics and degradation pathways at different pH

Evaluation of pH-dependent reactivity of drugs is an essential component in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, the stability of three antihistaminic drugs, i.e., ketotifen, epinastine and emedastine, was tested, in solutions of five pH values, i.e., 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 10.0 and 13.0, at high temperature (70 °C). LC-UV isocratic methods were developed to estimate percentage degradation as well as the kinetics of degradation. Generally, epinastine was shown to be the most stable compound with degradation below 14%. Emedastine was labile in all pH conditions, with degradation in the range 29.26–51.88%. Ketotifen was moderately stable at pH 1–7 (degradation ≤ 14.04%). However, at pH ≥ 10, its degradation exceeded 30%. The kinetics of degradation of ketotifen, epinastine and emedastine was shown as a pseudo-first-order reaction with the rate constants in the range 10−4–10−3 min−1 Finally, the UPLC-MS/MS method was applied to identify the main degradants and suggest degradation pathways. Degradation of ketotifen proceeded with oxidation and demethylation in the piperidine ring of the molecule. As far as epinastine was concerned, opening of the imidazole ring with formation of the amide group was observed. Unfortunately, no degradation products for emedastine were detected. The present results complete the literary data and may be important for both manufacturing of these drugs and their administration to patients

The shifted balance of arginine metabolites in acute myocardial infarction patients and its clinical relevance

The arginine metabolism as a target for cardioprotection in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains insufficiently understood. Arginine, ornithine, citrulline, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and proline plasma levels were measured using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry in 70 consecutive STEMI patients upon admission and at 6-month follow-up and were compared with left ventricular function, volumes, and infarct characteristics determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and with 5-year clinical outcomes. Baseline median concentration of arginine was higher by 49% (P = 0.002) when compared to 6-month measurements and was correlated with an ischemia risk area (R = 0.34, P = 0.004) and infarct size (R = 0.33, P = 0.006). Following ischemia median citrulline/arginine index decreased when compared with 6-month result (P = 0.002), while citrulline/ornithine and arginine/ADMA ratios maintained unchanged indicating a shift of arginine metabolism from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) towards arginase. The 6-month arginine concentration reached the area under the ROC curve of 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.54–0.81) for prediction of death, myocardial infarction or heart failure hospitalization and its value of < 29 µM was associated with lower event free survival (P = 0.02). In STEMI patients, during ischemia conversion of elevated plasma arginine was shifted from NOS towards arginase. Decreased 6-month arginine concentrations were associated with worse long-term outcomes

Determination and characterization of selected fluoroquinolones oxidation products under potassium permanganate treatment

A simple, sensitive and reproducible ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the determination of: danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin and pefloxacin oxidation stability under permanganate treatment in acidic conditions at pH from 3.0 to 6.0, was developed. Chromatographic separations were carried out using the Acquity UPLC BEH C 1 8 column; (2.1 x 100 mm, 1.7 pm particle size). The column was maintained at 40OC, and eluted under gradient conditions using from 100% to 75% of eluent A over 10 min for danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin or 95% to 75% of eluent A over 10 min for pefloxacin, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Eluent A: 1% (v/v) formic acid in water; eluent B: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. Satisfactory resolution was obtained for oxidation products. The correlation coefficients and determination coefficients (R2) obtained for linear model for all examined fluoroquinolones were greater than 0.99. Linearity range was observed in the concentration range 0.06-0.13 mg/mL. Sensitivity of the method was good. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.01 mg/mL and from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Good precision and intermediate precision with %RSD less than 2.0% was observed. The oxidation processes followed kinetic of the second order reaction and depended upon solution acidity. Oxidation of fluoroquinolones proceeded at piperazine moiety yielding respective hydroxy and oxo analogs, and leaving the quinolone fragment intact. Structures of products formed were assigned on a basis of UPLC/MS/MS fragmentation pathways