A dominant voice amidst not enough people : analysing the legitimacy of Mexico's REDD+ readiness process

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552In the development of national governance systems for Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), countries struggle with ensuring that decision-making processes include a variety of actors (i.e., input legitimacy) and represent their diverse views in REDD+ policy documents (i.e., output legitimacy).We examine these two dimensions of legitimacy using Mexico's REDD+ readiness process during a four-year period (2011-2014) as a case study. To identify REDD+ actors and how they participate in decision-making we used a stakeholder analysis; to assess actors' views and the extent to which these views are included in the country's official REDD+ documents we conducted a discourse analysis. We found low level of input legitimacy in so far as that the federal government environment agencies concentrate most decision-making power and key land-use sectors and local people's representatives are absent in decision-making forums. We also observed that the REDD+ discourse held by government agencies and both multilateral and international conservation organisations is dominant in policy documents, while the other two identified discourses, predominantly supported by national and civil society organisations and the academia, are partly, or not at all, reflected in such documents. We argue that Mexico's REDD+ readiness process should become more inclusive, decentralised, and better coordinated to allow for the deliberation and institutionalisation of different actors' ideas in REDD+ design. Our analysis and recommendations are relevant to other countries in the global South embarking on REDD+ design and implementation

Uncovering REDD+ readiness in Mexico: Actors, discourses and benefit-sharing

La Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación forestal, además de la conservación, el manejo sostenible de bosques y aumento de reservas de carbón forestal (REDD+) es un mecanismo de política internacional que busca mitigar el cambio climático y, a su vez, aliviar la pobreza y contribuir a la conservación de biodiversidad en los países en desarrollo. La Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) sentó las bases para el diseño e implementación de REDD+ en el 2005 y la arquitectura del mecanismo se finalizó en 2015. Durante ese período, los países miembros de CMNUCC debatieron y desarrollaron procedimientos y directrices sobre las cuestiones técnicas y de gobernanza de REDD+, incluyendo por ejemplo la forma de garantizar la participación significativa de todas las partes interesadas, y cómo respetar los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales. Al mismo tiempo, varios países en desarrollo entraron en la fase de preparación para REDD+ y comenzaron a diseñar estrategias nacionales para la implementación de actividades REDD+. Esta tesis aborda tres cuestiones fundamentales para los académicos y profesionales interesados en REDD+, utilizando como ejemplo el proceso de preparación en México. Primero, analiza el diseño y la legitimidad de los mecanismos institucionales establecidos por el gobierno mexicano para elaborar la estrategia nacional REDD+. Segundo, identifica los discursos movilizados por los actores involucrados en el proceso y subraya cómo se reflejan esos discursos en los documentos de política nacional. Tercero, investiga las preferencias para la implementación de REDD+ y la distribución de beneficios en las dos comunidades rurales e identifica los factores que median dichas preferencias. A nivel nacional existe un alto nivel de centralización en la toma de decisiones por parte de las agencias federales de medio ambiente. Hay dos grupos de actores con percepciones opuestas sobre la legitimidad de la fase de preparación. Entre esos actores se identifican tres discursos sobre REDD+. El primer discurso moviliza argumentos de justicia ambiental para criticar los principios y fundamentos de REDD+ y, por lo tanto, no se refleja en decisiones políticas. El segundo está parcialmente institucionalizado y propugna las reformas políticas y legales para que la implementación de REDD+ logre beneficios sociales distribuidos de manera equitativa a nivel nacional. El tercer discurso apoya la implementación de REDD+ como un mecanismo eficiente de mitigación y domina en las discusiones nacionales. A nivel local, los resultados indican que la gente preferiría implementar una combinación de actividades productivas y de conservación con el apoyo del gobierno, a cambio de pagos directos. Los resultados también revelan que las preferencias individuales para la implementación y la distribución de beneficios de REDD+ dependen de la posesión de tierras, el género y el estatus social. Para concluir, esta tesis contribuye a un creciente cuerpo de investigación de gobernanza de REDD+. La tesis sugiere que el gobierno mexicano necesita descentralizar el proceso de diseño de REDD+ para mejorar su legitimidad y el grado de justicia percibido por los diferentes actores. Esto probablemente resultaría en un aumento de la participación y en la institucionalización de las distintas ideas promovidas por estos actores. En general, la tesis sugiere que los países pueden desarrollar una arquitectura REDD+ legítima y justa sólo si evitan reproducir un proceso político dirigido exclusivamente por el gobierno. Los países REDD+ deberían diseñar nuevos arreglos institucionales para reconocer la diversidad de actores involucrados en actividades de uso de la tierra y su poder desigual en el diseño de la política, siendo sensibles a la diversidad de discursos de como diseñar e implementar todas las políticas y programas.Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, plus conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) is an international policy mechanism that seeks to mitigate climate change, while potentially alleviating poverty and contributing towards biodiversity conservation in developing countries. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) laid the foundations for REDD+ design and implementation in 2005 and the mechanism’s architecture was finalised in 2015. During that period, parties to the UNFCCC debated and developed procedures and guidelines on REDD+ technical and governance issues, including for example how to guarantee the meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders and how to respect the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. In parallel, several developing countries, supported by multilateral and bilateral aid, entered the so-called REDD+ readiness phase and started developing national strategies for implementing REDD+ activities through specific policies and actions. This thesis addresses three main issues of concern for REDD+ scholars and practitioners using Mexico’s readiness process as an example. First, it analyses the design and legitimacy of the institutional arrangements established by the Mexican government to draft the REDD+ national strategy. Second, it identifies the REDD+ discourses mobilised by the actors involved in the country’s REDD+ readiness process and it highlights how such discourses are reflected in national policy documents, thus shedding light on dominant ideas and narratives permeating into the national strategy. Third, using two rural communities as case studies, the thesis investigates the preferred scenarios for REDD+ implementation and benefit-sharing at the local level, and it identifies the key contextual and socio-economic factors mediating such preferences. At the national level, there is a high level of decision-making centralisation within the federal government’s environment agencies and there are two groups of participating actors with contrasting perceptions about the legitimacy of the REDD+ readiness phase. Among these actors, three main REDD+ discourses are identified. The first discourse relies on global environmental justice arguments to challenge the assumptions and foundations of REDD+ and, therefore, such discourse is not reflected in policy decisions to date. The second and partly institutionalised discourse encourages legal and policy reforms for REDD+ implementation to achieve social benefits and equitable outcomes across national REDD+ stakeholders. The third and dominant discourse openly supports REDD+ implementation but remarks the importance of making it an effective mechanism from a mitigation perspective. At the local level, findings indicate that, in the hypothetical case that REDD+ activities had to be developed, local people would prefer to implement a combination of land-use productive and conservation activities with governmental support, in exchange of direct payments. The results also reveal that individual preferences for REDD+ implementation and benefit-sharing are mediated by land tenure, gender and social status. This thesis contributes to a growing body of research analysing REDD+ governance processes. It suggests that Mexico’s government needs to decentralise the REDD+ design process to improve its legitimacy and perceived fairness. This would likely increase actors’ participation and the institutionalisation of their ideas. Overall, the research suggests that countries can only develop legitimate and fair REDD+ architecture if they avoid reproducing old-fashioned, government-led policy processes that might result in unfair policies. Instead, REDD+ host countries should design novel institutional arrangements to recognise the diversity of actors involved in land-use activities and their uneven power in policy design, while being sensitive to a diversity of narratives and positions about how to operationalise REDD+ at the desk and on the ground

Policy Integration for REDD+: Insights from Mexico

This paper investigates how the horizontal and vertical policy integration for REDD+ has been conceptualized and unfolded in Mexico during the REDD+ readiness and early implementation phase (2008–2019). We used the document analysis and interviews with key actors to identify changes that REDD+ induced in forestry and agriculture sectors’ policy making and programs at the national level and in two REDD+ states, Campeche and Jalisco. The policy integration for REDD+ in Mexico is conceptualized as compatibility-within-a-framework, i.e., promotes coordination and compromises among the objectives of land-use policies endorsing sustainable rural development. The state environmental agencies play an active role in involving the agricultural authorities in formal and informal interactions. This resulted in the design (Campeche) and even implementation (Jalisco) of REDD+-aligned programs and instruments. The progress at the subnational level is hampered by the national agriculture and forestry agencies’ policy inertia and lack of resources. To support the subnational REDD+ policy integration advancement, more resources and powers should be made available to the state environmental authorities which would help them directly reach more international funding and include other important REDD+ actors and establish mutually accountable relationships with them

A dominant voice amidst not enough people : analysing the legitimacy of Mexico's REDD+ readiness process

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552In the development of national governance systems for Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), countries struggle with ensuring that decision-making processes include a variety of actors (i.e., input legitimacy) and represent their diverse views in REDD+ policy documents (i.e., output legitimacy).We examine these two dimensions of legitimacy using Mexico's REDD+ readiness process during a four-year period (2011-2014) as a case study. To identify REDD+ actors and how they participate in decision-making we used a stakeholder analysis; to assess actors' views and the extent to which these views are included in the country's official REDD+ documents we conducted a discourse analysis. We found low level of input legitimacy in so far as that the federal government environment agencies concentrate most decision-making power and key land-use sectors and local people's representatives are absent in decision-making forums. We also observed that the REDD+ discourse held by government agencies and both multilateral and international conservation organisations is dominant in policy documents, while the other two identified discourses, predominantly supported by national and civil society organisations and the academia, are partly, or not at all, reflected in such documents. We argue that Mexico's REDD+ readiness process should become more inclusive, decentralised, and better coordinated to allow for the deliberation and institutionalisation of different actors' ideas in REDD+ design. Our analysis and recommendations are relevant to other countries in the global South embarking on REDD+ design and implementation

Uncovering REDD+ readiness in Mexico : actors, discourses and benefit-sharing /

La Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación forestal, además de la conservación, el manejo sostenible de bosques y aumento de reservas de carbón forestal (RE31+) es un mecanismo de política internacional que busca mitigar el cambio climático y, a su vez, aliviar la pobreza y contribuir a la conservación de biodiversidad en los países en desarrollo. La Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) sentó las bases para el diseño e implementación de RE31+ en el 2005 y la arquitectura del mecanismo se finalizó en 2015. Durante ese período, los países miembros de CMNUCC debatieron y desarrollaron procedimientos y directrices sobre las cuestiones técnicas y de gobernanza de RE31+, incluyendo por ejemplo la forma de garantizar la participación significativa de todas las partes interesadas, y cómo respetar los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales. Al mismo tiempo, varios países en desarrollo entraron en la fase de preparación para RE31+ y comenzaron a diseñar estrategias nacionales para la implementación de actividades RE31+. Esta tesis aborda tres cuestiones fundamentales para los académicos y profesionales interesados en RE31+, utilizando como ejemplo el proceso de preparación en México. Primero, analiza el diseño y la legitimidad de los mecanismos institucionales establecidos por el gobierno mexicano para elaborar la estrategia nacional RE31+. Segundo, identifica los discursos movilizados por los actores involucrados en el proceso y subraya cómo se reflejan esos discursos en los documentos de política nacional. Tercero, investiga las preferencias para la implementación de RE31+ y la distribución de beneficios en las dos comunidades rurales e identifica los factores que median dichas preferencias. A nivel nacional existe un alto nivel de centralización en la toma de decisiones por parte de las agencias federales de medio ambiente. Hay dos grupos de actores con percepciones opuestas sobre la legitimidad de la fase de preparación. Entre esos actores se identifican tres discursos sobre RE31+. El primer discurso moviliza argumentos de justicia ambiental para criticar los principios y fundamentos de RE31+ y, por lo tanto, no se refleja en decisiones políticas. El segundo está parcialmente institucionalizado y propugna las reformas políticas y legales para que la implementación de RE31+ logre beneficios sociales distribuidos de manera equitativa a nivel nacional. El tercer discurso apoya la implementación de RE31+ como un mecanismo eficiente de mitigación y domina en las discusiones nacionales. A nivel local, los resultados indican que la gente preferiría implementar una combinación de actividades productivas y de conservación con el apoyo del gobierno, a cambio de pagos directos. Los resultados también revelan que las preferencias individuales para la implementación y la distribución de beneficios de RE31+ dependen de la posesión de tierras, el género y el estatus social. Para concluir, esta tesis contribuye a un creciente cuerpo de investigación de gobernanza de RE31+. La tesis sugiere que el gobierno mexicano necesita descentralizar el proceso de diseño de RE31+ para mejorar su legitimidad y el grado de justicia percibido por los diferentes actores. Esto probablemente resultaría en un aumento de la participación y en la institucionalización de las distintas ideas promovidas por estos actores. En general, la tesis sugiere que los países pueden desarrollar una arquitectura RE31+ legítima y justa sólo si evitan reproducir un proceso político dirigido exclusivamente por el gobierno. Los países RE31+ deberían diseñar nuevos arreglos institucionales para reconocer la diversidad de actores involucrados en actividades de uso de la tierra y su poder desigual en el diseño de la política, siendo sensibles a la diversidad de discursos de como diseñar e implementar todas las políticas y programas.Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, plus conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) is an international policy mechanism that seeks to mitigate climate change, while potentially alleviating poverty and contributing towards biodiversity conservation in developing countries. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) laid the foundations for REDD+ design and implementation in 2005 and the mechanism's architecture was finalised in 2015. During that period, parties to the UNFCCC debated and developed procedures and guidelines on REDD+ technical and governance issues, including for example how to guarantee the meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders and how to respect the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. In parallel, several developing countries, supported by multilateral and bilateral aid, entered the so-called REDD+ readiness phase and started developing national strategies for implementing REDD+ activities through specific policies and actions. This thesis addresses three main issues of concern for REDD+ scholars and practitioners using Mexico's readiness process as an example. First, it analyses the design and legitimacy of the institutional arrangements established by the Mexican government to draft the REDD+ national strategy. Second, it identifies the REDD+ discourses mobilised by the actors involved in the country's REDD+ readiness process and it highlights how such discourses are reflected in national policy documents, thus shedding light on dominant ideas and narratives permeating into the national strategy. Third, using two rural communities as case studies, the thesis investigates the preferred scenarios for REDD+ implementation and benefit-sharing at the local level, and it identifies the key contextual and socio-economic factors mediating such preferences. At the national level, there is a high level of decision-making centralisation within the federal government's environment agencies and there are two groups of participating actors with contrasting perceptions about the legitimacy of the REDD+ readiness phase. Among these actors, three main REDD+ discourses are identified. The first discourse relies on global environmental justice arguments to challenge the assumptions and foundations of REDD+ and, therefore, such discourse is not reflected in policy decisions to date. The second and partly institutionalised discourse encourages legal and policy reforms for REDD+ implementation to achieve social benefits and equitable outcomes across national REDD+ stakeholders. The third and dominant discourse openly supports REDD+ implementation but remarks the importance of making it an effective mechanism from a mitigation perspective. At the local level, findings indicate that, in the hypothetical case that REDD+ activities had to be developed, local people would prefer to implement a combination of land-use productive and conservation activities with governmental support, in exchange of direct payments. The results also reveal that individual preferences for REDD+ implementation and benefit-sharing are mediated by land tenure, gender and social status. This thesis contributes to a growing body of research analysing REDD+ governance processes. It suggests that Mexico's government needs to decentralise the REDD+ design process to improve its legitimacy and perceived fairness. This would likely increase actors' participation and the institutionalisation of their ideas. Overall, the research suggests that countries can only develop legitimate and fair REDD+ architecture if they avoid reproducing old-fashioned, government-led policy processes that might result in unfair policies. Instead, REDD+ host countries should design novel institutional arrangements to recognise the diversity of actors involved in land-use activities and their uneven power in policy design, while being sensitive to a diversity of narratives and positions about how to operationalise REDD+ at the desk and on the ground

In vitro propagation of Dianthus ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus and D. giganteus ssp. croaticus (Caryophyllaceae) from stem segment cultures

Plant regeneration of carnation species Dianthus ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus and Dianthus giganteus ssp. croaticus was achieved through micropropagation from apical and nodal segments culture on MS2. Shoots multiplication was successful on the same medium via axillary buds. There were differences between multiplication index (MI) of shoots originating from apical and nodal basal stem segments. Nodal segment shoots had a better MI (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 7.86; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.68) than apical ones (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 6.94; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.50). Shoots of both species were rooted on MS0 without hormones, MS3 and MS4. Adventitious buds (AB) and somatic embryo like structures (ES) were formed after the transfer of green-yellow callus from MS5 to MS6. Further development and multiplication of AB and ES were achieved on medium MS7. Plants formation was brought about by micropropagation of shoots, organogenesis and/or somatic embryogenesis. In vitro plantlets of both carnation species were planted in rocky garden of the Belgrade Botanical Garden 'Jevremovac' where they bloomed. Subsequently, these in vitro plantlets will be reintroduced in natural environment. .Regeneracija biljaka je postignuta u kulturi vršnih i nodalnih segmenata na podlozi MS2. Umnožavanje izdanaka je bilo uspešno na istoj podlozi preko aksilarnih izdanaka. Multiplikacioni indeks (MI) izdanaka vršnih segmenta razlikovao se od MI izdanaka nodalnih segmenata. Izdanci poreklom od nodalnih segmenata imali su bolji MI (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 7.86; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.68) od apikalnih segmenata (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 6.94; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.50). Kod obe vrste, izdanci su bili ožiljavani na MS0 podlozi bez hormona, i sa hormonima na MS3 i MS4. Adventivni pupoljci (AB) i strukture slične embrionu (ES) su bili formirani posle prenošenja žuto-zelenog kalusa sa podloge MS5 na podlogu MS6. Dalje razviće i umnožavanje (AB) i (ES) odvijalo se na podlozi MS7. Formiranje biljaka je postignuto mikroprpagacijom izdanaka, organogenezom i/ili somatskom embriogenezom. In vitro biljčice karanfila obe vrste su bile prenete u alpinetum Botaničke bašte 'Jevremovac' u Beogradu gde su cvetale. U budućnosti, ove biljke mogu se reintrodukovati u prirodno stanište. .Projekat ministarstva br. 1573 + Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 14301

In vitro propagation of Dianthus ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus and D. giganteus ssp. croaticus (Caryophyllaceae) from stem segment cultures

Plant regeneration of carnation species Dianthus ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus and Dianthus giganteus ssp. croaticus was achieved through micropropagation from apical and nodal segments culture on MS2. Shoots multiplication was successful on the same medium via axillary buds. There were differences between multiplication index (MI) of shoots originating from apical and nodal basal stem segments. Nodal segment shoots had a better MI (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 7.86; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.68) than apical ones (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 6.94; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.50). Shoots of both species were rooted on MS0 without hormones, MS3 and MS4. Adventitious buds (AB) and somatic embryo like structures (ES) were formed after the transfer of green-yellow callus from MS5 to MS6. Further development and multiplication of AB and ES were achieved on medium MS7. Plants formation was brought about by micropropagation of shoots, organogenesis and/or somatic embryogenesis. In vitro plantlets of both carnation species were planted in rocky garden of the Belgrade Botanical Garden 'Jevremovac' where they bloomed. Subsequently, these in vitro plantlets will be reintroduced in natural environment. .Regeneracija biljaka je postignuta u kulturi vršnih i nodalnih segmenata na podlozi MS2. Umnožavanje izdanaka je bilo uspešno na istoj podlozi preko aksilarnih izdanaka. Multiplikacioni indeks (MI) izdanaka vršnih segmenta razlikovao se od MI izdanaka nodalnih segmenata. Izdanci poreklom od nodalnih segmenata imali su bolji MI (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 7.86; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.68) od apikalnih segmenata (D. ciliatus ssp. dalmaticus = 6.94; D. giganteus ssp. croaticus = 0.50). Kod obe vrste, izdanci su bili ožiljavani na MS0 podlozi bez hormona, i sa hormonima na MS3 i MS4. Adventivni pupoljci (AB) i strukture slične embrionu (ES) su bili formirani posle prenošenja žuto-zelenog kalusa sa podloge MS5 na podlogu MS6. Dalje razviće i umnožavanje (AB) i (ES) odvijalo se na podlozi MS7. Formiranje biljaka je postignuto mikroprpagacijom izdanaka, organogenezom i/ili somatskom embriogenezom. In vitro biljčice karanfila obe vrste su bile prenete u alpinetum Botaničke bašte 'Jevremovac' u Beogradu gde su cvetale. U budućnosti, ove biljke mogu se reintrodukovati u prirodno stanište. .Projekat ministarstva br. 1573 + Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 14301

Linking inequalities and ecosystem services in Latin America

Latin America exhibits one of the highest rates of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) loss worldwide along with a remarkable asymmetry in the access to ES benefits (ecosystem services inequality, ESI hereafter). The objective of this manuscript is to propose and validate a conceptual model to understand the links between ESI and ecosystem services supply. First, previous ES frameworks were expanded to acknowledge the role of the unequal access to ES on socio-ecological system dynamics. Second an ESI conceptual model was posed to testing feed-back mechanisms between ESI and natural capital. Finally, independent information and expert opinions on ten case studies of five Latin American countries were used to quali-quantitatively validate the ESI model. The most rated ESI impacts were landscape and seascape transformations driven by the markets, overuse of natural capital, ecosystems degradation, and biodiversity loss. This study highlights that ESI may enhance the vulnerability of the socio-ecological systems, describing a self-reinforcing mechanism that differentially affects the well-being of the most economically disadvantaged beneficiaries (ESI traps). However, while the occurrence of ESI traps was inferred for half of the examined cases, remaining cases suggest that potential ESI traps did not operate, or that they were dampened by governance mechanisms.Fil: Laterra, Pedro. Fundación Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Nahuelhual, Laura. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Vallejos, María. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Berrouet, Lina. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Arroyo Pérez, Erika. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; MéxicoFil: Enrico, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez Sierra, Cecilia Leonor. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; MéxicoFil: Mejía, Kathya. Fundación Para El Ecodesarrollo y la Conservación; GuatemalaFil: Meli, Paula. Natura y Ecosistemas Mexicanos A.C.; México. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Rincón Ruíz, Alexander. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Salas, Danilo. Fundación Moisés Bertoni; ParaguayFil: Špirić, Jovanka. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Villegas, Juan Camilo. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Villegas Palacio, Clara. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Medellin; Colombi